Where does the word "traitor" come from?
The annotation to this word in cihai reads: "Originally referring to the scum of the Han nationality, it now refers to the traitors of the Chinese nation." ”
However, the reference to the latter is relatively vague, after all, the Chinese nation is a multi-ethnic community, of course, can not be summarized by "Han traitor". Therefore, the word should refer to "the scum of the Han people." If it is necessary to use the name of the scum of the Chinese nation, it should be used as a "traitor". Because the community of nations and the community of nations are not the same, we need to make a good distinction.
In addition, "Han traitor" originated from the Han Dynasty, so the word can refer to the scum of the Han people, and it can also refer to the scum of the Han Dynasty. However, this word originating from the Han Dynasty did not appear in the Han Dynasty.
Now when it comes to "han traitors", people will definitely hate them to the bone, but in the Han Dynasty, the whole society did not have much criticism of such people, and even some sympathy. Moreover, the "traitor" must have appeared after the Han Dynasty's campaign to "depose hundreds of families and respect Confucianism alone", and this source came from women who remarried. In the Confucian classic Zhou Yi, it is said: "A woman's chastity is from one to the end." "That is to say: women who do not end up in one place, they are sluts, women who are out of control. After the "Confucianism of Solitude" movement, this harshness on women was transferred to men.
All, the people of the time demanded that they be faithful to the Lord, that they should not have any other intentions, that they should not change the monarch. If they change their masters, they are called "traitors"; if they are replaced by masters of foreign races, they are "traitors".
In addition, the word "rape" is next to the female word, which also indicates that it comes from remarried women.
Today, let's take a look at the encounter of the word "Han traitor" in the Han Dynasty from Sima Qian's text.
According to records, the first "traitor" of the Han Dynasty was Cao Wuxian, who was then Liu Bang's left sima and deputy commander of the army. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang entered Guanzhong in front of the heroes, accepted the surrender of the last emperor of the Qin Dynasty, and formally overthrew the violent Qin.
At that time, Xiang Yu was still attacking Hangu Pass. Xiang Yu heard that Liu Bang had entered the capital and preemptively picked the fruit, and his heart was furious. After he attacked Hangu Pass, he began to live with Liu Bang and wanted to clean up this person who did not know how to lift. At this time, Cao Wu appeared injured, and instead of helping Liu Bang, he spread rumors about Liu Bang. He informed Xiang Yu that "Liu Bang wanted to occupy Guanzhong as emperor and make the emperor who surrendered as a chancellor. ”
Originally, Xiang Yu was very dissatisfied with Liu Bang, and now Cao Wu's harmless words made him even more angry. Xiang Yu immediately ordered that soldiers be mobilized the next day to attack Liu Bang's army. Xiang Yu's army numbered as much as 400,000 at Xinfenghongmen, while Liu Bangtun's army was only a mere 100,000 in number. The two armies were in a stalemate, and Liu Bang certainly had no advantage.
However, Xiang Yu did not hurry to move, but invited Liu Bang to dinner and set up the famous Hongmen banquet. At the banquet, Xiangzhuang's dancing sword repeatedly stabbed at Pei Gong, but fortunately, Xiang Bo's sacrifice protected Liu Bang unharmed. In addition, Xiang Yu did not make up his mind to execute Liu Bang, causing him to escape. After that, Liu Bang returned to the camp and immediately executed the traitor Cao Wu, and this Cao Wu injury was indeed hateful!
If Cao Wuxian is a "traitor", then Xiang Bo is a "Chu traitor", that is, a traitor to the Chu state. However, the fates of these two people are completely different. Cao Wu was killed by Liu Bang, but Xiang Bo was still used heavily, following Xiang Yu from birth to death until Xiang Yu committed suicide. Interestingly, after Liu Bang became the monarch of the world, he actually awarded Xiang Bo the title of Marquis of Sheyang. Maybe the current Xiang Bo is embarrassed to receive this reward.
Moreover, from the situation of Cao Wuxian and Xiang Bo, we can also see the personality of their monarchs: Liu Bang is definitely a fierce character, and all those who threaten him must be eliminated; and Xiang Yu, although he is majestic on the surface, is a cowardly image with a soft heart, and he is really much worse than Liu Bang. Although we sympathize with Cao Wuxian, we can only sigh that he did not choose the right person, but chose an indecisive Xiang Yu.
In addition, the second traitor of the Han Dynasty should be the Bank of China. The BANK of China said that the reason why he became a "traitor" was not that he was voluntary, but a helpless move. The Bank of China, which was "beaten into a confession," began to condemn China as a fake "state of etiquette," and its rhetoric was very sharp. In fact, in the later May Fourth Movement, our literati also had such accusations, and they reached their peak.
Bocq said that he was one of the earliest reflectors of Han culture and the first fighter against traditional culture, and his actions were called "anti-attacks inside the camp" by Lu Xun. Because, the Bockey Bank of China pointed out the harshest criticism of the etiquette culture at that time, and many literati who defended traditional culture could not argue with him, as if the truth was in the hands of this recognized "traitor".
