In ancient times, a mode of diplomacy called proton diplomacy was popular. That is, after the two countries reach a covenant, in order to prevent each other from changing their minds, or to show each other that they will abide by the agreement, they will often send hostages to each other to win each other's trust. And this hostage candidate needs to have a lot of value, so it will often be the son of the monarch.
It began in the Spring and Autumn Period, popular and Warring States periods. In the history books of that period, we can often see similar words such as "a certain prince is hostage to a certain country", "a certain country makes the prince a hostage", "the prince returns from a certain country" and so on.
For example, Qin Shi Huang's father, Prince Chu of Qinzhuangxiang, originally stayed in the Zhao Kingdom as a proton. Finally, with the help of the merchant Lü Buwei, he returned to the Qin state and inherited the throne.
In the Han Dynasty, the country was unified, and proton diplomacy basically formed a system, the essence of which was that the Central Dynasty took hostages from the ethnic minorities with which it established a vassal relationship, and the two sides were a kind of suzerainty and vassalage. "Protons", also known as "attendants", are mostly the sons or brothers, royals or magnates of a national or tribal chief. During the two Han Dynasties, the phenomena of "serving as a hostage" and "accepting quality as a subject" were very common, and the proton system became an important political system for handling ethnic relations between the two Han Dynasties.
Of course, proton came to Chang'an, in addition to being a hostage, but also had the purpose of learning the advanced system and culture of the Han Dynasty. So protons in this period are more like international students.
Of course, the Han Dynasty government also showed the style of a big country, teaching these protons without any class, giving the best teaching conditions for supplies, and even matching them with official positions.
Of course, the proton system is not only reflected in diplomacy, but also in the governance of a country within. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the feudal towns were seriously divided, and the central government of the Tang Dynasty, in order to prevent the feudal towns from rebelling, would often recruit the brothers and nephews of the envoys of the feudal towns to enter Beijing as protons. The Tang Central Committee then recruited protons from FanZhen, and if Fanzhen betrayed the Central Committee, Tang Central Would sanction him by taking control of the hostages.
Wu Sangui originally fanned Yunnan, but his son Wu Yingxiong stayed in the capital, which should be the same as the Tang Dynasty's Fanzhen proton, acting as a hostage.
And this is not a question of whether Wu Sangui wants to stay or not, but must stay. After all, at that time, Wu Sangui's identity was relatively special, although he submitted to the Qing Dynasty, he was a former general of the Ming Dynasty, and the second was a Han Chen, although he swore loyalty to the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty and was willing to fight for the Qing Dynasty, but they did not enter the flag, and their identity was similar to that of a single banner, or it could also be understood as a separate banner, neither belonging to the Eight Banners Han Army nor the Green Camp, and was a de facto warlord. Therefore, it is impossible to gain the absolute trust of the Qing court.
Even the original Wu Sangui and the Qing Dynasty were more of a cooperative relationship, and he opposed Li Zicheng's Dashun regime, even including Zhang Xianzhong. He was still an attitude toward the Ming Dynasty, so he originally fought under the banner of "revenge on the father of the emperor", rather than conquering the world for the Qing Dynasty.
It is precisely because of this that before Wu Sangui hanged the Yongli Emperor, most of the anti-Qing forces, such as Li Dingguo, Wen Anzhi, Zhang Cangshui and others, had expectations for Wu Sangui, and they felt that Wu Sangui was different from the hopeless Hong Chengyu and Zu Dashou who had already entered the Han Banner, and could still be saved, and it was uncertain that one day they would be able to do it anyway.
Of course, this is only nominal, because after the destruction of Li Zicheng, Wu Sangui did not soften his heart toward the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and even the Yongli Emperor was captured by him from Burma and sentenced to capital punishment.
This shows that Wu Sangui has completely surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.
But this was not enough to make the Qing Dynasty fully trust Wu Sangui, and even more jealous of him. Because after pacifying the Southern Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty had already sat firmly in the world, and Wu Sangui, who was heavily armed, was no longer a help, but a threat.
At that time, he was given the title of King of Pingxi, Yongzhen Yunnan, and also had jurisdiction over Guizhou, and his autonomy was extremely large, and he was in charge of the military and political power in the southwest alone, and he was almost uncontrolled by the imperial court.
"If it is cheap, it is not necessary to restore the central system, and the employment of personnel, the two departments of officials and soldiers must not be restrained, and the use of wealth, the household department must not be late"
Such Wu Sangui was like a tu emperor.
Moreover, as a general and a Han courtier, he could betray the Ming Dynasty, betray Li Zicheng, and naturally betray the Qing Dynasty. In this regard, the Qing Dynasty had to guard against this.
Therefore, under the operation of Dolgun, Wu Sangui's son Wu Yingxiong was left in the capital as a hostage to blackmail Wu Sangui and make him throw a rat trap.
Of course, Dorgon's face kung fu is still very good. He personally acted as a matchmaker, marrying Princess Heshuo, the daughter of Emperor Taiji, to Wu Yingxiong, the son of Wu Sangui, and named him "Heshuo Ebao", and also added the title of Shaobao and Prince Taibao.
For these things, Wu Sangui also knew in his heart, although he knew that his son was a hostage, he could not oppose it. Because if he opposes, it will prove that he has different intentions, and it is estimated that he will face the encirclement and suppression of the Eight Banner Army at that time. Therefore, both the Qing court and Wu Sangui knew this, and the two sides were harmonious on the surface, and what they thought in private was tacit.
In fact, it was not only Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi, but also the San Clan at that time who was treated this way. For example, the seventh Shang Zhilong, the son of Shang Kexi of Pingnan, married a princess like Wu Yingxiong and became a vassal horse, and was appointed to the rank of minister of internal affairs. Geng Jimao, the king of Jingnan, was the most powerful, and his three sons all served as horse masters in the capital.
Of course, these did not allow the Qing Dynasty to completely control San Francisco, they still reversed.
It is worth mentioning that before Wu Sangui rebelled, he secretly sent someone to the capital to take his son, but Wu Yingxiong refused to return to Kunming, and the emissary could only take away the eldest grandson Wu Shipan, and later Wu Sangui died, which was the wuzhou throne he inherited. Wu Yingxiong, who refused to leave Beijing, was eventually killed by Kangxi. Politics is a transaction, in this trading market, friendship, love and affection can be exchanged, there are transactions to earn and lose, Qin Shi Huang from proton to emperor, can be said to be blood earned, and Wu Yingxiong, can only be said to be blood loss to the end.
Of course, here Wu Yingxiong may not be unwilling to go, but he can't go at all. Because if he left, he was telling the Qing Dynasty that Wu Sangui was about to rebel, which would undoubtedly affect Wu Sangui's plans. If Wu Yingxiong stayed in the capital, he would be of great help to Wu Sangui, one could stabilize the imperial court, and the other could use his identity to collect intelligence, make friends with important subjects, and play an internal role.
Therefore, perhaps from the day Wu Sangui decided to rebel, Wu Yingxiong was the discarded pawn.