On Fengmen Mountain, Tantou Village, Yongzhong, Longwan, on a hillside stone wall backed by Da Luo Mountain, there is a special cliff carving:
The picture is simple and simple, on the top is a sailboat shape pattern, under which are engraved the words "The dry road is full of water here in the second year".
In the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1166 AD), there was a serious "sea overflow" in Wenzhou. This cliff carving, which is believed to be the earliest hydrological record in Wenzhou, tells future generations that wenzhou had the largest recorded flood in history more than 800 years ago.
Echoing the cliffs of Fengmen Mountain, there is still a cave on the stone wall of a hillside in Panshan Village, Ouhai Chashan Mountain, which is said to have been used to support the boat. According to legend, when the entire city of Wenzhou was flooded in the second year of the Qiandao River, only two families living in Panshan (formerly known as Panshan) with the surnames of Mu and Gu survived due to the high terrain.
In the last issue, Thirty-Six Fangjun said that Wenzhou experienced the process of the fourth transgression. The great flood in the second year of Qiandao is not unrelated to the fact that during the Qiandao period of the Southern Song Dynasty, the coastline was still relatively close to the urban area. According to records, the shoreline of the south bank of the Ou River reached the town of Yongzhong in present-day Longwan District, east of Pumen.
◎Wenzhou East Gate Huagai Mountain to Xunshan Mountain
The flood not only caused huge losses, but even changed the demographic structure of Wenzhou:
After the flood, there was a serious demographic crisis in Wenzhou, and Zhizhou repeatedly spread the word that Fujian was asking for immigrants to supplement their registration, and there was a wave of immigrants from Fujian people moving into Wenzhou. This is also the largest number of migration waves in Wenzhou's history, and the Fujian people have entered Wenzhou on the largest scale. Many ancestors of Wenzhou people came from Fujian at this time to reproduce and live.
In the middle of the night, the water entered the city
Sea spills, also known as tsunamis, were also known as "sea roars" and "seazoles" by the ancients, and earth activities such as typhoons, underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or underwater collapses and landslides can cause tsunamis.
◎ Tsunami
According to technicians, the sail boat that records the water level at Fengmen Mountain is 69.68 meters above the ground, that is, the flood level caused by the tsunami reaches 65 meters. Combined with the historical records of wenzhou outside the city of "water full of teeth", the water level is about 10-14 meters, it is speculated that the water level of the coastal Longwan was 15-25 meters or even higher, and the wave height may reach 40-50 meters, almost the height of today's 13-storey buildings.
Standing on Fengmen Mountain and looking out towards the sea, what kind of disaster is it when the waves more than 40 meters high come to you?
◎Leaf fit image
Ye Shi, a representative figure of the Yongjia School of the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote about the great water in the second year of Qiandao:
Tianfu Beijian on Yuhuan Island was one of the important salt farms in Wenzhou at that time, which was the evening of the 17th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar, it was the autumn equinox, and the moon was clear. When people were about to undress and rest, sudden bad luck came - the wind and rain were great, the tide was soaring, "the knees were broken, and the chest was swinging, until the door had drowned", only one meal worked, drowning "tens of thousands".
In the "History of Song", there are also records that "(Qiandao) in August of the second year of Ding Hai, Wenzhou strong wind, sea overflow, drifting people Lu, salt field, Longshuo Temple, overturned boat drowned more than 20,000 people", Wenzhou proverb still has "Qiandao two years of heavy water, water flood wenzhou city gate pillar" said.
On the 17th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar, it was an astronomical tide, and the three times of the storm surge met, causing a serious tsunami disaster, and Yongjia, Ruian, Pingyang, Yueqing and other places were also seriously affected.
Wenzhou's local chronicles have recorded the spill, such as Rui'an's old chronicle: "In the second year of the Song Qiandao, the great water entered the city at night, and many people drowned, and only the surnames of Xianyan Lai and Dayan wan were preserved."
