[Abstract] In the early 1940s, the ruins of a Han-style palace were discovered in Abakan, the capital of the present-day Khakas Autonomous Republic in Russia, and Chinese and foreign academic circles examined the owner of this palace, and put forward different views such as the Han princess theory, the Han general Li Ling, the Ding Zero Wang Weilu, and the Wang Zhaojun eldest daughter Subu Ju ciyun. On the basis of combing the views of predecessors, according to the specific era and historical records of the palace, a new understanding is proposed, and the owner of this palace should be Hou Xubudang, the right bone capital of the Xiongnu during the Wang Mang period.
[Keywords] archaeology; Russia; Xiongnu; Han palaces
In 1940, the ruins of a Chinese-style palace were discovered 8 kilometers south of Abakan (formerly translated as Abakan), the capital of the Khakas Autonomous Republic in present-day Southern Siberia, Russia. In 1941, the famous scholar C.B. Djishelev presided over a comprehensive investigation and excavation of the site, and found that there was a central hall and a box, which were restored to a four-sided sloped roof building, known as the "northernmost Han palace". Around the central hall, many tiles and tiles were found, among which there were words such as "Long live the Son of Heaven and The Heavenly Son". In addition, relics such as heating equipment made of stone blocks, fragments of emerald oval vases, ring-headed knives, and copper paving heads were found in the building. Scholars at home and abroad have different opinions about the owner of this Han-style palace, and the author has tried to put forward new views based on historical records and archaeological data.
One of the anti-Chinese character wadang excavated from the palace ruins
The second anti-Chinese character Wadang excavated from the palace site
"Northernmost Han Palace" Restoration Model Diagram This is a Model model of a Han-style palace restored by Soviet scholars based on what was seen at the archaeological excavation site. Filmed on August 13, 2017 at the Minusinsk Museum of Local History
Shop heads excavated from the ruins of the palace (taken at the Minusinsk Museum of Local History on August 13, 2017)
The archaeological site of the Han-style palace is located on the Minusinsk Plain of the Khakas Autonomous Republic
Four-A-style heavy eaves architectural model + Wadang Han Li octet "Tianzi Thousand Autumns Long Live Changle Weiyang" + Bronze shop head on both sides of the four sandwiches of the ancient Han architectural pattern
Restoration of the palace
First, the specific circumstances of the discovery of the palace ruins
The excavations found in and around the palace in Abakan are very similar to the architectural sites and excavated cultural relics of the Han Dynasty in China. China's Han Dynasty architecture is generally centered on the central hall, and there are boxes on both sides. The Han-style palace found in Abakan, the central hall is scattered with tiles and tiles, from its structure and shape, it belongs to the cultural relics of the same period of the Han Dynasty, especially the "Tianzi Thousand Autumns Long Live Changle Weiyang" has a ming wadang, the font structure and interpretation order are the same as the Han Dynasty, and its Ji language is also popular in the Han Dynasty. Mr. Wang Zhongshu believes that the use of auspicious characters such as "Changle Weiyang" and "Long Live the Thousand Autumns" as decoration of Wadang began in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty has always been prevalent [2]. There are a large number of Ming Wadang in the Han-style palaces found in Abakan, and the common auspicious characters are "Long live the thousand autumns", "Changle Weiyang", "100 million years without borders", "and the heavens are wuji". As for the copper shop heads, the original buildings of the Han Dynasty have not been preserved, but by comparing the stone carvings of the Han tombs found in the north village of Yinan County, Shandong Province, there is a perspective view of the whole house, there are shop heads on the doors of the houses[3], and the stone carved shop heads found in Jiangsu and other places are similar to the copper shop heads of the palaces found in Abakan. Therefore, from the excavations and the structure and layout of the main hall, it can be concluded that this palace is a site of the same period of the Han Dynasty.