Yes, he was against the accepted system, and people could not refute him. Therefore, the fate of the BOC is foreseeable. Although his traces in the history books have been erased, his accusations of traditional culture are still there, and they have been traveling back to the present, which has aroused our thinking.
If you want to say which person is the biggest traitor of the Han Dynasty, it must be Li Ling.
Li Ling was the grandson of Li Guang, and Li Guang himself had outstanding military achievements, but he did not have the title of Marquis and Knight, but most of his generals were made Marquis and General. Some people suspect that Emperor Wu of Han did not agree with Li Guang and thought that his fate was not good, so every time he went out to fight against the Xiongnu, he did not let Li Guang pick a big beam. When Li Guang was in his sixties, he also followed Wei Qing on a campaign against the Xiongnu. However, Wei Qing did not want to reuse Li Guang, probably because he was nearly old.
Therefore, Li Guang only served as a flank of the eastern route under Wei Qing, and detoured to the Xiongnu residence. Because Li Guang took the sparsely populated road, he lost his guide halfway through, he didn't know the road, and he couldn't find Wei Qing's troops at all. Later, when the army reported to Emperor Wu of Han, Li Guang took on all the responsibilities and committed suicide after a complaint. However, Li Guang's grandson Li Ling was made a knight by Emperor Wu of Han.
In the second year of the Tianhan Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Han continued to conquer the cause of the Xiongnu, and this time he sent Li Guangli, who was born of a Leren, to attack the Xiongnu's Right Xian king with 30,000 cavalry. This time, Li Ling went out with the army and was responsible for the weight of Li Guangli's army. Li Guangli, like Li Yannian, was the brother of Li Guiren, who was favored by Emperor Wu of Han. Therefore, Li Guangli can become a great general, more or less stained with the light of his sister Li Guiren.
As we all know, Li Guangli is a happy person, such a person can become a great general, but after the famous general, Li Ling can only be a deputy general, which is a great shame for Li Ling!
This kind of shame, like the humiliation suffered by his grandfather Li Guang under Wei Qing, can be said to be a reproduction of the scene. As a result, Li Ling was somewhat eager to make quick gains, on the one hand, in order to prove his ability after the famous general, on the other hand, in order to rebel against this great general who was born of a happy man. Therefore, he took the initiative to ask him to lead an army to meet the Xiongnu outside the Cyprus.
However, the army he requested to lead was only 5,000, and the number of Huns could reach 30,000. However, Emperor Wu of Han not only agreed, but also repeatedly urged Li Ling to send troops as soon as possible. At this point, Li Ling was a little embarrassed and could only harden his scalp. He marched north with five thousand soldiers, but suddenly encountered the Xiongnu soldiers and horses, and their soldiers and horses were not a mere thirty thousand people, but eighty thousand people. The Xiongnu surrounded Li Ling's army and slowly consumed them.
After Li Guangli learned of this situation, he refused to send troops to rescue him, and watched as Li Ling's army was wiped out.
In the end, Li Ling fought with the Xiongnu for eight days and eight nights, and finally really could not sustain it, and could only turn to the Xiongnu.
Because Li Ling became a "traitor", the government and the public were shocked, and the Manchu Dynasty Wenwu all scolded Li Ling, and only Sima Qian stood up to defend Li Ling. Sima Qian defended Li Ling, saying that he was not a traitor, but everyone felt that the relationship between the two of them was good, otherwise, Sima Qian could not have stood up and spoke for him. In fact, their relationship is not good, colleagues, did not drink once.
So, why did Sima Qian defend this unfamiliar person?
We don't know this, but we only know that after Li Ling defected to the Xiongnu, he did not help the Xiongnu to do anything to harm the Han Dynasty. Forty years later, the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu began to lay down their weapons and embarked on the road of peace. What a wonderful thing it is for the enemy of the past to now sit down and drink a glass of wine and talk about life. However, no one could rehabilitate Li Ling's grievances, and even Sima Qian, who was vigorously arguing for him, finally gave up.
Because of Li Ling, Sima Qian was tortured by the palace and imprisoned. In prison, Sima Qian worked hard to become stronger, devoted all his energy to writing books, and soon completed the masterpiece " Shi Ji " , setting a precedent for the compilation of the history of the Ji Chuan style.
Cao Wuxian, Zhonghang Said, Li Ling, and other early Chinese "traitors" did not act in disgrace, but they were excusable and understandable. Compared with now, at that time, the treatment of traitors was still tolerant, and it was not at the point where everyone spurned it now. And now the traitors are definitely inferior, they are gray-headed, and they are completely an image of a "lost dog".
Resources:
["Han Traitor Examination Debate", "History of Gao Zu Benji", "Dunhuang Li Ling Variation Wen Kaoyuan"]