As I talked about ideology, in fact, there are also ideas in science and technology, and there are also ideas in literature and art. Science and technology literature and art without thought, there is no soul, it is just pure skill, what is the point?
2. Science and technology
1. Medicine.
In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, medicine mainly used the theory of yin and yang and the five elements to understand the human body and distinguish between syndromes and treatments.
1] Meridian Theory.
The Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha unearthed two kinds of meridian books, namely "Eleven Pulse Moxibustion Sutra of Foot and Arm" and "Eleven Pulse Moxibustion Sutra of Yin and Yang"; Two kinds of diagnostic books have also been unearthed, namely "Pulse Method" and "Yin and Yang Pulse Death"; He also unearthed a book on medical prescriptions that had been lost, and called "Fifty-two Prescriptions". Five ancient medical books, written together on a silk scroll. Judging from the content of these medical books, they were all written before the Suwen and the Lingshu Sutra.
The "Eleven-Pulse Moxibustion Sutra of the Foot and Arm" and the "Eleven-Pulse Moxibustion Sutra of Yin and Yang" respectively describe the name, process, main symptoms and moxibustion methods of each vein. The two moxibustion sutras only use moxibustion, not acupuncture, but there is a debasement therapy.
2] Pharmaceutics.
In the "Fifty-two Prescriptions", when moxibustion or stone debasement therapy is used, only a certain part of the body surface is pointed out. According to preliminary statistics, there are 243 names on the prescriptions, which are not found in nearly half of the "Shennong's Materia Medica" and "Famous Doctors' Records", indicating that pharmacology had made great achievements at that time. In fact, at that time, there were decoctions, pills, powders, etc., and there were already names for pills. In addition to the external effects of drugs, moxibustion and touting, there are also medicinal baths, smoking or steam fumigation, ironing, massage, and horn (similar to later cupping therapy).
3] Epidemic prevention.
The "Qin Law" stipulates that if a township official discovers a leprosy patient in the township, he must report it to the government, and the government will send a doctor to check and confirm it and take measures. There is a "boil" in "The Case of Qin Zhi Prison" that says: A Lidian (township official) A brought a person C with him and reported that C was suspected of leprosy. When C was interrogated, C said: He had been suffering from sores on his head for three years, his eyebrows had fallen out, and he did not know what he was sick about. Then he ordered the doctor to diagnose Ding, who said that the patient had no eyebrows, the bridge of his nose was broken, his nasal cavity was damaged, his nostrils were pungent and he did not sneeze, his lower limbs were paralyzed from the joints, knees to his feet, and he had an ulcer, there was no hair on his hands, and his voice was irritated when he called out, so that the patient was found to be suffering from leprosy. This shows that doctors were very sure about the diagnosis of leprosy at that time.
According to the Qin Law, leprosy patients must be relocated to the "sick relocation center" set up by the government for isolation. If the leper is guilty, the death penalty may be imposed, either by sinking him in water or burying him alive in the earth. This shows that great attention was paid to preventing the spread of leprosy.
4] Channeling.
"Zhuangzi Deliberate Chapter" said: "Blowing and sucking, spitting out the old and accepting the new, the bear is stretched by the bird, and it is just for longevity." This Tao (guide) is also a good place for people who lead people, people who cultivate shape, and people who take the Peng Zushou exam. "Physical exercise is to prolong illness.
Mawangdui channeling
5] Medical Division.
The subordinate officials of Tsukasa Zai in "Zhou Li Tianguan" include physicians (great physicians), food doctors (doctors who manage nutrition and hygiene), disease doctors (internists), ulcer doctors (surgeons), and veterinarians. There are also various doctors in the people, including gynecologists, pediatricians (pediatricians), and ear-eye doctors (ear-eye doctors). At this time, the main epidemic diseases treated by the disease doctors were headache in the spring, itchy scabies (itchy skin diseases such as scabies and boils) in the summer, malaria and cold (malaria) in the autumn, and cough and asthma in the winter. The main diseases treated by ulcer doctors are swollen sores (bloated sores), ulcers (pus-ulcerated sores), golden ulcers (knife wounds), and fractures (fracture wounds). Doctors diagnose the disease, "with five qi, five sounds, five colors to see its life and death", has been widely used "cutting the pulse, looking at the color, listening to the sound, writing the shape, the location of the disease" and other methods, the traditional medicine in the mainland clinical observation of the "four diagnosis" methods, such as looking, smelling, asking, cutting, at this time, have been in place.
