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When everyone goes to the Exhibition Hall of Chinese Painting to appreciate, I don't know if there is such an experience: I want to appreciate, I can't find the key point; I want to praise, but I can't open my mouth; look at the exhibition board, and there are always some unfamiliar terms in the way.
In fact, among these terms, some words appear very frequently, such as silk, color, pen and freehand. As long as you master them, you can better appreciate and understand these works. So, let's get to know you today.
1. Silk
Silk, which is read four times in Chinese paintings, is often misread as one. Calligraphy and paintings painted on silk, silk, and silk fabrics, called silk, can be seen in the picture with obvious horizontal and vertical interlaced textile traces. The representative work is the Northern Song Dynasty Fan Kuan's "Journey map of Xishan Mountain". Different from silk, paper is the most commonly used material in Chinese painting. Based on paper, what is drawn is called paper.
2. Coloring
The word color is often used in conjunction with "silk" and "paper" and appears on the basic information display board of Chinese painting. Color is the meaning of blending color in Chinese paintings, and as long as color appears in the general picture, it can be said that it is a color design work.
The opposite of color is "ink painting", which refers to works that do not appear in color in the picture, or rarely appear in color, and are mainly painted with ink color.
3. Portraits
Figure painting is a general term for painting with human figures as the main body. Chinese figure painting appeared earlier than landscape painting and flower and bird painting, and was roughly divided into Taoist painting, female painting, portrait painting, genre painting, historical story painting and so on.
In order to facilitate understanding, we have developed a development of figure painting into a development vein.
Neolithic
It is mainly represented by the dance pattern pot
Warring States period
It is represented by the earliest figure painting "Figure of The Dragon and Phoenix"
Character dragon and phoenix diagram
Wei jin southern and northern dynasties era
It is represented by Gu Kaizhi's "Roselle Futu" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Eastern Jin Dynasty Gu Kaizhi's "Roselle Futu"
Tang and Five Dynasties periods
It was the peak of figure painting
It is represented by the "Han Xizai Night Feast Map" in the Southern Tang Dynasty Gu Hong
Southern Tang Dynasty Gu Hongzhong 《Han Xizai Night Feast》
Song dynasty
This period focuses on flowers, birds, fish and landscapes
And the characters often serve as points in the landscape
Song Fankuan's "Snow Scene Cold Forest Map"
Yuan Dynasty
Landscape painting of this period developed very well
The importance of figure painting continues to decline
Fuchun Mountain Residence Map (Partial)
Ming and Qing dynasties
Figure painting styles are becoming more and more diverse
The combination of East and West is also very wonderful
For example, the Qing Dynasty Leng Ming's "Spring Girl Tired Reading Map"
Qing LengMei "Spring Girl Tired Reading Map"
4. Taoist paintings
Song Muxi Dharma Master Figure Vertical Axis Ink Silk Huang Binhong Inscription
Taoist painting is often mistaken for a Taoist painting, but in fact it is a painting with Taoist and Buddhist (Shijiao is another name for Buddhism in China).
It contains not only people, but also monks, gods, and ghosts. Gu Kaizhi, Zhan Ziqian, Wu Daozi, Jin Nong, and Zhang Daqian are all masters of painting on The subject of Daoshi. The representative work of Daoshi painting is the first of the eight monsters of Yangzhou in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Jin Nong's "Ghost Fun Picture Powder Book".
Jinnong "Ghost Fun Picture Powder Book"
5. Woman's Paintings
Female painting is a kind of figure painting, and some can also be written as "female painting". Originally, it refers to Chinese paintings with the theme of the lives of upper-class scholars and women in feudal society.
Later, in the Figure Painting Department, it refers specifically to a sub-item depicting the life of upper-class women. By now, the concept has been broadened to refer to all Chinese paintings with women as the theme. The representative work is Zhang Xuan's "Lady Yu Chuntu of the Kingdom".
Zhang Xuan, "Lady Yu Chuntu"
6. Landscape painting
Landscape painting is a kind of Chinese painting, which is a painting that depicts the natural scenery of mountains and rivers. Landscape painting has gradually developed in the Wei and Jin dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it is still attached to figure painting, mainly as a background.
The Sui and Tang dynasties became independent and formed a real sense of landscape painting, the earliest surviving one is Zhan Ziqian's "You Chun Tu", followed by Li Sixun's Jinbi Landscape, Wang Wei's Ink Landscape, Wang Qia's Splashed Ink Landscape and so on.
