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calcium
1. Symptoms of calcium deficiency
1. It is often manifested as hyperhidrosis, which has nothing to do with temperature, especially after falling asleep, the head sweats, so that the child's head constantly rubs the pillow, and the occipital bald circle can be seen after a long time.
2, irritable, not interested in the surrounding environment, sometimes parents find that children are not as lively as before.
3, night terrors, often suddenly wake up at night, crying non-stop.
Children after 4 and 1 years of age show late teething, some children do not have teething when they are 1 and a half years old, and the closure of the anterior halogen gate is delayed, often after 1 and a half years of age, it is still not closed.
5. High protrusion of the forehead, forming a square skull.
6. There are often beaded ribs, which is due to the lack of vitamin D, rib cartilage hyperplasia, and the cartilage hyperplasia of each rib is connected like a bead, often compressing the lungs, making children poor ventilation, easy to suffer from tracheitis and pneumonia.
When calcium deficiency is severe in children, the tendons of the muscles are relaxed. If the abdominal wall muscles and intestinal wall muscles are relaxed, it can cause gas accumulation in the intestinal lumen and form an abdomen that is swollen like a frog's abdomen.
If the tendons of the spine are relaxed, a hunchback may occur.
After the age of 1, children learn to walk, if calcium deficiency, can soften the bone, when standing body weight makes the lower limbs bent, some of the performance of "X" shaped legs, some of the performance of "O" shaped legs, and easy to fracture.
Second, the cause of calcium deficiency
1. Babies grow very fast, and the demand for calcium is relatively large, but the daily intake of calcium in the daily diet of mainland residents often does not meet the recommended intake standards. Therefore, it is now more advocated that babies should be supplemented with an additional 1/3 of the recommended amount of calcium from the first 2 weeks of birth, and at least until the age of 2, otherwise it is easy to be deficient in calcium.
2. First of all, Chinese the lack of foods high in calcium in the traditional dietary structure.
3, many people do not understand what is the correct and effective way to supplement calcium. Some people will say that calcium tablets are all calcium, and calcium supplementation is definitely the best. Not really. The calcium in calcium tablets is mostly inorganic calcium (calcium carbonate) or organic calcium (calcium gluconate), and the absorption rate of these synthetic calcium preparations is not as good as that of milk calcium.
The absorption rate of milk calcium can be as high as 40%, while the absorption rate of some organic calcium is only about 20%. Although the absorption rate of inorganic calcium is almost the same as that of milk calcium, it is more irritating to the gastrointestinal tract.
Therefore, foods with high calcium content, such as formula milk powder rich in milk calcium, are the best choice for calcium supplementation. Vitamin D is the carrier by which calcium is absorbed by the bone marrow, which multiplies calcium absorption.
Again, the absorption of calcium needs the help of vitamin D3, otherwise calcium will only "hurry up, hurry up" in the body. Vitamin D3 facilitates the deposition of calcium on the bones and reduces the loss. Therefore, the effect of calcium supplementation in milk or milk powder fortified with vitamin D3 will be better.
zinc
1. Symptoms of zinc deficiency
1. Loss of appetite: picky eating, anorexia, refusal to eat, the general amount of food is reduced, the child has no hunger, and does not take the initiative to eat;
2. Eat strange things. For example: nail biting, clothing, nibbling on toys, hard objects, eating hair, paper scraps, raw rice, wall ash, dirt, sand and gravel, etc.;
3. Slow growth and development, height 3-6 cm lower than in the same age group, weight 2-3 kg lighter;
4. Low immunity, frequent colds and fevers, repeated respiratory infections, such as: tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, sweating, night sweats, etc.;
5. White spots appear on the nails, long barbs on the fingers, and a map tongue appears (there are irregular red and white patterns on the surface of the tongue);
6. Hyperactivity, slow response, inattention, poor learning ability;
7. Vision problems: vision decline, easy to lead to difficult night vision, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, etc.;
8. Skin damage: when trauma occurs, the wound is not easy to heal; susceptible to dermatitis, refractory eczema.
Second, high-risk babies who are prone to zinc deficiency
High-risk group 1: children who do not have enough zinc intake during pregnancy.