Judging from the location of the site, the people who lived in this area during the Western Han Dynasty were the Ding Zhi people under the rule of the Xiongnu. When the Xiongnu were strong, "the King of Eastern Hu was destroyed, and the captives and livestock were born." Both returned, the west struck away the Yue clan, the south and Lou Fu, the king of baiyang henan. ...... Houbei served the kingdom of HunYu, Qu Zhi, Ding Zero, Mane Kun, and Salary Plough". The Book of Han and the Biography of Li Guangsu Jian records: "The Xiongnu thought that they were gods, but they were nowhere on the North Sea of Wuwu, so that Mu Qi ... In the winter, Ding Ling stole Wu cattle and sheep, and Wu Fu was poor. [4] The Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Classic of Hai Nei records: "Within the North Sea, there is a mountain called the Mountain of Youdu ... There is a kingdom of nailed spirits. [5] "Ding Ling", "Ding Ling", "Ding Zero" are the titles of the same people at different times, "North Sea" is now Lake Baikal. After the Xiongnu conquered Ding Zero, it was possible that the Huns would have lived with the Ding Zero for a long time in the Baikal area. Abakan is not far west of Lake Baikal, the ruins of this palace were in the settlement area of the DingZhi people after B.C., the size of the tiles, the width of the door, indicating that the palace is very large, not an ordinary people's building.
Second, scholars' multi-faceted examination of the owner of the palace
Scholars at home and abroad have different views on who the owner of this Han-style palace is. During the Han Dynasty, the area of present-day Lake Baikal belonged to the Dingzhi people under the rule of the Xiongnu, and it was unimaginable that a people who had lived a nomadic life for a long time built such a magnificent Han-style palace far from the Xiongnu Shan Yu's royal court. According to the research of ethnohistory circles, during the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu Shan Yu Wang Ting was near the present-day Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar, and the straight-line distance from Abakan was more than 1300 kilometers, which could not be the palace where the Xiongnu lived directly, and the possibility of the palace was not great, because so far there was no Han-style palace ruins found in the location of the Xiongnu Shan Yu Wang Ting.
There is a record of "Lady Fan's City" in the "Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu": "The Han army took advantage of the victory to chase the north, to the city of Lady Fan, and the Xiongnu ran away, and did not dare to distance themselves from the enemy." According to Ying Shao, "Ben Han will build this city. He will die, and his wife will lead the rest of the people to complete the protection, because he thinks that he is also named. [6] Thus, the Huns had no cities. The Xiongnu were tribal at that time, and each leader had his own territory. The Chronicle of the Xiongnu records: "It is said that the Xiongnu were all in the 'court'. Le tou Yun: 'Alone in the city of Guo, I don't know why the country is, the dome is in front of the court, so the cloud court. [4] From this, it can be seen that the Han-style palace discovered by Abakan could not have been the residence of the Xiongnu Shan Yu. So, who built this palace?