6】扁鹊。
Bian Que, that is, a native of Qin Yue, a native of Bohai Guo (now Renqiubei, Hebei) in the State of Qi. He has obtained many "forbidden prescription books" (undisclosed Danfang medical books) from Changsangjun. According to legend, Zhao Jianzi, a doctor of Jin, was ill and unconscious for five days, so he asked Bian Que for diagnosis and treatment, and Bian Que concluded that "blood circulation" (normal blood circulation) would get better in less than three days. Bian Que went in for a diagnosis and found that there was a sound in his ears and his nose was fanning, and the two inner strands were still warm, and it was concluded that it was a "corpse syncope" (coma and fake death), which could be rescued. Bian Que was treated with a combination of acupuncture, ironing and decoction, and the prince recovered after 20 days. At that time, people "thought that Bian Que could live and die people", Bian Que said: "If you can't live and die, you should be the living, and the more people can make it hear." ”
Bian Que advocated early detection of the disease and early treatment, and opposed "believing in witches and not in doctors". He practiced medicine according to the needs of the people in various places, and worked as a "belt doctor" in Handan, a "ear and eye paralysis doctor" in Luoyang, and a "pediatric doctor" in Xianyang. Li Li, the imperial physician of the Qin State, was jealous of him and assassinated him.
7] "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon".
Su Wen is the first systematic medical work in mainland China, and according to legend, it is a part of the Yellow Emperor's Neijing. Su Wen is not a one-time work, but was written by a school over a long period of time, and the main part was written at the end of the Warring States period.
"Su Wen" pretended to be written by the Yellow Emperor, and had a close relationship with the Taoism and the Five Elements of Yin and Yang at that time. There has been a further development of the doctrine of the source of the disease. The cause of the disease is nothing more than external and internal causes, the external cause is the invasion of wind and rain, and the internal cause is the unhealthy diet and daily life, which causes the imbalance of yin and yang and causes diseases.
"Suwen" attaches great importance to the prevention of diseases. While preventing the invasion of disease factors in vitro, special emphasis is placed on the prevention factors in the human body. Special emphasis is placed on the prevention of disease, which is more important than treatment, advocating that "if the disease is not cured, the disease is not cured, the disorder is not cured, and the chaos is not cured", and that "the disease has become a disease and then the medicine, and the chaos has become and then the cure, such as thirst and piercing the well, fighting and casting a cone, it is not too late!"
"Su Wen" not only uses the imbalance of yin and yang to explain the cause, but also uses the theory of yin and yang to explain the physiology of the human body and explain the pathology. It believes that the five internal organs belong to yin and must "hide essence and qi without diarrhea"; The six organs belong to the yang, and they must be accessible, "passing on the transformation without hiding". It is also believed that it is necessary to carry out pathological analysis according to the changes of yin and yang, to judge the virtual and real, cold and heat, internal and external, etc., so as to determine the criteria for syndrome differentiation and treatment.
These medical theories have laid the foundation for the fine traditions of medicine in the motherland.
"Lingshu" mainly discusses the theory of meridians and how to carry out acupuncture and moxibustion to cure diseases. It clearly records the direction of the 12 meridians, the internal organs and their main diseases, and there is a concept that the 12 meridians are "like rings without ends" and are connected with each other. It also discusses the fifteen meridians, the eight strange meridians and the twelve meridians, etc., and believes that the meridians can communicate the inside and the outside, connect the viscera, and run qi and blood, which play an important role in the physiological and pathological process of the human body, and are also of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
2. Mathematical sum physics.
There is a lot of mathematics, physics, and chemistry in Mozi, which is very advanced, but these are in the service of non-war thinking.
The Book of Ink. Mozi attached great importance to the development of material production, the progress of science and technology, the continuous creation of new instruments, and the application of simple machinery such as levers, pulleys, inclined planes, and wheel axles. The Mohists once made a specific analysis of the material world, and they called space "yu" and time "jiu" (i.e., "zhou"). They believe that there are six ways in which matter moves:
(1) The essence has not changed but the appearance has changed, which is called "transformation". (Change)
(2) A part of the substance is separated from the whole, which is called "loss". (Becomes smaller)
(3) There is another substance attached to the original object, which is called "benefit". (Becomes larger)
(4) The way of circular rotation, which is called "yi". (Rotate)
(5) The replacement of objects in a space, which is called a "library". (Replacement)
(6) The movement of an object in space, which is called "movement". (Mobile)
3. Astronomy.
The progress of astronomy and the calendar is in the service of heavy agriculture, and the more developed the ploughing and warfare, the more advanced astronomy and the calendar.
