1. Zhuge Liang's "look at its general outline" reading method
Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms deeply understood the way of reading, not only eager to learn, but also good at learning, and thus achieved his "resourcefulness". Zhuge Liang's reading style is also beneficial to today's people. Zhuge Liang only read books to "look at his general outlines."
When Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Jingzhou, he was friends with Shi Guangyuan, Xu Shu, and Meng Gongwei of Yingzhou, and studied with his teachers. Shi Guangyuan, Xu Shu, and Meng Gongwei read and studied "to be proficient."
Xu Shu, who once "walked the horse and recommended Zhuge Ge", folded his learning, "humbled and early, often swept away alone, moved and moved first, and listened to the scriptures", with the purpose of seeking "righteousness and sophistication". Zhuge Liang's reading is different from that of all sentient beings, and he "looks at his general outline alone." He did not go into the pile of books and memorize them by rote, but read about them extensively, extracting the essence and mastering its essence.
Zhuge Liang did not read to the point of forgetting to eat and sleep, but worked and rested normally, "every morning and night calmly, often holding his knees and shouting." He said to his friends, "A few of you who are engaged in politics can do assassination history and county guard." The three people asked Zhuge Liang how his "career" was, and Zhuge Liang "laughed but did not answer."
Later, it turned out that Shi Guangyuan, Xu Shu, Meng Gongwei and others who studied to be "skilled" did indeed only achieve the goal of stabbing history and county guard, while Zhuge Liang, who read books to seek a rough outline and obtain its essence, became a generation of sages.
2. Tao Yuanming's "huiyi" reading method
Jin Dynasty literary scholar Tao Yuanming's "Huiyi" reading method. He once wrote in the biography of Mr. Wuliu: "Good reading, do not seek to understand, every time there is a will, they gladly forget to eat." ”
When Tao Yuanming reads, he pays attention to grasping the key points, simplifying the complex and thinking independently. In fact, he pursues the intention of reading books, focusing on understanding the deep will contained in the book, rather than cutting out individual words.
3. Su Shi's "eight-sided enemy" reading method
Su Shi, a famous literary scholar of the Song Dynasty, introduced a reading method that he himself pioneered and practiced in his "Reply to Wang Kushu" in his "Reply to Wang Shu Shu", "asking and learning".
Su Shi said in the letter: "The young man is a scholar, and every book is counted. Books are as rich as the sea, department stores are available, and the energy of people cannot be taken at the same time, but they can be desired by those who want it. Therefore, I hope that scholars will ask for it every time. This means that good books are like oceans of knowledge, rich in content.
Then, reading a good book can be read with only one goal at a time, or only one aspect of the problem to explore and study, rather than involving other goals or problems at the same time. Therefore, every good book needs to be read several times, and over time, something will be gained.
This is how Su Shi himself came to read the Book of Han, the first time to learn the "way to rule the world", the second time to learn the "method of using soldiers", and the third time to study the characters and official system. After several times, Su Shi became familiar with the many aspects of the Book of Han.
4. Zheng Banqiao's "fine" reading method
The "refinement" in the Qing Dynasty calligrapher and painter Zheng Banqiao's "seeking refinement" reading method is to have a choice in reading, choose a good book, and read fine works; "seeking to be" is just right, to suit one's own level and work needs.
He said: "Seek refinement not to seek more, not more, only fine is to be able to transport more", "when the coarse are fine, improper then the fine are coarse". In fact, Zheng Banqiao is not opposed to the reading of books, but emphasizes that more reading must be based on intensive reading, and the content of more reading must also be linked to new knowledge with the knowledge obtained in intensive reading, and go deep around a topic.
If you are greedy for reading and do not seek refinement, you will be stuck in your chest like numbness; Reading books and seeking refinement is not to seek more, in order to read the book and grasp the essentials, but it is not equivalent to deep understanding and full mastery.
Therefore, further "exploration" and "research" are needed, because the rich and profound connotations contained in the "subtle meaning" in the book are often "more and more explored, more and more researched, and more and more ignorant" is not exhausted.
In intensive reading, Zheng Banqiao also pays more attention to "asking". He believes that "the word learning needs to be taken apart and looked at." To learn is to learn, to ask is to ask, and today's people have learned but do not ask, although they read thousands of volumes, they are only a blunt Haner." He advocated reading books and asking questions, which would make "doubtful sinuses relieved and refined" revealed.
5. Ouyang Xiu's "Counting Words Day Recitation" reading method
The Northern Song Dynasty scholar Ouyang Xiu's "Counting Words Day Recitation" reading method was summarized based on his own reading experience. He once selected ten books such as the "Filial Piety Classic", "Analects", and "Book of Poetry" with a total word count of 455,865 words, and then stipulated that 300 words should be read every day, and all of them should be read in three and a half years.
Recite 150 words a day, and it takes only seven years to memorize them. He said, "Although the books are voluminous, why can't we do anything about it?" Indeed, with the accumulation of this, he memorized one book after another. This kind of daily quantitative counting, thin water and long flow, and collection of armpits into qiu has proved to be an effective reading method in Ouyang Xiu's personal practice.
6. Dong Yu's "Three Yu" reading method
Dong Yu, a famous scholar of the Han Dynasty, advocated the use of the "three yu" time to read, which "three yu"? He said, "The winter is old, the night is the day, and the rain is sunny." ”
This means that in winter, there is no agricultural work, this is the free time of the year; At night, you can't go out after dark, this is the free time of the day; On rainy days, you can't work on the ground, which is also available for free time.
Seizing these three kinds of free time to spend reading will definitely have an effect. Of course, the Han Dynasty in which Dong Yu lived was very different from the living environment and rhythm of our modern society, but his spirit of being good at grasping all free time is still applicable today.
7. Zhang Pu's "Seven Burnings" reading method
Ming Dynasty scholar Zhang Pu's "Seven Burnings" reading method emphasizes the simultaneous use of reading and writing, emphasizing "eye to hand, and heart to heart".
His method of reading is divided into three steps: the first step, each time he reads a new article, he neatly copies it on paper, and reads it silently in his mind while copying. The second step is to read aloud after copying. In the third step, after reading aloud, the copied article is immediately thrown into the furnace and burned.
After burning, copy again, read aloud, and burn again. Repeat this seven or eight times, and read an article more than a dozen times until you have thoroughly understood and memorized it.
Zhang Pu became famous by reading hard, and named his study "Seven Burning Zhai", also known as "Seven Records Of Zhai".
8. Gu Yanwu's "three readings" reading method
Gu Yanwu, a beginner in the late Ming and Qing dynasties, was very good at reading and also paid attention to reading methods. His "three-reading" reading method is the "repetition method", "copying method", and "game method".
He stipulated to himself: every spring and autumn, review the books read in the winter and summer, that is, half a year of reading, half a year of review, reading and reviewing cross-cutting, effectively enhancing memory.
At each revision, he put a book in front of him and asked others to read the same book aloud, and he listened and memorized. If you find that what you memorize is different from what you read aloud, check the book immediately, correct it immediately, and repeat it several times.
Gu Yanwu always has to copy books by hand, and this kind of learning method of not only moving the mouth, but also using the hands and the brain has greatly improved the efficiency of reading.