The demand for zinc during pregnancy is about 100 mg, of which about 50% is absorbed by the fetus, and the fetal demand for zinc peaks in the third trimester of pregnancy, if the mother-to-be lacks zinc-containing food in three meals a day, it is bound to affect the use of zinc by the fetus, so that the zinc stored in the body is absorbed prematurely, and the child is prone to zinc deficiency symptoms after birth.
High-risk group two: children who have had preterm birth.
Preterm birth will cause the child to lose the golden time to store zinc in the mother's body, resulting in congenital zinc deficiency.
High-risk group three: non-breastfed children.
Breast milk is extremely rich in zinc, up to 6 to 7 times the normal human blood zinc concentration, this value is far more than the extremely high nutritional value of milk, more importantly, its absorption rate is as high as 42%, which is no non-breast milk food can reach. Therefore, if your child is not breastfeeding, it is even more important to pay attention to whether zinc deficiency is there!
High-risk group four: children who are partial to food and hyperactivity.
Love to move is the nature of children, especially in the hot summer because of love to move every day with sweat to lose up to 2 to 3 mg of zinc, if it is your child and there is a situation of picky eating, it is inevitable to be caught.
High-risk group five: frail and sick children.
Frail and sick children often have a loss of appetite and less animal protein intake, resulting in insufficient zinc content in food; some children are prone to insufficient zinc intake due to long-term dependence on simple intravenous fluids due to illness.
High-risk group six: There are also some individual children, such as poor digestion and absorption function, children who are prone to diarrhea are also prone to zinc deficiency.
Third, the cause of zinc deficiency
Zinc deficiency symptoms, in the baby's growth and development process is more common, the main reason for zinc deficiency is due to unreasonable diet structure, nutritional imbalance led to insufficient intake of zinc.
Zinc is mainly to promote growth and development from the physiological function. If the baby is deficient in zinc, it will cause the baby's physiological function to be disturbed.
The latest survey results from the Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine show that the zinc deficiency rate of children in China is as high as 60%, and the daily zinc intake of these 60% of children is less than half of the WHO recommended amount, which means that 1 in every 2 children is zinc deficiency!
selenium
1. Symptoms of selenium deficiency
Mainly invades the heart, appears arrhythmias, tachycardia or bradycardia and enlargement of the heart, and finally leads to heart failure, cardiogenic shock.
The main lesions of osteoarthritis are degeneration and necrosis of chondrocytes at the end of the bone, muscle atrophy, affecting bone growth and development, in areas with low selenium in the soil, a medically known as "muscle syndrome" has also been found in patients, manifested by muscle pain and fatigue of walking.
Second, selenium supplementation method
Selenium deficiency can be completed by food supplementation.
Foods that contain more selenium in daily life include seafood, meat (especially the kidneys of animals), rice, cereals, etc.
Eggs contain more selenium than meat, such as per 100 grams of food, pork contains 10.6 micrograms of selenium, eggs contain selenium 23.3 micrograms, duck eggs contain selenium 30.7 micrograms, goose eggs contain selenium 33.6 micrograms, ginseng contains selenium 15 micrograms, and peanuts contain selenium 13.7 micrograms. In addition to brewer's yeast, wheat germ, garlic, asparagus, mushrooms and sesame seeds, selenium-rich foods also include many seafood such as prawns, tuna, sardines and so on.
Animal organs, seafood, fish, eggs, meat, etc. are good sources of selenium, and eating more of these foods can be safe and effective selenium supplementation.
However, some people lack absorption function, so they need to take highly active and easily absorbed nutritional supplement foods to supplement.
According to the observation: mainland adults daily food supplementation of more than 25 micrograms of selenium has a health effect; selenium deficiency adults daily food supplementation of 50 micrograms or more than 75 micrograms, continuous taking for 2 to 3 months, can correct selenium deficiency.
Other vitamins
Symptoms of vitamin deficiency
Vitamin A: night blindness, dry cornea, dry skin, desquamation
Vitamin B1: neuritis, beriberi, loss of appetite, dyspepsia, growth retardation
Vitamin B2: mouth ulcers, dermatitis, angular cheilitis, glossitis, cleft lip, keratitis, etc
Vitamin B12: Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin C: scurvy, decreased resistance
Vitamin D: rickets in children, osteoporosis in adults
Vitamin E: infertility, miscarriage, muscle atrophy, etc.