The calligraphic value of the Yongzhou Moya stone carving
Wen 丨 Wang Zaixing
Moya stone carving, that is, the use of natural stone walls to carve the inscription of the stone carving, Yongzhou City, Hunan Province, Moya stone carvings remain complete, rich in quantity, into pieces of line, stretching for thousands of years. Since the Fall of the Tang Dynasty, the most existing stone carvings in Hunan have been stored in Hunan, and the most stone carvings in Hunan have been yongzhou, and the Yongzhou stone carvings have the most representative stone carvings in the Tang and Song dynasties, especially the Song carvings are the most abundant, with a unique academic status. Yongzhou, known as Lingling in ancient times, is located at the confluence of Xiaoshui and Xiangjiang Rivers, and is an important node of the Water Transport Key Chong and Xianggui Cultural Corridor from Jingchu to Lingnan, enjoying the reputation of "Xiaoxiang". Yongzhou City has jurisdiction over 11 counties and municipalities that have left a different number of Moya stone carvings, of which the Qiyang Huxi Stele Forest is the largest open-air stele forest in China, and there are 505 inscriptions from the Tang Dynasty onwards, known as "the first Moya in the Southern Kingdom". According to official statistics, there are more than 2,000 rock carvings scattered in Yongzhou, and they are basically well preserved and have high calligraphy value.
First, the book is complete
Yongzhou Moya stone carvings in each stone carving group has concentrated a lot of calligraphy masterpieces, from ancient to modern calligraphy can be found, even the history of calligraphy development can form a complete chain, simply a calligraphy museum, rich and complete, both in letters, but also in calligraphy, cursive, seal, including Yan Zhenqing, Huai Su, Mi Fu, Huang Tingjian, Su Shi, He Shaoji and other more than 300 calligraphers left their traces in Sisi. The rich calligraphy elements are dizzying, making countless calligraphy lovers linger and benefit a lot.
2. Gathering of famous artists
The Yongzhou Moya stone carvings are famous for their calligraphy masters, especially Yan Zhenqing's authentic "Ode to The Tang Dynasty Zhongxing", which has stood up in the history of calligraphy. Since then, the famous masters in the history of calligraphy have come to Yongzhou to punch cards, Yuan Jie, Huai Su, Su Shi, Zhou Dunyi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu, Qu Lingwen, Zhang Ziyi, He Shaoji, Wu Dazheng, etc., their stone carvings have been handed down in Yongzhou, and the handwritten works of these calligraphers can be seen in the history so far. Here, a few brief descriptions.
1. Yan Zhenqing's original "Ode to Tang Zhongxing".
The position of the Yan body in the history of Chinese calligraphy is unshakable, and the calligraphy term of "Yan Jian Liu Bone" has been influencing the Chinese to this day, Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy structure is square and dense, the strokes are horizontal and vertical, the pen strength is strong and round, and the momentum is solemn and majestic. (See Figure 1)
Figure 1
The stele of "Ode to Tang Zhongxing" is about 5m high, about 5m wide, left straight, 21 lines, about 20cm in diameter, and the stele surface is 25m2, which is a representative work of Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy entering a mature period and has reached the realm of pure fire. The layout of the whole article is sparse and tight, the real strength is full, the characters are really supportive, giving people a sense of outward expansion and life tension, the rules are rich and simple, the momentum is magnificent, the words are full of charm between the lines, the atmosphere is magnificent, there is the spirit of the golden iron horse, the fist and fist to serve the country, reflecting a strong enterprising spirit.
2. Huaisu Wild Grass
Huai Su was a native of Yongzhou, known as "Crazy Su", and in history he and Zhang Xu were called "Crazy Crazy Su", and the Northern Song Dynasty writer and calligrapher Huang Tingjian commented: "These two people, the crown of a generation of cursive writing." "It is a pity to say that although this proud son of Yongzhou is a Yongzhou native, there are not many inscriptions left in Yongzhou, and only two inscriptions have been seen at present, one is the Xiaocao "Thousand Character Text" stele (Figure 2) and the other is the "Eight Heads of Qiuxing Stele" (Figure 3).
Figure 2
Figure 3
The stele of Xiaocao's "Thousand Character Text" is 215 cm high and 120 cm wide, and it is now in the right side of the Monument Pavilion of Lutian'an in Lingling District, Yongzhou City. Xiaocao "Thousand Character Stele" and Dacao "Thousand Character Text", in the history of calligraphy by the world collectively known as cursive "Double Bi", in the history of calligraphy enjoys a lofty status, "Qiuxing Eight Stele" stele height 180cm, width 80cm, wild grass, the current stele stored in Yongzhou Lingling Liuzi Temple. Some people believe that Huai Su never wrote Du Fu's "Eight Songs of Qiuxing", which should be inscribed at the site of the Green Tian'an Temple in honor of Huaisu in the Lingling Tombs of the Qing Dynasty, and the Eight Songs of Qiuxing written by the Ming Dynasty cursive writer Zhu Yunming. According to the August 1965 cultural section of the former Lingling Special Bureau in the book "Eight Steles of Huaisu Shu Qiuxing": "Recently we found four calligraphy inscriptions of the Green Heavenly Nunnery huaisu in the Song Dynasty, of which the inscription is relatively complete, and only one of the eight poems of Du ShiQiuxing is clear", and printed it into a book. Most calligraphy experts believe that this theory is credible, because its calligraphic characteristics are very compatible with Huaisu calligraphy, and from the professional point of view of calligraphy, it should be accurate.
