Recently, "Plugged in" is being broadcast. This TV series tells the modern commercial development path of Zhangjiakou, and at the same time, witnesses the historical years of Zhangjiakou. In the plot, the official position of Chahar Dutuo appears. An important question arises, what is the relationship between the unification and the unification? Seriously speaking, all are from a high-ranking official, and their status is even higher than that of the governors and inspectors of the provinces. So, what's going on? Today, we're going to talk about that.
First of all, let's talk about the historical development of Inner Mongolia. In the ancient history of the mainland, the Central Plains Dynasty has always been dominated by farming, and the northern steppe regime has been dominated by nomadic herders, and the two major systems have been in a situation of repeated confrontation. During the period of the central plains dynasty's strength, it would organize a series of northern expeditions and take the initiative to attack the northern nomadic regime. For example, the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty all carried out the Northern Expedition. But once the Central Plains Dynasty entered a period of decline, the northern nomadic regime would make a comeback. The Inner Mongolia region belongs to the area where the two major systems have repeatedly competed, so in the archaeological excavations in the Inner Mongolia region, the imprint of nomadic culture can be found, and the characteristics of the Central Plains civilization can also be found. Such a situation, which continued from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Ming Dynasty, has always been an old and difficult problem.
During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, Zhangjiakou was an important military fortress defending the capital and defending against northern cavalry. Because the geological structure of Zhangjiakou is very complex, it is convenient to carry out layers of resistance. Until the 1970s and 1980s, a large number of field troops were still stationed in the Zhangjiakou area, after all, the pressure in the north was too great. In the mid-17th century, the Ming Dynasty, which had ruled for more than 200 years, fell. The Qing Dynasty in the northeast began to enter the customs on a large scale, and for more than 10 years, it established its rule over the regions.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, due to manchu and Mongolian marriages and other reasons, the problem of the nomadic regime in the north was basically solved. Before entering the customs, the Qing Dynasty had basically controlled the northern and southern Mongolian ministries. Therefore, when the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, in addition to the Eight Banners of Manchuria, there were also the Mongolian Eight Banners and the Han Eight Banners. With the exception of the Dzungars in the northwest, the Qing dynasty basically did not have to worry about the threat from the north. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, the Qing Dynasty mainly focused on governing internal affairs. However, the Qing Dynasty also left many hidden dangers. In the original homeland of the Ming Dynasty, after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, it continued to use the provincial system, and further divided and improved. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were a total of 18 provinces, known as the Eighteen Provinces inland of the Qing Dynasty.
In the northeast, northwest, and Mongolian steppes, the Qing dynasty did not use the provincial system, but established a series of town guard generals. For example, generals Ningxia, Ili, UlyaSutai, Shengjing, Jilin, etc., General Zhenshou was responsible for all military and political affairs in the jurisdiction. Due to the lack of administrative divisions and administrative officials, the Qing Dynasty did not fully grasp the actual situation in these areas, such as population and arable land. In the early days of the Qing Dynasty's rule, relying on the support of strong national strength, these problems were not obvious. The situation was even more peculiar in the Mongolian steppes, where at first the Qing Dynasty gave the Mongol ministries a great deal of autonomy. However, the great noble chiefs were ambitious. For example, in the early days of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, Wu Sangui and other San Fan rebelled, and the King of Chahar took the opportunity to rebel south.
Therefore, after quelling the San Francisco rebellion, in order to weaken the power of the Mongol tribes. The Qing Dynasty abolished the Eight Banners of Zasak, imitated the Manchurian Eight Banners system, established two wings on the left and right, four flags on each wing, and established the Chahar Governor. The chahar governor belonged to the Zhengerpin official, who was held by the nobles of the Qing Dynasty. During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, with the pacification of the Dzungars in the northwest, the Qing Dynasty redivided the administration of the Mongol ministries. The Qianlong Emperor promoted the governor of Chahar to chahar, and the garrison of chahar was in Zhangjiakou. The Metropolitan Commander had great power and was responsible for managing all military and political affairs in the Chahar region, as well as the flags of the Eight Banners of Manchuria and mongolia. Generally speaking, the people who can serve as the governor of Chahar are basically the middle and high-level nobles of the Qing Dynasty.
Let's look at the official position of Du Tong, which was only established during the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. In the early days of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners Deliberative Monarchy system emerged. The flag owners of the Eight Banners met together and made a decision that even the emperor could hardly change. During the Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties, the deliberative monarchy system has always been very powerful. The Kangxi Emperor was naturally not satisfied, and the Kangxi Emperor established the system of eight banners. Each banner has a unifier, and is responsible for the military and political flags of each banner. After the eight banners appeared, the power of the eight flag owners was quickly emptied, and the system of deliberating on the king gradually existed in name only.
After the establishment of the metropolitan government, the rank was congyipin, which was the same level as the governors and town guards in various places. Therefore, they all belong to the standard senior officials. At first, it was only the eight banners that were unified, and Chahar, Rehe and other places were only in charge. During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, the Chahar capital and the Rehe capital were successively established. The rank is the same as that of the Eight Banners, but it is responsible for managing the military, government, and civil affairs of a region, and belongs to the standard feudal officials. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, Chahar was responsible for managing the military affairs of the Manchu Eight Banners and Mongolian Eight Banners in Chahar, and at the same time was responsible for various affairs such as local money and grain outside the mouth, flag people's lawsuits, embezzlement, and station funds.
So, as a feudal official in the imperial court, how many troops can Chahar dutong mobilize? In this regard, the imperial court also had strict rules. Chahar du tong can be under the jurisdiction of pro-army, forward, escort, lead, horse armor, and thief catchers, a total of 10,800 people. Many people will feel that just managing more than 10,000 troops is not too much. Please note that the Chahar region was sparsely populated at the time and the total population was not very large. Therefore, there are not too many troops stationed there. For example, in Guangdong Province at the same time, due to its large population and the coastal defense center of the imperial court, the Qing Dynasty deployed more than 70,000 troops in one go. Therefore, the actual situation varies from region to region.
In 1912, after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, in view of the special situation in the Chahar region, the Beiyang warlord regime reformed Chahar into a special region and continued to retain the official position of Chahar Metropolitan Government. It was not until 1928, after the end of the Northern Expedition, with the establishment of Chahar Province, that the chahar metropolitan government was abolished. Seriously speaking, the power of the Chahar metropolitan government is somewhat similar to the combined version of the town guard generals, governors, and inspectors of the southern provinces. Because it is not only in charge of civil affairs and economy, but also responsible for military management, and more importantly, it supervises flag affairs. There are many more similar articles, and the author will talk to you slowly in future articles.