In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the summer solstice and winter solstice could be accurately determined by the method of measuring the sun shadow by the Ligui table, and the calendar began to be accurate, with the month containing the winter solstice as the first month, the three hundred and sixty-five and one-quarter days as the year, and the method of inserting seven leap months in 19 years began to be adopted.
The ancient quadrangular calendar, including the "Zhuan Calendar" and the "Yin Calendar", is a calendar based on strict science in ancient times. The date of the "Zhuan Calendar" should be around 36O B.C. The year of return was three hundred and sixty-five and one-quarter days, and the leap method was nineteen years and seven leaps, making it one of the most accurate calendars in the world at that time. The length of its return year is the same as that of the Julian calendar (created in 64 B.C.), but the creation of the ancient quadrangular calendar on the mainland was 300 years earlier.
Due to the use of lunisolar calendars in ancient times on the mainland, there were seven leaps in 19 years, and it was not very convenient to grasp the agricultural season, so 24 solar terms were created at this time.
The daily time of the Warring States Period was changed from 12 hours to 16 hours, and the order was Pingdan, morning, sunrise, eclipse, middle of day, middle of day, day of west, day of day, day of day, twilight, night twilight, night is not in the middle of the night, middle of the night, mid-night passing, and rooster crow, which can be seen in the Qin Jian "Book of Days" unearthed from the Qin tomb in Fangmatan, Tianshui County, Gansu Province.
By the Warring States Period, there were astrologers who specialized in observing the movement of the stars, such as Gander in Qi, Tang in Chu, Yin Gao in Zhao, and Shi Shen in Wei. Gander is the author of eight volumes of Astronomical Astrology, and Shi Shen is the author of eight volumes of Astronomy. Gander and Shi Shen recorded the equatorial coordinates of one hundred and twenty stars with precision in the middle of the Warring States period (around 360 BC). The stellar record they measured is the oldest stellar catalog in the world.
Changsha Mawangdui "Five Star Occupation"
4. Geography.
Geography is also for the farmer, and in the final analysis, it is for the idea of farming and warfare.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the development of water conservancy and irrigation, the exchange of raw materials needed for various handicraft industries, the development of commerce, the exchange of local specialties, and the integration of ethnic groups, people had a broad vision and a great wealth of geographical knowledge. Among them, the two books "Yu Gong" and "Classic of Mountains and Seas" are the most important.
"Yu Gong" is a work of Xia Yu during the period of water control. It divides the territory of the country into Kyushu, describes the distribution of mountains, rivers, soil, vegetation, fields and ethnic minorities, and also summarizes the famous mountains and rivers of the country, and records the system of paying tribute in five parts. The use of Kyushu as a regional plan for the whole country was to meet the needs of the unification dynasty that was about to be established. The names of Kyushu used are newly created, some adopt water names (e.g., Yongzhou, Yanzhou), some adopt mountain names (e.g., Jingzhou), and some use ancient tribe or country names (e.g., Xuzhou). It is precisely because the division of Kyushu is a new creation that the Kyushu of "Yu Gong" is different from the Kyushu of "Zhou Li, Zhifang's" and "Lu's Spring and Autumn Season".
The "Classic of Mountains and Seas" divides the territory of the country into five parts: south, west, north, east, and central. It mainly describes the mountains of various regions, talks about the relevant water flows, plants, trees, birds, beasts, minerals and other special products, and for the first time explores the geography and mineral deposits of the vast mountainous areas of the mainland, and makes specific records. The book is both scientific and superstitious.
III. Literature
1. The Book of Songs.
Most of the poems in the Book of Songs are poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty and even the Shang Dynasty, but most of them are folk songs from the Spring and Autumn Period, reflecting the customs and customs of various places, and belong to realist literature.
Confucius chose the Book of Songs as his main teaching material, but what was his central idea? So far, no historian has come up with a reasonable explanation.
2. Qu Yuan.
1] Qu Yuan.