3. Rice poem carving
Mi Fu's initial name was 黻, later changed to 芾, the character Yuanzhang, ancestral residence in Taiyuan and then moved to Xiangyang, who lived in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), a famous calligrapher and painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, good at seals, li, kai, xing, grass and other calligraphy, In October of the eighth year of Xi Ning, in 1075 AD, Mi Fu was 24 years old, and an inscription poem from Huanxi in Yongzhou was engraved on the cliff of Huanxi. (See Figure 4)
Figure 4
This inscription is 45cm long, 25cm wide, nine lines, book, full of interest, distinct personality, the real is "stable, dangerous, old and not dry, moist and not fat", although there are not many words, but it shows that the achievement is extremely high, dripping and painful, elegant and strange.
4. Huang Tingjian inscription
Huang Tingjian was a famous writer and calligrapher of the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder of the Jiangxi poetry school, and was known as "one ancestor and three sects" (Huang is one of them) along with Du Fu, Chen Shidao and Chen Youyi.
Huang Tingjian deposed Yizhou, Guangxi in the second year (1103) of Emperor Chongning of the Song Dynasty, and passed through Yongzhou the following year, panning for more than two months, and inscribed poems on Shibi while traveling to Chaoyang Rock in Yongzhou. The present original stele does not exist, only the stele that was re-carved during the Qing Xianfeng period. In Huanxi, Huang Tingjian lingered for three days and refused to go, so he inscribed three stele in Huanxi, and the poem stele discussed the right and wrong of Lizong Lingwu's ascension to the throne, especially the famous discussion poem. The height of the stele is 230 cm, the width is 180 cm, and each word is 6-9 cm square, and the script is written in letters. (See Figure 5)
Figure 5
5. He Shaoji inscription
He Shaoji is a native of Yongzhou Daoxian County, proficient in Jinshi calligraphy and painting, and is famous for his calligraphy. He Shi's middle-aged extremely yi north monument, late exploration of the seal, Outstanding ran a family of its own. He Shaoji left a large number of inscriptions in Yongzhou, and He Shaoji's inscriptions can be found in almost all the inscriptions in Yongzhou, such as Huanxi, Chaoyangyan, Shundi Mausoleum, Daoxian He Shaoji's former residence, Yuzhen Rock, and so on. Here is a list of Tongzhi Nongshu yu Tongxuan Great Order to accompany the tour of the Huanxi Monument, a show of style. (See Figure 6)
Figure 6
The stele is 140cm high and 80cm wide, and it is recognized as the first after the Tang Zhongxing Stele, and the famous Qing calligrapher Yang Han especially loved this stele, calling it "He Zhen's old work, ancient thick and deep, wanting to belong to the harmony and failing to write".
6. Yan Song inscription
Yan Song was a traitorous minister of the Ming Dynasty, notorious, and the existing inscriptions were discarded due to their infamy, and very few remained. However, Yan Song was a high school leader during the reign of Hiroshi Akira, and his writing and calligraphy were quite powerful. In the thirteenth year of Ming Zhengde (1518), Yan Song went to Guilin as an editor of the history of the Hanlin State, and also passed through Yongzhou, specially praised the Liuzi Temple, and carved a poem inscription on the stone, the stele now exists in the Lingling Liuzi Temple, the stele is 120cm long and 58cm wide, and its books are thin and vigorous, and it is a rare Yan Song stele. (See Figure 7)
Figure 7
Third, the appreciation of fine products
Among the 2,000 stone tablets distributed in the land of Yongzhou, there is no shortage of fine calligraphy, in addition to the above-mentioned Yan body "Tang Zhongxing Ode Stele" and Huai Su Xiaocao's "Thousand Character Stele", there are also many fine works, favored by calligraphy lovers of all generations.
1. Lizi Monument (see Figure 8)
Figure 8
The Tang Dynasty great writer Han Yu mourned the death of his friend Liu Zongyuanwen, Song Sushi Shudan, inscribed in Liuzhou Luochi Temple, because of the Korean, Liushi, Su Shu and the world known as the "Three Absolutes".
2. "Three Ming" seal book
Yongzhou Huanxi Stele Forest has "Three Wu", so today's Yongzhou Qiyang City has the title of "Three Wu Land". "Three Ming" is rare in the world to write in three kinds of seals, and the three writers are all well-known people at that time, and carving "Three Mings" with different seal books is really a wonder of the world, and also provides excellent materials for future generations to learn seal books.