The Russian scholar Dishelev and others believe that it is Li Ling, a military general of the Han Dynasty who surrendered to the Xiongnu[1], based on the records of the New Book of Tang and the Descendants of the Uighurs: "The Kingdom of Gujian Kunguo. To the west of Iwu, to the north of Yanqi, and next to the White Mountains. Or jujube, or bone. Its species is zero, and it is the Xiongnu XiYiye. The Xiongnu made Li Ling the Right Xian King and Wei Lu the King of Ding Zhi".[7] The same biography also says: "Everyone grows up, red hair, face analysis, green pupils, and black hair is ominous." Those with black pupils will also be known as the Lingmiao descendants. [7] He believes that Li Ling was given the title of Right Xian King by the Xiongnu Shan Yu, second only to Zuo Xian Wang, and had the conditions to build a Han-style palace, plus there were many "black pupils" in the area at that time who were considered to be descendants of Li Ling. However, there is no explicit record of Li Ling's official position in the Records of History. The "Book of Han, Li Guangsu Jian biography" records: "Ling and Han Yannian both got on horseback, more than ten brave soldiers followed him, and thousands of horsemen chased after them, and Han Yannian was killed in battle. Ling Yue: 'Your Majesty without a face.' 'Descend. The soldiers dispersed, and more than 400 people were removed. [4] Li Ling led more than 5,000 troops at that time, while only more than 400 people returned to the Han Dynasty, and the rest could not all be killed in battle, and some of them must have followed Li Ling to surrender to the Xiongnu. In order to prevent the Han soldiers from fleeing, the Xiongnu placed them farther away from the Han Dynasty, so the "Black Pupils" appeared in the Center of Ding Zero's residence, and they may be the descendants of Li Ling's entourage. In addition, before the Han Dynasty, due to the great migration of ethnic groups, it is likely that some northern residents moved into the Baikal area, and they may also be the "black pupils" recorded in the history books. The "Book of Han, Li Guangsu Jian's Biography" records: "Ling Pain and his family were condemned by Li Xu, causing people to assassinate Xu. The Da Fu clan wants to kill the tomb, and in the north of the hiding, the Da Fu clan dies and returns... Shan Yu Zhuangling, with his female wife, was established as the Right Colonel King, and Wei Lu was the King of Ding Ling, all of which were expensive. [4] The same biography also says: "The Love of the Huns (Wei Lu) is always around Shan Yu. Outside the mausoleum, there are big things, but they are discussed... Ling was in the Xiongnu for more than twenty years, and died of illness in the first year of Yuan Ping. [4] There is a similar record in the Zizhi Tongjian. Judging from the literature, the history books of the Tang and Song dynasties and later, except for the New Book of Tang, all record that Li Ling is the King of the Right Colonel, and it is likely that the compilers of the New Book of Tang made an error in transliteration. In the Xiongnu official system, the left and right sage kings must be held by Shan Yu's sons, who respectively control nearly half of the Xiongnu territory. Therefore, Li Ling should have been the Right Colonel King at that time, not the Right Xian King, who was under the Wei Law of Ding Zhi Wang, that is to say, he did not have the conditions to build a Han-style palace. The "Book of Han, Li Guangsu Jian's Biography" records: "After the Xiongnu were in their years, shang sent the general Gongsun Ao to go deep into the Xiongnu to welcome the tomb. The Ao army did not return the favor, saying: "If you catch a raw mouth, Li Ling teaches Shan Yu to prepare the Han army for the army, so the subjects have nothing to gain." 'On the news, the clan ling family, the mother and brother and wife are all cursed. [4] When the envoys of the Han Dynasty persuaded Li Ling to return to Han, ling said: "I have already obeyed Hu Hu", and also said: "Return to Yi'er, I am afraid that I will be humiliated again, and the eldest husband cannot be humiliated again" [4]. In this way, Li Ling was already loyal to the Xiongnu at that time, and it was impossible to build a palace in order to remember the Han Dynasty, let alone to compliment the Emperor of the Han Dynasty with auspicious words such as "Long live the Son of Heaven and The Emperor of the Han Dynasty". Even if he did not adapt to the nomadic life, there was no reason and condition to build a Han-style palace. Therefore, the owner of this Han-style palace is not Li Ling, but someone else.
Mr. Guo Moruo believes that the Han-style palace excavated in Abakan belongs to a certain Han princess, "it may be that when the Han princess married, the royal family specially built this house to comfort her homesickness, thinking that it was a companion" [8]. Due to the long war between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty, the losses on both sides were very serious, and the border was not peaceful, in order to ease this relationship, the Han Emperor married the daughter of the imperial family to the Xiongnu and made peace with the Xiongnu. Mr. Guo Moruo believes that this palace was built by the Xiongnu for the princesses of the Han family, which lacks empirical evidence. The Chronicle of the Xiongnu records: "The Han and the Xiongnu were about brothers, so the order was very thick, and the relatives who were about to leave the brothers were often in the Xiongnu. [4] The Xiongnu often violated treaties and invaded the Han Dynasty, and they did not take the Han princesses who married the Xiongnu very seriously. If the Xiongnu were built by the princess of the Han family, showing a sense of kindness, it would be impossible to choose the location of the palace far away from the royal court. If the Xiongnu were only deliberately alienating the Han princesses, then why build a luxurious palace for them?