Qu Yuan, whose name is Ping, was born in 339 BC and was born into the nobility of the Chu State. During the reign of King Chu Huai, he became a high-ranking official of the left disciples, in charge of the cashier's orders. He advocated reforming the politics of the state of Chu by enacting new decrees and uniting the state of Qi against the state of Qin. He believed that "going against the law and ruling by heart" was like resisting a fierce horse without a bridle, which was very dangerous, and it was necessary to "understand the suspicion of the law" and "establish the law when the country is rich and strong." He demanded that "the virtuous should be promoted and the ability should be conferred, and the rope and ink should not be biased (biased)", that is, the merit should be selected to serve as officials, and the matter should be done in accordance with the norms of the law without deviation. As a result, he was persecuted by nobles such as Zilan (the youngest son of King Chu Huai), Zheng Sleeve (the favorite concubine of King Chu Huai) and Shangguan Dafu. King Chu Huai listened to the rumors, removed him from his official position, and exiled him. After King Qingxiang succeeded to the throne, he was exiled again. When Chu was broken by Qin and the national capital Ying, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Miluo River.
Qu Yuan's poems, not to write poems, but to illustrate his political ambitions, are a very ideological carrier, and what he always hopes for is beautiful politics, patriotic feelings, and the restoration of the family's former glory. He absorbed the forms of folk literature, adopted dialect rhyme, fused myths and legends, and composed long poems. Warm patriotic feelings, rich imagination, and beautiful rhetoric make Qu Yuan's poems immortal masterpieces, and his political ambitions are deeply moving.
Qu Yuan in the hearts of modern people
2] "Lisao".
"Lisao" is Qu Yuan's representative work, the longest lyric poem in mainland classical literature. The poem is more than 2,400 words, and the poet shows his firm will to pursue lofty ideals and deep patriotic feelings through the retrospective of his own combat process and the exploration of the future road, and also exposes the corruption of Chu politics and the rampant of dark forces. The poem uses the metaphors of herbs and beauties to weave illusions such as iWandering in the sky, with brilliant writing and magnificent structure. Lu Xun pointed out that Qu Yuan's "Lisao" is "a great speech, outstanding in his life", "compared with "Poems", his words are very long, his thoughts are very fantastic, his writing is very beautiful, his purpose is very clear, and in terms of heart, he does not follow the rules", "However, his influence on later articles is even more than 300 articles".
Qu Yuan's glorious poems, inheriting the excellent tradition of the Book of Songs, opened up the creative path of realism and romanticism, and had a significant impact on the development of mainland literature.
3] "Chu Speech".
In addition to "Lisao" in "Chu Ci", the main works include "Nine Songs" (including "Donghuang Taiyi", "Yunzhongjun", "Xiangjun", "Xiang Lady", "Da Si Ming", "Shao Si Ming", "Dong Jun", "Hebo", "Mountain Ghost", "National Martyrdom", "Rite Soul"), "Tianwen", "Nine Chapters" ("Cherish Recitation", "Shijiang", "Lamentation", "Drawing", "Huaisha", "Si Meiren", "Cherish the Past", "Ode to Orange", "Sadness Returns"), "Far Travel" and so on.
"Nine Songs" is a piece of music to worship ghosts and gods, which was originally a folk song and dance of the Chu State, and after Qu Yuan's re-creation and processing, it is even more beautiful. "Tianwen", from natural phenomena and myths to ancient historical legends, is a beautiful epic. Originally, in the temples and shrines of the Chu State, the walls were often painted with large murals about natural phenomena, myths and ancient historical legends, and "Tianwen" was precisely for the myths and legends described in these murals. The whole poem is more than 500 words, and the verses are mainly in four words, raising more than 170 questions in total, expressing Qu Yuan's skepticism of traditional thought and the spirit of exploring the truth. As Lu Xun pointed out: "Doubt has been unspeakable since the beginning of ancient times, until the triviality of all things." ”
After Qu Yuan, Chu had Song Yu, Tang Le, Jing Cha and others who followed up to create "Chu Ci", "but all the ancestors of Qu Yuan's calm rhetoric, and finally dare not admonish directly". Works without ideology are just a flash in the pan after all.
3. Prose.
1] 诸子prose.
"Zhuangzi" is the most magnificent, "Han Feizi" is a fable to reason, "Xunzi" is good at metaphor, "Mozi" is too simple, "Lü's Spring and Autumn" can also be read, even "Sun Tzu's Art of War" is very readable, no matter what, because of the profound thoughts, they all exude the brilliance of human nature.
2] Historical essays.
