In modern civilized society, according to the provisions of the legal system of guarantee pledge in most countries, the subject matter of the pledge must be a thing or a right. That is, pledge of movable property and pledge of rights. The debtor often transfers movable property or rights such as ships, automobiles, equipment, products, equity to the creditor in possession, and when the debtor does not perform the debt, the creditor has the right to be reimbursed in priority for the sale price of the movable property and equity in accordance with the law.
"Explanation of Words" Yun: "Quality, with things to complement each other." "In ancient China, especially in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the subject matter of the pledge was the extermination of human morality, the unprecedented son of the king and the king's right to administer the vassal states. That is, the historical "proton system" of "hostage-taking".
Hostage out is a close relative, and escorting down is the national fortune.
"Accepting quality as a pledge" originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and mostly occurred in the situation where princes were jealous of each other and needed mutual trust. In this near-dilemma scenario, a diplomatic and political balance is maintained by exchanging protons or unilateral protons.
This is the way in which a weak country (or two equal countries) has to send the blood relatives of its own monarch to the strong (or equal two countries) as a pledge in order to achieve a certain goal, so that the other country can serve itself.
This is quite similar to the "pledge system" in today's economic transactions. It is also collateralized by "movable property" or rights, i.e. the king's sons and the king's administration of the vassal state. Of course, during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, because they were not subordinate to each other, they rarely involved the management power of the dependent countries. In the era of centralized power, when the king of the clan rebelled, he had to consider the management of the vassal state.
In the article "Warring States Policy: Touching the Dragon and Saying Empress Zhao". The State of Qin attacked Zhao in a big way, and the State of Zhao was in a critical situation, so it asked the State of Qi for help. The State of Qi demanded that Zhao Wei's son Chang'an Jun be sent to Qi as a hostage, and Fang Ken sent troops to help. Zhao Weihou doted on Chang'an Jun and insisted on refusing. The situation was in a hurry, but it was frozen there.
Fortunately, after zhao wei was impressed by his superior eloquence and true feelings, he sent Chang'an Jun to Qi as a proton, and Qi Bing was out, and Zhao was difficult to solve.
Out of the need to control local forces, the central powers often appoint the sons of local power leaders as capital officials, through the control of hostages and indirect control of local forces.
For example, after the Tang Dynasty feudal town festival system was created, it led to the division of the feudal town. The Tang court then recruited protons from Fanzhen, and if Fanzhen betrayed the central government, Tang Ting would enforce sanctions against Fanzhen's forces by controlling the life and death of the hostages.
Although the "pledge of hostage" originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was not until the Two Han Dynasties that a political system for handling ethnic relations was formed- the "proton system". The "proton system" is also an important part of the policy of restricting ethnic minorities. This system was used until the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.
In 1644, Wu Sangui led Qing troops into the customs. Because Dorgon was wary of Wu Sangui, through political marriage, Wu Yingxiong (Wu Sangui's son) remained in Jingshi as a hostage to the imperial court as a donkey. In 1654, he was awarded the third viscount of Xiong, and in the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, he was added shaobao and crown prince Taibao. In 1668, he was also the Prince of Jin.
In December 1673, Wu Sangui rebelled against the Qing. When the news reached Beijing, Wu Yingxiong was arrested and imprisoned, and Mingzhu suggested that Wu Yingxiong and Wu Shilin (Wu Yingxiong's son) be executed. Wu Sangui's elite unit, the Guanning Iron Horse, was later suppressed by the Kangxi Emperor.
Sometimes it seems that the "proton system" is not so effective either. Because a very small number of powerful people are often extremely fierce, they have great ambitions, do not care about the affection of their children, and are only subject to the goal of struggle.
Generally speaking, due to the existence of the "proton system", at least it delayed or disrupted the actions of local forces and rebellion against the central powers, which won precious time for the imperial court to suppress the resistance forces.
Therefore, in history, the "proton system" can last for such a long time. It shows that this kind of system can cause local forces a lot of headaches and have to follow. Before the rebellion, we must carefully weigh it.
If the rebellion fails, it is better not to fight with the management of the vassal state and the son. This is the deterrent effect of the "proton system".
As for whether it is necessary to send the eldest son as a proton, this is not necessarily true, unless it is forced to do so, the eldest son, as the natural heir to the power of China's feudal society, generally neither side will easily propose the way of taking the eldest son as a hostage. Except for the reason of great distrust of local powers, it is certainly not impossible.
Moreover, in order to facilitate the implementation of the "proton system", the scope of protons will also be expanded from heirs to parents and brothers in due course.
All images in this article are from the Internet, if there is any infringement, please contact to delete.
Walk through the fog of history, examine the footprints of history, look up to the glory of history, and feel the vicissitudes of history. "Jianxiong Product Evaluation of Literature and History Economy" walks with your classmates and sighs with joy. Your attention is the driving force behind my efforts to write a book, and your reading is my original intention to analyze and explore the mysteries.