It is also believed that the palace was built by King Wei Law of Ding Zero, and Cen Zhongmian, Duan Lianqin, and others all held this view, believing that after the Han general Wei Lu surrendered to the Xiongnu, he was treated favorably by Shan Yu and built for it because he was not suitable for a nomadic life.[9] This view is also deficient. Wei Luben is a long-water Hu person, and it is impossible not to adapt to nomadic life. After Wei Lu surrendered to the Xiongnu, the official Bai Ding Zero King, a close subordinate of the Xiongnu Shan Yu, was loyal to the Xiongnu. The "Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu" records: "The general of the Second Division will be out of the jam, and the Xiongnu will make the Right Metropolitan And Wei Lu riding five thousand horses to attack the Han army Yufu Yanggushan. [6] It can be seen that Wei Lu was loyal to the Xiongnu and would never build a Han-style palace to express his thoughts about the Han Dynasty. In addition, Wei Lu's construction of the palace was impossible, both in terms of his relationship with the Han Dynasty and his position in the Xiongnu. Wei Lu was an enemy of the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty would certainly not help, and within the Xiongnu, if the Xiongnu gave Wei Lu such preferential treatment, it would inevitably cause others to be jealous and lead to disputes. What's more, among the Han generals who surrendered to the Xiongnu at that time, there were also people with higher status than Wei Lu. The "Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu" records: "The second master descended. Shan Yusu knew that his Han generals and nobles, as their wives, were favored by the wei law. [6] That is to say, even if the construction of the palace was a preferential treatment given by the Xiongnu to the surrendered Han generals, Wei Lu would not be the first to receive the reward. Therefore, Ding Zhiwang Weilu could not be the master of this palace.
According to Mr. Zhou Liankuan, the owner of the palace was Wang Zhaojun's eldest daughter, Su Buju Ciyun. There are five conditions: first, his person may have grown up in the time of Wang Mang and be consistent with the Wadang script; second, his person must have learned Chinese customs and culture; third, his person must have a special cordial relationship with Han; fourth, he must be a subject to Han Qujie at the time; fifth, his ruling court must be in Ding Zero or not far from Ding Zero. These five conditions happen to be possessed by The Subun of Shubu. Sun Jiazhou agreed with this view. The Biography of Wang Mang in the Book of Han records: "In the first year of the founding... Changed the four gates of Changle Palace to Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace to Shoucheng Room, the front hall to the Wang Lu Hall, and Chang'an to Chang'an. "Archaeological excavations belong to the physical objects of the Wang Mang period, and the word "long" has been changed to the word "chang". Among the tiles unearthed from the ruins of the palace found in Abakan is the inscription "Long Live the Son of Heaven and Heaven", according to which it is concluded that this palace is the palace of the Wang Mang period. The Book of Han and the Biography of Wang Mang records: "... (Feng Shan Yu) also sent Su Buju, the eldest daughter of Wang Zhaojun, to serve as an empress dowager. [6] Tongchuan Youyun: "In the beginning, the Xiongnu right bone capital Hou Xu budang, his wife Wang Zhaojun's daughter, also tasted the inner appendage. [6] These accounts confirm that Wang Zhaojun's daughter, Xu Buju Ciyun, grew up during Wang Mang's reign, which met the first condition. Xu Buju Ciyun followed his mother from an early age, and when he grew up, he became an empress dowager of the Han Dynasty and learned Chinese customs. Xu Buju Ciyun originally belonged to the Han family, and he vigorously advocated peace and kinship, and of course had a special intimate relationship with the Han Dynasty. The "Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu" records: "The Xiongnu minister Hou Xubudang, the right bone capital of the Xiongnu, was the son-in-law of Wang Zhaojun's daughter Yi Moju Ciyun. Yun often