Preface
Under the patriarchal system, the position and lordship are subject to the primogeniture inheritance system, so the concubine of the Son of Heaven can only be the secretary of state, and the concubine of the princes can only be the secretary of state.
In other words, those who are virtuous, talented, and meet the needs of the rulers are selected from among the Shu people, and let them hold certain positions, so as to expand the ruling base of the slave-owning class.
The soldiers in the early Spring and Autumn period were all samurai, and the ten-class whipless became synonymous with the army, "Chinese Qi Yu": "Ten townships and fifteen." Non-Zhao note: "Sergeant, sergeant also"
Mr. Gu Yuangang also asserted in "Miscellaneous Knowledge of History": "The ten ancient times of our country were all martial, and the people fought back to the main military force controlled by the slave state before the war, and the samurai equipped were all the seven classes at that time.
The beginning of development
When Zhou Li was on the time, the birth of "Duoyou Ding" provided another new proof for the Shizhong Samurai Say, "Duoyou Pin" inscribed Wu Gong: Dao Nai Yuan Shi was chased in Beijing, and Wu Gong ordered Duoyou Street Bus to chase in Beijing.
Yuan Shi is the head of the Shang, as the Yuan Shi Duoyou led the army is the samurai, these martial arts control the art of archery, the famous representative of the scholar class Confucius is a person who is good at archery.
Confucius was between the infants, and the viewer was like a wall. "Among his disciples, Ran You, Ran Qiu, Fan Chi, Zi Lu, Gongliang Tian was born and went down, and they were all martial arts, and they thought that their combat was "learned from Confucius".
In the early Spring and Autumn period, the education of the taxi class was mainly military training, including the training of Mingli quality.
In these six arts, in addition to the number of books, the remaining four subjects are military subjects, such as etiquette and big shooting, rural shooting, music gate, and archery are directly about combat techniques.
In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the seven had certain positions, and Gu Yanwu deduced that they were "mostly all people with positions" according to the objects they served, and they could be divided into the people of the Son of Heaven, the people of the princes, the people of the princes, and the ten who served in the grass-roots administrative organs.
The Son of Heaven and the princes are specially responsible for the protection of the royal family or the public office, which is actually the "correction of the warriors" of the "minions of the king" and "the princes going down to the city" in the "Book of Songs".
The scholar of the Qing doctor mainly refers to the ruler of the province who manages the mining for the Qing Dada, and the first year of the Ram Biography Yin: "The leader is also", and the number of taxis serving in the grass-roots administrative institutions is the largest.
In the "Zhou Li" Diguan Situ, it is said that there are 28 kinds of duties held by the scholars, such as clan teachers and Xu people, and the half of the affairs under their control cover all the tasks in the early Spring and Autumn Period, and the scholars in the early Spring and Autumn Period have Gulu, Tianhe, and land mining, and although their economic income is not richer than that of the large and medium-sized slave owners, it is far better than that of the common people.
Most of the scholars enjoyed Gulu, and only a small part enjoyed the land, and according to the Western Zhou patriarchal principle of separation, some of the scholars could get the Lutian.
There are very few people who enjoy the land mining, according to the Qing Sun Rang's saying: "All the people who have merit books, or meritorious heroes, also have a hundred land." Zhuyun Du Lise is the land of the doctor and the land of the meritorious people'.
Zhou Li Zheng, Tianguan, Dazai, it can be seen that the social status of this part of the quarry is much higher than that of ordinary taxis, from the above investigation of the evolution, source, origin, duty, and fortune of the scholars in the early Spring and Autumn Period.
The large group of scholars in the pagoda-like hierarchy played a pivotal role in the state, and they contributed to the establishment and development of the slave state of the Shang and Zhou dynasties with their courage and military skills.
Taking Zhou Shi as an example, I will briefly explain it: in the process of the founding and development of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the seven classes of merit points out, the Western Zhou Dynasty used chariot warfare as soldiers, and the chariot soldiers were mostly filled by samurai, and the combat effectiveness of the army was related to the quality of samurai courage and military skills.
King Wu conquered the Eastern Expedition of the Duke of Zhou, as well as the Northern Expedition to Yan Li, and the Southern Expedition to Jingchu, and every battle had countless warriors killed on the battlefield, which made a special distinction for the establishment and development of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and these political situations were opened up by the warriors who were the pillars of the Zhou Dynasty.
Productivity skyrockets
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the rapid development of productive forces led to great turmoil and great changes in social relations, and in the process, the social and economic structure gradually evolved from the clan standard to the family standard, and the political clan etiquette gradually relaxed and disintegrated.
There was a major change in the composition and status of the upper class, with the separation of the scribes from the samurai on the one hand, and the emergence of a new group of scholars from the commoners on the other.
This led to a change in the status of the gentry class, which was no longer the lower class of the slave-owning aristocracy and became a feudal bureaucracy serving the landlord class.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the scribes began to differentiate from the ranks of the samurai, and the scribes began to differentiate from the upper class of the martial arts, which was not accidental, but had its profound social reasons.
First of all, the separation of civil and military affairs is inseparable from the decline and disintegration of the slave system, and in the late Spring and Autumn Period, due to the continuous protection of annexation wars, the family law hierarchy can no longer be maintained, and social relations have undergone great turmoil and great changes.