Sui Zhan Ziqian "You Chun Tu"
Five dynasties, northern song landscape painting daxing, authors, such as Jing Hao, Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoning, Yan Wengui, Song Di, Wang Jie, Mi Fu, Mi Youren's ink landscape, as well as Wang Ximeng, Zhao Boju, Zhao Boyu's green landscape, the north and south competed for glory, reached its peak, and has since become a major painting discipline in Chinese painting.
Landscape painting in the Yuan Dynasty tended to be freehand, with virtual and real, focusing on the charm of pen and ink, and creating a new style; the Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times continued to develop and also showed a new look. In terms of performance, we pay attention to the business position and express the artistic conception. The traditional division methods include ink, green, golden, boneless, light, pastel and other forms.
7. Green landscape
Green landscape is a kind of landscape painting, mainly using minerals stone blue and stone green as the main color. Chinese landscape painting first has color, followed by ink. Therefore, the green landscape appeared earlier than the ink landscape.
8. Golden landscape
Zhang Daqian, 1934, Wushan
In custom, we call landscape paintings with mud, stone blue and stone green as the main color pigments, called "golden landscapes". The golden landscape is the most brilliant of the green landscapes.
The earliest surviving landscape painting is Zhan Ziqian's "You Chun Tu", which is a green landscape and a golden landscape. In modern times, there is also the familiar Zhang Daqian's "Huashan Cloud Sea Map".
Zhang Daqian Huashan Yunhai Atlas Volume 46.3×568CM, 1936
9. Fold the branches
Apricot blossom figure Zhao Chang Tuan fan Silk color Length 25.2 cm Width 27.3 cm
Folding branches are a kind of flower painting method. Painting flowers does not write about the whole plant, only the part of the flower branches that are folded from the trunk, hence the name. Although the Song and Yuan dynasties already had the composition of folded branches in flower and bird paintings, they flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Sketch flower paintings such as fan pages are often composed with simple folded branches, which is elegant and elegant.
10. Boundary Painting
Boundary painting is common in modern and modern court works of the Ming and Qing dynasties, referring to paintings with the theme of palaces, terraces, buildings and other buildings.
Boundary painting, or "boundary drawing", refers to the painting method of drawing lines with a boundary pen straight ruler. The lines of the buildings in the boundary painting can be straight and very regular. The representative work is Li Rongjin's "Hanyuan Diagram" in the Yuan Dynasty.
Li Rongjin's "Hanyuan Diagram"
11. Writing and freehand
Northern Song Dynasty Song Huizong "Ruihe Tu" silk, color, length 138 cm width 51 cm stored in the Liaoning Provincial Museum
Gongbi is a knowledge noun with a very high rate of appearance in the appreciation of Chinese painting. "Gongbi" and "Freehand" are both names for Chinese painting techniques.
Gongbi belongs to the neat and meticulous type of dense painting method. You can pay attention to the courtyard paintings of the Song Dynasty, such as the famous "Ruihe Tu" of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Song Dynasty Huizong, or you can find the figure paintings of Qiu Ying in the Ming Dynasty and the flowers, birds and animals of Shen Quan in the Qing Dynasty.
Part of "Ruihe Diagram"
Freehand is to focus on depicting the mood and charm of objects through concise and generalized pen and ink. Such as the Southern Song Dynasty Liang Kai, Fa Chang, Ming Dynasty Chen Chun, Xu Wei, early Qing Dynasty Zhu Yun, etc., good at freehand.
To understand freehand painting, you can find Qi Baishi's works, and some of his works have freehand and brushwork. For example, in its grass worm album, grass worms are usually written, and the flowers and plants around grass worms are basically freehand.
Qi Baishi flowers and birds
12. Boneless
Yun Shouping has no bones flowers and birds
There is no [mò] bone, which is also a name classified according to painting techniques, with a fine style and mostly color. However, what is different from the gongbi is that no bone does not use ink line as bone, and directly depicts objects in color, so it is named.
13. Powder
The manuscript of the ancient Chinese painting powder, in other words, the "small draft". This is the same as the Western painting before drawing a large oil painting, to draw a sketch, to see the approximate effect, is the same meaning.