"Zuo Biography" is the most like a novel, with sound and color. The Chinese account is also good.
4. Fiction.
There are novelists in the controversy.
"Hanshu Yiwen Zhi" contains 15 novels such as "Yiyin Said", "Manzi Said", "Shi Kuang", "Wu Chengzi", "Tianyi", "Yellow Emperor Said", etc., all of which are named after the ancients, and should be talking about stories and novels about these people. Bangu said that these writings were "non-archaic", "shallow", "roundabout", and "relied on". The twenty-seven chapters of "Yi Yin Said" have been lost. "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: The Original Flavor Chapter" records that Yi Yin "said soup to taste", listing the delicious food of local products in various places, which should be from the novelist's "Yi Yin Said". Mencius once tried his best to refute the theory that "Yi Yin asked for soup by cutting and cooking", which should be due to the novelist.
Sima Qian once said that "Hundred Schools" said that the Yellow Emperor, and his writing is not elegant and tame", probably referring to the novel "Hundred Schools", which can be seen that "Hundred Schools" also talks about the stories of the ancients.
So many novels were lost in the Han Dynasty, and the reason is that they are not ideological.
4. Art
1. Music singing and dancing.
Zhou Gong established the ritual music system, and the music was particularly developed.
The Book of Songs was originally a collection of poems sung with musical accompaniment, divided into three tunes: collar, elegant, and windy. "Song" is a song of worship to the gods with dance, and the accompanying instruments include the harp, the gong, the bell, and the pun. "Ya" was originally a bamboo tube-shaped rhythm instrument, because this kind of song called "Ya" rhythm, "Ya" became the name of the tune. The accompaniment instruments of "Ya" include qin, se, sheng, bell, and xuan. "Wind" refers to the popular folk tunes of various countries, and the accompanying instruments include the harp.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the etiquette collapsed, and "new sounds" began to appear. "New Voice" is a new tune. It is said that the Duke of Jin Ping was happy with the "new sound", and Shi Kuang, who was in charge of the music, said: "The office will be humble" It is also said that Wei Linggong went to the Jin Kingdom, passed through the waves, and heard someone playing the "new sound" in the middle of the night, and was very happy, and summoned the musician Shi Juan (as Shi Yan) to "sit quietly and stroke the qin and write it", and recorded this new tune. Wei Linggong arrived in the Jin Kingdom, Jin Ping Gong set up a banquet to entertain him, Wei Linggong summoned Shi Juan to "aid the qin and drums", and before he finished playing, Shi Kuang stopped him from the side, saying: "The voice of this dead country cannot be followed." This "new voice" was first produced from the folk of Zheng Wei and the two countries in the Central Plains, so it is also called "the voice of Zheng Wei", or "the sound of Sangjian Pushang".
In order to meet the needs of new tunes, the accompanying instruments have also changed, and in addition to the qin, se, sheng, bell, and pan, there are also popular folk instruments such as rods, zheng, and tsuki.
It turned out that the music of the aristocracy was mainly played in conjunction with the liturgy. This kind of music with the ceremony is to maintain the solemnity of the aristocracy, so the tune pays attention to "Zhongping" and "solemn", this kind of "elegant music" above the temple, and the accompanying instruments are mainly percussion drums, bells, and pans, that is, the sound of gold and stone. With the development of folk music, the melody of "new sound" appeared, which was tactful and meandering, which was the progress of music. The accompanying instruments are mainly the sound of silk and bamboo, such as flute, drumming, building and playing the piano. At that time, Confucius stood on the position of the aristocracy and opposed this "new voice", so he said: "Zheng Sheng's obscenity" and "Evil Zheng Sheng's rebellion Yale Ye". However, the trend of history cannot be stopped, and people love to listen to "new sounds" rather than "ancient music", and "Zheng Wei's voice" instead of "elegant music". Wei Wenhou once said: "I wear a dress and a top hat, and when I listen to ancient music, I am afraid to lie down, and I am tireless when I listen to the voice of Zheng Wei." ”
In the first-class tombs of the Warring States Period, the funeral instruments were mainly bells and pans, because this was the need for "rites", and at that time it was very important to use the ritual music system to maintain the rule. At that time, there was also progress in the production of chimes and pans.
