1. Han Chinese
The Han Chinese were one of the earliest ethnic groups in Xinjiang to settle down. From the third year of the Western Han Dynasty (138 BC) after Zhang Qian's envoy to the Western Regions, all the way to the Ming Dynasty, the Inland Han nationality continued to migrate to the present-day Xinjiang region for various reasons. In the process of interacting with local ethnic groups, most of the Han nationalities in batches have been integrated into the local ethnic groups. The Han nationality living in Xinjiang in modern times was mainly moved in after the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang in the middle of the 18th century. In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), the Qing Dynasty unified the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and in order to restore xinjiang's economy that had been seriously damaged by the war as soon as possible and fundamentally solve the problem of grain supply for the Xinjiang garrison, the Qing government, in addition to adopting the military tun of "tun reclamation and raising borders" carried out by the Eight Banners and the Green Camp, also implemented various forms of tun tian, such as mintun, huitun, criminal tun, shangtun, etc., to encourage the people in the interior to go out of the customs and reclamation: Because at this time, the Qing government implemented the ethnic policy of Han and Hui isolation in southern Xinjiang. Therefore, a large number of Han ethnic groups in the interior have mainly moved into the northern region of Xinjiang. According to Mr. Wang Xilong's statistics, by the end of Jiaqing (1820), the number of people reclaiming in Xinjiang was about 200,000 or more.
2. Hui
Also known as "Huihui", in the process of the Mongol Western Expedition in the 13th century, a large number of Islamic Central Asian, Persian, Arab soldiers, craftsmen, merchants, etc. moved to the northwest and coastal provinces of China, and then gradually integrated with the local Han, Mongolian and other ethnic groups. It was not until about the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty that the Hui people were formally formed, mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and other places and coastal provinces: in the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), before the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang, a small number of Hui soldiers and civilians in Xinjiang were already active here. For example, in the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), the Hui people of Liangzhou, Gansu, MiLayin and Ding Guodong launched an "anti-Qing and restoration" uprising, supporting Tuluntai, the son of Babai Khan, the king of Hami. After the failure of the uprising, some Hui people who participated in the anti-Qing resistance fled to Xinjiang. This is the first written record of the entry of the Hui people from the interior into Xinjiang during the Qing Dynasty.
After the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang, in the process of relocating inland soldiers and civilians to Xinjiang to garrison Tuntian for a long time, a large number of hui military and civilians in the interior also migrated here. Some of them were stationed in Tuntian, served in production, and some engaged in business and education, and gradually became one of the important members of Xinjiang's multi-ethnic family, however, due to the lack of documentary records at that time, it is difficult to calculate how many inland Hui people moved into Xinjiang during this period. According to some scholars, "by the end of the Jiaqing Dynasty in the 1820s, coupled with the hui officers and soldiers who were stationed in the southern Tianshan Mountains and engaged in various activities such as business, the Hui population in Xinjiang should exceed 100,000 at this time."
3. Manchu
The Manchus, historically a branch of the Eastern Hu, can be traced back to the Sushen of the Zhou Dynasty, the Rulou of the Han Dynasty, the Beiji of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the Jurchens of the Five Dynasties of the Song and Liaojin Dynasties. During the Ming Dynasty, female Allah were divided into three parts: Jianzhou, Haixi, and Savage. In the middle of the 16th century, Nurhaci, the leader of the Jurchen jurchens in Jianzhou, unified the Jurchen tribes and established the Later Jin regime. In the process of subsequent development, a number of other ethnic components were continuously absorbed, so that a new national community was born. In 1635, Emperor Taiji abolished the old name of "Jurchen" and renamed it "Manchuria". In 1644, the Qing Dynasty was established. In the middle of the 18th century, after the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang, a large number of Manchu officials and Eight Banner officers and soldiers guarded Tuntian in Xinjiang. Since the officers and men of the Eight Banners who were originally stationed in Xinjiang practiced a system of regular shift changes in garrisons, changing shifts from the interior once every three years, traveling a long way, and spending effort and money to avoid the pain of officers and men traveling back and forth and serving with peace of mind, the Qing government decided to implement the policy of relocating their dependents and stationing them for a long time for the garrison troops. As a result, a large number of Manchu officials and Eight Banner officers and soldiers stayed here. By the end of the 18th century, the total number of Manchu officers and soldiers who had migrated from the interior and been stationed in Xinjiang for a long time was about 60,000, mainly distributed in Ili, Urumqi, Balikun, Mulei, Yanqi and other places.
4. The Xibe people
Xibe, is the self-designation of its nationality. Its ancestry can be traced back to the Eastern Hu Xianbei people in the ancient northeast of China, who lived in the northeast region. In the late 16th century, after the rise of the Jurchens of Manchuria (later the Manchus), they conquered the various departments of Xibe, incorporated them into the Eight Banners of Mongolia and Manchuria, and adjusted them to various places. In the middle of the 18th century, after the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang, in order to enrich the border defense and maintain the security of the northwest territory, the Qing government successively dispatched Xibo officers and soldiers and more than 3,000 of their families from Shengjing in the northeast to the chabuchar area on the south bank of the Yi river in present-day Xinjiang from 1764 to 1765. After the relocation, the Qing government adjusted it in accordance with the eight-flag system, and divided the Xibe ethnic groups who went to Xinjiang into 8 cattle records, each cattle record was a banner, a total of eight banners, forming the Xibo battalion, stationed on the south bank of the Yi-type river, tuntian self-sufficiency. By the sixtieth year of Qianlong (1795), the total number of Xibe soldiers and civilians in Xinjiang had increased to 7292.
5. Daur people
Also known as "Dahur", "Fighting Tigers", "Daur", etc., Daur is an ethnic group with a long history in the northeast region of the mainland. Its family origin may be descendants of the Khitan clan of the Liao Dynasty, belonging to the Mongolian language family of the Altaic language family. In the middle and early 17th century, the daur subordinates belonged to the Later Jin regime, and were later merged by the Qing government and the evenk, Orunchun and other ministries in the northeast to form the Solun Battalion, which was managed according to the Eight Banners system. After the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang, it also dispatched the "Solun Tribe" dominated by the Daur ethnic group to the Ili region of Xinjiang. In the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong (1763), more than 1,000 soldiers and civilians of the Solun battalion set out from Heilongjiang in two batches, and after a long journey, they arrived in the Ili area the following year. At this point, the "Solun Camp" became one of the "Four Pastoral Camps" in Xinjiang: the Qing government placed it in Ceji, Qiqihan, Samar, Turgen and other nomadic residences north of the Ili River and west of the Khorgos River. After decades of development, around the sixty years of Qianlong (1795), the Solun battalion had a total of 4,057 officers and soldiers. Since then, some of the Daur ethnic groups have lived here for generations and become an important member of the multi-ethnic family in modern Xinjiang.