14. Sketches
Different from the performance of sketches on the stage, "sketches" has a specific meaning in Chinese painting, referring to the more free and lyrical works of Chinese painters, casual works, without too much restraint in thinking, and often the artistic level reaches a higher realm. The size is generally not large, with the characteristics of small in the big, timeless and alarming.
Among the sketches, the most representative is the Song Dynasty sketch paintings, which are the epitome of the painting art of the Song Dynasty. Some of these sketches, which may have been decorative paintings on screens in the palace or on fans, were collected and framed because of their very high artistic quality. Representatives such as Ma Yuan, one of the four great masters of the Southern Song Dynasty, "Meishi Xi JieTu".
Ma Yuan《 Meishi Creek 凫圖
15. Money Recognition
These two words will definitely be used when tasting ancient calligraphy and paintings. The knowledge of the books and paintings, also known as the "inscription" or "paragraph title", refers to the words, seals, and even flowers inscribed outside the main text of the calligraphy and painting work, such as the "one person under the heavens" flower pledge of Song Huizong. The text content is usually name, time, and place.
The seal of "poetry, calligraphy and painting are not separated from the family" is also reflected in the works of calligraphy and painting through the form of recognition. Since the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, calligraphers and painters have paid more and more attention to the role of signatures, and deliberately pursued the artistic effect of money recognition, so there is a saying that "the magic money is worth a thousand flowers".
Although the picture and the main text are the main body of the calligraphy and painting works, which determine the quality and level of the work, the knowledge of the paragraph, especially the handling of the signature (other than the main text, the text written) will obviously affect the artistic effect of the whole text. A counterexample is the Tang facsimile of Wang Xizhi's "Qing Ti in the Fast Snow", which was densely stamped with dozens of chapters by the Qianlong Emperor.
Wang Xizhi's "Sunny Post when the Snow Is Fast"
16. Cao Yi out of the water and Wu belt when the wind
"Cao Yi out of the water" is a concept opposite to "Wu Belt Dangfeng", which mainly refers to the two different ways of expression of clothing folds in ancient figure paintings.
The former's brushwork is rigid and thick, and the clothes of the figures are tightly fitted, as if they have just come out of the water; the latter's brushwork is round and flowing, and the painted characters' belts seem to be fluttering in the wind.
17. Spring silkworm spit silk
Spring silkworm silk is used to describe the characteristics of line drawing figure painting. The ancients called Gu Kaizhi's line drawings like "spring silkworms spitting silk". It can paint a delicate and soft visual effect that is endless. Among the depictions, the most different from the "spring silkworm spit silk", but also widely used is the "iron wire drawing".
18. Ink color five points
"Five points of ink color" is often used when talking about ink works, which is said to be Zhang Yanyuan's "Records of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" in the Tang Dynasty: "Transporting ink and five color tools". For example, ink landscape is through the blending of different proportions of water and ink, there are different gray and black changes, is a multi-layer of thick and light dry and wet.
Which five colors are the "five colors"? There are different theories, most of which say: scorched, thick, heavy, light, and clear; some think that it should be said as: thick, light, dry, wet, black; there are also "white", collectively known as "six colors".
In fact, it refers to the rich changes in the use of ink colors. Don't be too mechanical to understand, don't think that ink and water can only call out five changes, in fact, there should be more changes. Representative works such as Wang Meng's "Qingbian Hermitage Map" of the Yuan Dynasty.
19. Three far
"Three distances" is a word that can hardly be escaped when admiring landscape paintings. In the Northern Song Dynasty Guo Silu's collection of "Lin Quan Gao Zhi", it is recorded that his father Guo Xi said three distances: high yuan, ping yuan, and far-reaching. From the bottom of the mountain to the topsy-up, it is said to be high and far; from the front of the mountain to the back of the mountain, it is said to be far-reaching; from the near mountain to the distant mountain, it is said to be peaceful and far.
High and far is now said to be looking up; pingyuan is now said to be looking up; far-reaching is now saying looking down, plus looking.
20. Leave blank
Ni Zhan's works
Blank space is a technique commonly used in the creation of Chinese art works, which is very characteristic of Chinese aesthetics. Blank space refers to the art of calligraphy and painting, in order to make the entire work picture and chapter more coordinated and exquisite, and deliberately leave a corresponding blank.
Some are to represent things such as ice and snow, the moon, and some are to leave room for the audience to imagine.
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