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
3. List of books with three parties
Among the Inscriptions of Yongzhou, the largest stone carvings on the Jade Rock of Jiuling Mountain, "Nine Doubts Mountain" (Figure 12), and the "Shengshou Wannian" (Figure 13) and "Sanwu Shengyan" (Figure 14) located in Qiyang Huxi can be described as excellent list books.
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
The three characters of "Nine Doubts Mountain" are located in YuzhenYan, each word has a 1.7m square, the pen is strong and powerful, it is a spectacle, very rare, from which we can see the ancients' ability to grasp the big characters and unique aesthetics. This stele was carved in the sixth year of Jiading (1213) of the Song Dynasty, with clear handwriting and powerful penmanship, and the author was Fang Xinru, then the assassin of Daozhou, and a soldier of Xinghua in Fujian.
The two-party list book located in Qiyang's Huxi River can also be remarkable. The first is the stone carving of "Sanwu Shengyan". The second is the stone carving of "Holy Life Ten Thousand Years". The former 50cm×320cm, Ming Jiaqing ii (1523) by the then Governor of Yongzhou Huang Zhuoshu, four big characters, line book, pen strength is strong and straight, with a pen knot body is very old, the characters are magnificent and eye-catching. The latter "Shengshou Wannian", Kai shu, Ming Jiaqing thirty-five years (1556), Yan Shiqi book, the size of each word is slightly different due to the distance from the ground people, so the ground to see the words, each word is the same size, about 2.25m square.
4. Stone carving of "Water Ridge Mountain Stream"
Figure 15
This stone carving is a door forehead, 115 cm long and 40 cm high, and is a book of Qing He Shaoji. At present, Xixi Village, Jiulingshan Yao Autonomous Township, Ningyuan County, this book has a precarious meaning, a very high level of calligraphy, very particular about penmanship and chapters, and the four characters seek symmetry in asymmetry and harmony in disharmony.
5. The stele of "The Ming of Huantai has a narrative"
The stele is a fine seal book, the existing Qiyang Huanxi Stele Forest, the specification of 280 cm×117 cm, is the QinghuNan Inspector Wu Dazheng seal book, is one of the representative works of his seal book formation period.
Figure 16
6. He Shaoji wrote a stele of the Shunling Shrine
Figure 17
In the first year of the Qing Dynasty, He Shaoji wrote a ritual inscription, 148 cm high and 81 cm wide, and the calligraphy was written in it, which was a mature work of He Shaoji in his later years, which not only had the broad body of Yan Bo, but also had the characteristics of the Northern Dynasty inscription and the steep and dense calligraphy of Ouyang Qing and Ouyang Tong, as well as the spirit of "Zhang Heinu's Epitaph" and "Daoyin Stele", which was called a good product in He's calligraphy and praised by later generations of calligraphers.
7. Tao Cemetery inscription and preface stele
Tao Gong is Tao Bi, after the Jin Dynasty Tao Yuanming, successively served as the assassin and prefect, and was praised by the people for his honesty and honesty. However, the stele is mutilated, and some of the text is no longer legible. The seal cover behind the tomb is a bell dingwen, which is more complete. The epitaphs of famous people in the Song Dynasty have rarely been found. The epitaph (fig. 18) and the ancient seal inscription on the stele are very rare (fig. 19).
Figure 18
Figure 19
8. Lishu Fine Works "Nine Doubts Mountain Stele"
Figure 20
This stele is located on the rock wall of Jiuling Mountain in Ningyuan County, the stele is 52 cm high, 66 cm wide, the inscription has nine lines, and the diameter of the character is about 5 cm; the five lines of the Pai language, the word is smaller, and after the inscription, it is one word lower than the inscription. The current stele is the Southern Song Dynasty Daozhou County Shou Li Raid zhi in the sixth year of ChunYou (1246) ordered Li Tingzu to write and supplement the engraving, the inscription is well preserved, taking the Fa Han Li, is a rare lishu masterpiece.
Fourth, value development
Yongzhou Moya inscription has great calligraphy value, at present the relevant departments have attracted great attention, the China Book Association has organized a team of experts to carry out fieldwork, especially recently the Propaganda Department of the Hunan Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China, the National Museum of China, the Chinese Calligraphers Association jointly sponsored, the CPC Yongzhou Municipal Party Committee, Yongzhou Municipal People's Government held the "Zhongxing Ode to the Cliff - Yongzhou Moya Stone Carving Rubbings Exhibition" at the National Museum, which has attracted wide attention at home and abroad, but the development and utilization of the Moya inscription is still a big topic. It is hoped that the relevant departments of the state can attach great importance to it, carry out special research, organize rescue protection and rubbing, and hold calligraphy research activities for Moya stone carvings, so that more people can understand the valuable cultural heritage of Moya stone carvings, so that Yongzhou Moya stone carvings can have more opportunities to show their unique charm on the stage of the whole country and even the world.
Author Affilications: Publicity Department of Yongzhou Municipal Party Committee