In 1978, a large number of exquisite musical instruments were unearthed in the tomb of the monarch of the Zeng State in Suixian County, Hubei Province, and there were 64 pieces of copper bells, including 19 pieces of button bells and 45 pieces of Ningbo bells. The bell frame is divided into three layers: upper, middle and lower. The inscriptions on the bell are the names of the law and the rank (such as Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng, Yu, etc.), which may have been used to set the tone. The inscription on the front tunnel and drum part of the bell (that is, the middle and two corners of the bell along the upper part of the bell) is the name of the order, which is the sound of the bell, and the music sound that conforms to a certain scale can be produced by accurately striking the sound position. Each bell has two musical notes that can be played together, and the lower layer of the bell plays a role in setting off the atmosphere and harmony in the performance.
The inscriptions on the reverse side of the Yong bell can be read consecutively, recording the correspondence between the names of the laws and ranks of the Zeng State and the Chu, Zhou, Qi, Jin and other countries. The accessories of the hanging chimes in the middle and lower layers of the bell frame and the crossbeam where the chimes are located are engraved with phonetic characters, so that the position of the chimes can be temporarily changed according to the needs of a certain tone in the performance, and they can be used again. After measuring the two tones per bell of the whole set of chimes, the total range spans as many as five octaves, from the bass to the highest note. Within the range of three octaves of the central vocal range, twelve semitones are complete, while the basic backbone is the seven-tone scale structure. It shows that at that time, he already understood the music theory of octave position and various intervals. According to the auditions, it was able to play harmonies, polyphony, and modulation.
The motif on the Mulberry Hunting Banquet Pot (collection of the Palace Museum) depicts the blowing of the pipe, the beating of the chimes and the weaving of the pan, the drumming, the playing of the piano and the dancing. The motif on the Feast Oval (Shanghai Museum) also depicts a man sitting and striking a chime, which hangs in a row on a pedestal decorated with a dragon head; There is a person playing the drum below, the drum base is in the shape of a double bird's back, there is a person sitting on the left playing the piano, and there are two people with thin waists and long sleeves on the lower right, dancing opposite each other.
2. Acrobatics.
"Liezi Shuo Fu Chapter" records the story of "Song has Lanzi and uses skills to do Song Yuanjun". "It is said" Song Yuanjun summoned to see, its skills to double the branches, the length of its body, belongs to its shins, and tend to gallop, make seven swords leap one after another, five swords are always in the air. It is to use stilts to gallop while taking turns to leap over the seven swords with both hands, so that the five swords often fly in the air, which is the acrobatic skill of using stilts to express "making swords".
Sports activities also include competitions for the selection of military talents, such as the Lifting Competition, Keju Competition, Kakudo, Kendo, and Archery.
Performing arts activities: Haiyu telling jokes, acting, singing, pitching, chess, six games, cockfighting, lackeys, etc.
3. Calligraphy.
In June 1954, a bamboo basket was found in the Warring States Tomb on Zuojiagong Mountain outside the south gate of Changsha, Hunan, which contained bamboo chips, bamboo slips without words, copper knives and brushes. Chip is counting, it is a tool for counting. The copper knife is sharpening, that is, the book knife. The brush is placed in a bamboo tube. The barrel of the pen is a cylinder cut from bamboo, 17.8 centimeters long, 0.5 centimeters in diameter, the head is cut into several squares, and the tip of the pen is inserted into it. The tip of the pen is made of rabbit arrows (the hair on the back of the rabbit), inserted into the head of the barrel, wrapped with fine silk threads, and the exposed part of the tip is 4.2 cm long. The barrel and nib are 22 centimeters long. The rod is very thin, and the hair on the tip of the pen is long, which is suitable for writing and painting. This method of making pens has been used for a long time after the Han Dynasty. In this way, the head of the pen barrel is cut into several squares and the method of inserting the pen head is convenient for changing the pen head at any time, and the current fountain pen can change the nib at any time.
At present, the calligraphy works unearthed are the most typical in the scope of Chu State. In October 1993, in Guodian Village, Jingmen City, Hubei Province, M1 of Chu Tomb of Guodian No. 1 excavated bamboo slips, a total of 804 pieces, which were bamboo ink.
This kind of writing is very smooth and aesthetic, which is different from Li Si's small seal
4. Architecture.
The physical buildings that can be seen now are tomb buildings, with the tomb of Zeng Marquis Yi in Suixian, Hubei Province, excavated in 1978, being the most typical. The tomb of Marquis Yi is a large rock pit and wooden tomb. The chamber is divided into four rooms: middle, east, west and north, with two main coffins, 21 burial coffins and 1 dog coffin, with a total area of nearly 220 square meters.