The loss is unprecedented
This disaster caused extremely heavy losses to Wenzhou, and the population, property, and water conservancy facilities suffered unprecedented losses.
◎ Oujiang Sail Shadow
The "History of the Five Elements of Song" records that more than 20,000 people drowned in the coast of Wenzhou alone due to overturning the ship, and more than 7,000 people died in the river before they could escape. Today, there is still a saying in cangnan folklore that "in the second year of the Qiandao Road, the water is full of Yan pavilions, and only eighteen families remain in Jiangnan".
Ming Hongzhi's "Wenzhou Fu Zhi" records: "In the words of Yongjia Renzhou, there are more than a thousand families in a village, and the family is led by five people, counting more than 5,000 people, and the survivors are only 200 people, and the rest can be analogous." ”
◎《Wenzhou Fuzhi》
There is an accurate figure for the specific loss of personnel in the "Song Hui To Be Compiled", and the Qiandao 3rd April 18 "Canceling the Edict of the Dead and Dead Ding Sona" of The "Decree on The Death of the Dead and the Dead in Wenzhou" has: "Wenzhou Yongjia, Pingyang, Ruian, Yueqing Four Counties fled, a total of 14,795 Ding. "Some scholars have analyzed that this is only a statistical count of the men aged 20 to 59 who bear the burden of paying the money, if you count the old, weak, women and children, remove the number of escapees, it is estimated that the total number of deaths should be about 70,000 people. At that time, Wenzhou only had a population of about 700,000 people, and this disaster caused the death of one-tenth of Wenzhou's population, and its losses can be imagined.
Other property losses and damage to water conservancy facilities were also very serious, such as Yuhuan Tianfu Beijian, Ye Shi recorded: "Lao Tzu's eldest grandson, no restoration of the house for forty years." The Longxiang Temple in LianjiangXinyu and the Yongjia Daruoyan Taogong Cave are all flooded by the Qiandao River. There are also countless people who have destroyed the Tangdai Dou Gate Gate.
Celebrities work together to provide disaster relief
After the Wenzhou disaster, Liu Xiaoyun of Wenzhou Zhizhou, together with Chen Liangbi, the young secretary of Sinong, divided 50,000 stones of grain into relief for the victims, and at the same time wrote to the imperial court, but at first it did not attract attention.
According to Xue Jixuan, the founder of the Yongjia School, "... The lonely clan is in the five rooms, the relatives and the deceased are half into the ghost record, and the family lacks grain food, drifting without recovery, the wife and children, the day and day are similar, although there is no good situation, but the dead will be 100,000 generations, and it is also thick! ”
Such a tragic disaster, at that time, celebrities from all walks of life in Wenzhou participated in the disaster relief.
Zheng Boxiong, a representative figure of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Yongjia School, was then the overseer of the State Son, and he joined forces with Wen officials to ask the imperial court for relief. The two Wenzhou Emperors Shipeng and Mu Beiwen also responded to Zheng Boxiong's initiative and jointly proposed to the imperial court to provide relief to the people of Wenzhou, and finally obtained disaster relief materials and tax reductions and other policies. Therefore, folklore says that the townspeople were grateful and raised funds to build the Wang Mu Pavilion in the southeast of siguqiao Daosi Kao Shed (near present-day Wen BaZhong).
◎ Wang Muting
On the 20th day after the flood, Wenzhou was rescued by the imperial court. The government also released some of the prisoners in advance to increase the disaster relief labor force, and ordered the Neizang Treasury to spend 20,000 yuan to repair the steep gate of Wenzhou's ditang.
A large number of Fujian people are warm
After this flood, Wenzhou City "left its remnants of the people", the population of the coastal area was drastically reduced, the labor force was missing, and the land was barren.
Therefore, many Zhizhou "moved to Fujian Minshiqi County" under the commandment. This triggered a tide of Fujian people moving into Wenzhou.