In the course of this history, the declining aristocracy, especially the samurai in the lower ranks, who had to reconsider their way out.
Some of them lobbied noisily and became politicians, some became diners under the great aristocracy, and some gathered to give lectures and form a clique of scribes.
Secondly, in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the types of troops changed, the infantry gradually replaced the chariot soldiers, and the status of the samurai declined.
It can be seen that the incumbents advocated the writing and used the practice of knowledgeable people to undoubtedly play a role in promoting the social atmosphere of scholars in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
In addition to the original old scholars, a group of new scholars were produced, they were no longer governed by the family law, and there was no patriarchal relationship between the "great ministers" for their masters, and instead of a new subordinate relationship between monarchs and ministers.
For example, in the "Fourteenth Year of Mourning the Father", a group of "new ministers" who were not subject to patriarchal constraints appeared in the Song Kingdom, that is, Xinshi. They removed their sons, and the patriarchal relationship was only through the form of "planning and commissioning" to Mi Gongtu and their subordinate relationship between the monarch and the minister,"
With the progress and collapse of the patriarchal system, the subordinate relationship between the subjects of the "Seeking Name and Entrustment" has also been shaken.
There was a "scholar without a master" of the wanderers, the Warring States period of the wanderers swarmed, the princes were many debaters, and later, the composition of the scholar class was even more complex, in addition to political brokers, literati and bachelors, there were chickens and dogs and thieves, there were Bo apprentices, butchers, wrestlers, pulp sellers, hermits, and the generation of chivalry.
The Rise of Taxis
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the identity and status of the scholars underwent great changes, and the taxis, who were originally at the lowest level of the slave owners and aristocracy, rose to form the scholar class.
With the intensification of the annexation war, some feudal lords expanded their jurisdiction, and township and county management institutions appeared, and these feudal lords needed a large number of scribes to act as their agents. ”
The proposal of learning and excellence has played a huge role in promoting a large number of scribes to pursue high-ranking officials, such as Confucius and his disciples Zhong Gong, Ran You, Zilu, etc., who were born in poverty and ascended to the position of Sikou and the head of the family by virtue of their erudition and elegance.
In the late Spring and Autumn Period, due to the activity and rise of the scholar class, they staged earth-shattering dramas on the political and cultural stage, which brought an indelible impact on the society at that time and later generations.
Shi and "Wu Weng" performance, the overlords of the Spring and Autumn Period were far-sighted monarchs, they paid more attention to the selection and use of talents, this part of the Song Dynasty six talents were recruited to the vast majority of the birds.
For example, Guan Zhong is a poor seventh, and he was once with Uncle Bao and Jia Nanyang was Chaoyao by Qi Huan Gong and entrusted him with a position, so that Qi Huan Gong could become the head of the "Five Tyrants".
Jin Wengong is also a figure who relies on lowly born taxis to achieve hegemony, most of these people are low-born and talented people, they are dedicated to Jin Wengong's hegemony, and they are indispensable.
Qin Mugong was the hegemon, and he also won the power of the Magi, Mu Gong redeemed the dowry slave Baili Xi with five sheepskins, and reused the lowly Shanyu, which shows that Qin Mugong's hegemony was also established by relying on virtuous people.
Chu Zhuanggong appointed Sun Shuao, who was born in a contemptible background, as the prime minister, and carried out political, economic, and military reforms, laying a solid foundation for the later struggle for hegemony.
It can be seen that the achievement of the performance of the five hegemons is closely related to the assistance of the virtuous, and the scholars and the "hundred schools of thought contend", the rise and activity of the scholars have led to the wind of study tours, and the wind of raising scholars is prevalent, which has prepared the strength and conditions for the "hundred schools of thought" to study tour.
After the division of the scribes from the samurai, they broke free from the shackles of the patriarchal system and traveled among the vassal states to promote their ideas and doctrines, and their outstanding representative was Confucius.
Confucius strongly advocated that the trend of study tours gradually flourished, although Meng Ke Xu Xing traveled in the small knee country, there were actually "dozens of disciples" "Gaizi Wen Gongshang", at that time a little famous scholars, all of them accepted disciples, wrote books and said, which led to the emergence of hundreds of schools of thought.
The wind of raising scholars, the wind of raising scholars began at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the words of Caozi to persuade Gongliang Huanzi are strong evidence, with the improvement of the status of scholars, the wind of raising scholars has intensified.
summary
During the Warring States Period, the "Four Princes" had raised thousands of scholars, and the Duke of Qi Huan paid more attention to the cultivation of talents, set up a school palace, set up the number of doctors, and recruited sages and respected them, and people from all over the world came to hear the news.
During the period of King Yi and King Luo, the Jixia School Palace was the most prosperous, and there were seventy-six disciples of the Huanyuan, all of whom were given the first place, and they were discussed for the sake of the doctor, and they were discussed by Qi Duan Xia Xueqi and hundreds of thousands of people.
The prevalence of the practice of cultivating scholars and the rise of private learning have provided an environment for scholars to write books and debate each other, and have created conditions for the emergence of a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended in the ancient academic field on the mainland.
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