5. Sculpture.
The statues of gods unearthed from the tomb of Jiangling Wangshan and Tianxing Guanchu in Hubei Province are all left and right, making hook-shaped dragon shapes, wearing long antlers. This kind of strange god statue is carved vividly, fully expressing a look of teeth and claws.
Warring States Chu State Tiger Seat Phoenix Bird Hanging Drum
Among the wooden containers, musical instruments, ornaments and burial utensils unearthed from the Chu tomb, there are processed and carved ones. The pigeon pea has a lid and a plate to form a mandarin duck, and there is a wooden lid and a snake carved around itself. There are carved wooden tiger seats and phoenix frames to hang drums, double phoenixes stand on the backs of double tigers, drums are hung between double phoenixes, tied to the phoenix crown, very exquisite. Most of this "tiger seat phoenix drum" was unearthed in the Chu tomb in Jiangling, Hubei. Seven Chu tombs in Yutai Mountain, Jiangling unearthed a wooden deer, the deer side of the head lying on the ground, the feet bent under the abdomen, the body head carved together, the antlers are inserted on the head, and some are plugged into the small drum on the buttocks, which is used as the wooden seat of the small drum.
Because of its rich myths and legends, the state of Chu is rich in romance and is particularly brilliant in art.
6. Painting.
1] Bronze carving.
In 1935, the bronze book of water and land attack and war patterns unearthed in the tomb of the Warring States period in Shanbiao Town, Jixian County, Henan Province, there are 40 groups of images embedded in red metal, and there are 292 people in the images, showing various wartime dynamics such as fighting, shooting, rowing, drumming, reward, farewell, etc., and it is a war map of the Warring States Period.
In 1951, the tomb of the Warring States period in Zhaogu Town, Huixian County, Henan Province unearthed the bronze book of the banquet and shooting hunting pattern, the image is centered on a large building, and the left and right are equipped with a group of music and dancers, the person on the left is dancing while playing the chime, and the person on the right is dancing while choreographing. And then there's the kitchen, and there's the food and drink delivered. In addition, there are forest gardens, there are hunters, there are boaters, and there are bathing horses. There are 37 people, 38 birds and beasts, and 66 artifacts in total, and it depicts various dynamics, and it is a picture of bureaucratic landlords holding banquets and hunting during the Warring States period.
2] Canvas.
In 1949, in the tomb of the Warring States period in the southeast suburbs of Changsha, there was a silk painting "Dragon and Phoenix Women" unearthed in the tomb of the Warring States period in Chenjia Mountain. The painting shows a side of an adult woman with an extremely thin waist. The woman stands facing to the left. He wears a hanging bun at the back of his head, and his hair is crowned with ornamentation. The length of the dress is swaying to the ground, and the hem is like an inverted morning glory, parting forward and backward. The waistband is wide and the sleeves are large. There are some intricate embroidery patterns on the sleeves, and the cuffs are smaller. The cuffs and collar have black and white diagonal stripes, and the clothes are also black and white. There is some simple whirl in the white part of the bottom. The woman's hands are stretched forward, bent upward, and saluted with their palms together. On the woman's head, in front of the left, a phoenix bird flies. The bird faces left, its head is upward, its wings are spread upward, and its tail has two long feathers, bent forward, almost touching its head. Both feet were bent forward and the other was stretched back, revealing powerful claws. In front of the phoenix bird is a one-legged dragon-like animal, with its head facing the wind bird, with two horns on the left and right of its head, and its body is slightly winding and hanging vertically. There are six rings on the body.
This is a Chu painting, with a strong mythological color and a romantic atmosphere.
5. Cooking techniques
Cooking technology has steaming, roasting, boiling and other kinds, the main food in addition to porridge and rice, dishes have meat, vegetables and vegetable soup, meat soup, etc., soup is more common. Eating utensils are mainly chopsticks (i.e. chopsticks) and daggers (i.e. spoons). At that time, copper daggers and lacquered daggers with narrow handles and tongues were popular. "The Book of Rites: Qu Li" says: "Those who have vegetables in the soup use coercion, and those who do not have vegetables do not need to be coerced." This means that to eat vegetable soup, you need to use chopsticks to pick up the rai in the soup and eat it, and if you don't have vegetable soup, you don't use chopsticks but only a spoon.