◎Wenzhou City West
According to the "Wenzhou Chronicle Population", the prefect of Zhizhou passed on to Fujian and asked immigrants to supplement their registration. In the following years, a large number of Min people successively entered the Wenzhou supplementary nationality and multiplied, forming another wave of immigration after the five dynasties at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and it was also the largest scale of The Fujian people in wenzhou history.
In ancient Times, Wenzhou had many large-scale migrations: during the Wei and Jin dynasties, a large number of people from the north moved from the Central Plains to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the five generations of immigrants avoided chaos, and a large number of immigrants from the north moved to Fujian; after the Song Dynasty moved south, a large number of immigrants entered Wenzhou, of which the more concentrated ones were the remnants of the clan ministers in the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), and the other was the supplementary nationality of the Fujian people after the flood in the second year of Qiandao.
Mr. Xu Dingshui's "Examination of the Surnames of the Immigrant Population in Wenzhou Dynasties", after listing a large number of surnames of the immigrant population, concluded that the population of Wenzhou in the past was the Song Dynasty as the largest, and the rest were the Five Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty.
Today, many genealogies of people in Wenzhou's coastal counties mention that their ancestors moved from Fujian to Wenzhou after two years of the Southern Song Dynasty, and it is precisely because of this background. According to the statistics of the Republic of China's "Reconstruction of Zhejiang Tongzhi Draft" and other statistics, the Song Dynasty moved into Wenzhou forty-three ethnic groups, and the thirty-five ethnic groups came from Fujian.
According to the genealogy of the coastal area of Wenzhou, there are many records of the destruction of villages during the Qiandao period and the migration of foreign populations after the disaster: such as the Yongjia Zhang clan, the first migration of Zu Yue'an, and the song qiandao from Fujian Chi'an to Rui'an TingDong Township. Ruian Lin clan, Song Qiandao moved into Dongshan Township Dalu Village. Chi Clan, Song Qiandao three years later moved from Chi'an in Fujian to Rui'an Sidu Qianchi. Ying Shi, after the dry road, moved from Min Chi An to Rui'an. Pingyang Zhang clan, Qiandaojian moved from Fujian. Taishun Wang, Chi, Zheng, Ying, Miao, Yang from Changxi, He from Fuding, Zeng from Jinjiang, Cai from Xinghua, Shan, Zhou, You, Dai, Cheng, Su, Zhang, Chen, Guo, Xu, Hu, Liu, Qiu, Zou, Ji, Lü, Lin, Shi, Zhong by Min, Bao from Hefei, Ma from Henan to Rui'an.
◎ Zhang Xuan
In June 1986, the Wenzhou Municipal Cultural Relics Administration Committee introduced in the stone stele of the "Explanation of the Ancestral Hall of Zhang Xuan" erected in the ancestral ancestral hall of Zhang Xuan: Zhang Xuan, the character Bingyong, the number Luo Feng, the name Fu Jing, and the number Luo Shan. He was a scholar of the Shangshu Huagaidian University of the Official, the first assistant of the Cabinet of the Ming Jiajing Dynasty, and his ancestral home was Chi'an, Putian, Fujian.
◎ Old photo of the White Lotus Pond under Guo Gong Mountain
After the two-year flood in Qiandao, all parts of Wenzhou have accelerated the pace of building water conservancy, especially haitang, and the water conservancy network has been improving day by day, although Wenzhou has also experienced many fierce winds and heavy rains and tides since then, but rarely has a catastrophe similar to the flood in the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Resources:
"Examination of the Wenzhou Flood Disaster in the Second Year of the Southern Song Dynasty Qiandao - Discussion with Mr. Wu Songdi" Pan Meng supplemented
"Tracing the Qiandao Sea Overflow Hydrological Cliff Stone Carving" Zheng Jia Cai Lin Tong
"The Coastal Sea Overflow of Wenzhou in 1166 AD - The Main Historical Reasons For Changing the Origin of Wenzhou's Population" Guangming People's Home
"Wenzhou Memory in the Green Mountain Boulder" Zhou Jimin
Editor: Tang Yanyan