Originally, meat was only available to the wealthy. Meng Weijun has three class diners, the lower class lives in the "Chuan She" "eats no fish", and the middle lives in the "Lucky House" only "eats fish". The average person has to be seventy years old to have the possibility of eating meat. Mencius said: "Chickens, guineas and dogs eat animals, and if they don't lose their time, the seventy can eat meat." "Dolphin" is a small pig, and "Biao" is a big pig. At that time, dog meat was relatively common, and there were often dog slaughterers in the market as a profession, called "dog slaughter". Qin Shi Huang's assassin Jing Ke's friend Gao Yuanli was the "Dog Tu", and Jing Ke often drank in the city with many "Dog Tu". At that time, the rich and noble families also ate the soles of the bear's feet, because the taste of the bear's paws surpassed the fish, Mencius said: "I want the fish, and the bear's paw is also what I want, and I can't have both, and the one who gives up the fish and takes the bear's paw." ”
At that time, the cooking technology was already very particular about seasoning, "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" has "Benwei Chapter", which contains the story of Yi Yin using seasoning to say in the soup, and the novelist of "Hanshu Yiwen Zhi" has 27 articles of "Yi Yin Shuo", and "Ben Wei Chapter" is taken from "Yi Yin Shuo", and Yi Yin's seasoning skills reflect the situation of the Warring States Period. Yi Yin said: "The three groups of insects, the water dwellers are fishy, the meat grabbers are ashamed, the herbivores are sick, and the smell is still beautiful, all have a reason. "It is believed that there are three kinds of meat eaten, the meat of aquatic animals has a fishy smell, the meat of carnivores has a bad smell, and the meat of grass-eating animals has a bad smell, and although they all have a bad smell, they can cook deliciously.
Yi Yin explained the seasoning technique and said, "Water is the beginning of all tastes. Five flavors and three materials, nine boiling and nine changes, fire for the age. When the disease is slow, the smell is eliminated and the body is removed, and it will be won without losing its reason. The things that are reconciled will be sweet, sour, bitter, bitter and salty, and the number of them will be very small, and they will all have their own beginnings. The change in the tripod, the subtle microfiber, the mouth can speak, and the ambition cannot be spoken. If you shoot the micro, the yin and yang are turned into four hours. Therefore, it is long but not bad, ripe but not rotten, sweet but not muzzling (too sweet), sour but not cool, salty but not reduced ("minus" through "salty", "salty" is full), pungent but not strong, thin (light) but not thin, fat but not too fat. The so-called "five flavors" refer to sweet, sour, bitter, pungent (spicy), and salty, and the so-called "three materials" refer to the above three kinds of meat.
This means that the seasoning should first add water, boil with fire, and must add condiments that restrain "fishy", "shame" and "fat" to remove these smells, and then add a certain amount of flavoring agents successively, so that the food cooked in Dingzhong plays a "delicate microfiber" change, so as to get delicious. It should not only be burned "cooked but not rotten", but also adjusted to the five flavors moderately, and it should be fat and light.
In particular, he talked about seven famous concoctions: "The beauty of harmony, the ginger of Yangpu, the osmanthus (osmanthus), the fungus of Yue Luo (shiitake mushroom), the tuna (meat sauce), the salt of Daxia, the dew of slaughter, its color is like jade, and the egg of Changze." "Eggs" may be condiments made from fish eggs. The dew that is "as beautiful as jade" is also a condiment.
The book also lists many delicious fish, meat, vegetables, and fruits, which are interspersed with myths, such as "The apple of Kunlun, the flower of Shoumu." There are also famous local products at that time, such as Dongting's squirrel, Yunmeng's celery, Guqu's (now Taihu Lake) 's essence (turnip), Jiangpu's orange, Yunmeng's pomelo and so on.
Finally, let's enjoy the feast, Qu Yuan's "Conjuring" (excerpt) -
“…………
The family is then a sect, and the food is more diverse.
Rice and wheat, yellow beams.
Big bitter, salty and sour, bitter and sweet.
The tendons of fat cows are more fragrant.
and sour and bitter, Chen Wu soup.
Turtle cannon lamb, there is some syrup.
Fry the birds.
The dew of the chicken is not cool.
Honey bait, there is some food.
The syrup honey spoon is a little more fruitful.
Frustrate the cold drink, and drink it cooler.
Hua Jiu is old, and there are some elixirs.
…………”