wants to make peace with China... Yun, Dang Sui persuaded Xian (Ulei Shan Yu) and pro. [6] Before Ulaydan, Uju left a single to update the seal and change his name. The Xiongnu have been dependent on the Han Dynasty since the Beginning of the Huhan Dynasty, and although there were often wars between the two sides, they were small frictions on the border and did not destroy the normal relations between the two sides, so that the fourth condition was also met. Subidang's pastoral area happened to be in the residential area of the Ding Zhi people, and Yun was The wife of Subidang. From this point of view, the five conditions proposed by Mr. Zhou Liankuan, Wang Zhaojun's eldest daughter Xu bu ju ciyun, have all met, and this palace seems to be the palace of Xu Bu Ju Ciyun. But where did the craftsmen and building materials for building a Han-style palace in a Dingzhi settlement far from the Han Dynasty come from? It is possible that some of the materials were shipped from the Han Dynasty and some of them were locally sourced. Because of economic and cultural exchanges, the advanced manufacturing technology of the Han Dynasty was inevitably introduced to the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu often invaded the border and plundered the population, among which there must be craftsmen, and craftsmen may also be the "black pupils" in the Ding Zero residential area. Through the analysis of this condition, it can also be seen that Mr. Zhou Liankuan's analysis was not rigorous, because under the circumstances at that time, even the princess of the Han family could not get such a magnificent palace, let alone the daughter of a princess who was married to the Xiongnu.
Third, a new understanding of the owner of the palace
The author believes that the owner of this palace is likely to be the Xiongnu right bone capital Hou Xubudang. The Chronicle of the Xiongnu records: "The Left and Right XianWang, the Left and Right Gu Li Kings are the largest, and the Left and Right Bone Capitals are auxiliary to the Government... HuYan and Lan, followed by the Xubu clan, these three surnames are also of their noble race. [4] Pei Hua believes that "the Huyan and Xubu clans are often married to Shan Yu"[4]. The Marquis of the Right Bone was a minister who assisted Shan Yu in handling government affairs, and the Xubu clan was a "noble race" of the Xiongnu, and married with Shan Yu, which showed the high status. So, where was the pastoral land of Subdang at that time? The Book of Han and the Biography of Wang Mang records that "... When he first wanted to seduce Dang, Sima Yanyou said: "When you are on the right side of the Xiongnu, the soldiers will not invade the border." [6] The Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu records: "The Right King will live in the west, west of Zhishang County, and then to the Qiang and Qiang." [6] It follows from this that the Xiongnu right included the grassland west of Shangjun and the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. According to the Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu, the southern part of the Xiongnu's right land was once the direct territory of the Right Xian King, the Kun Evil King, the Hu Tu King, the Plough King, and the Wen Yi King, south of the Hang'ai Mountains in present-day Mongolia, and Subdang was not in the south of the Xiongnu Right Land. The Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu records: "The Right King of the Xiongnu complained that the Han had seized the land of Henan and built Shuofang, stole the border, and entered Henan, invaded Shuofang, and killed many officials. ...... Therefore, the Han Dynasty had already gained the Kun evil, and then Longxi, Beidi, and Hexi Yishao Hu Kou moved to the poor people of Guandong to seize the Xiongnu Henan land in the new Qin Dynasty, and reduced the number of pawns west of the northern land by half. [6] In the following year, the Han general of the Second Division led 30,000 horsemen out of Jiuquan and attacked the Right Xian King Yu Tianshan, and was given more than 10,000 ranks and returned.[6] Later, the Right Sage King and the Plough King rode into three teams and entered Rile, Wulan, and Fanhe.[6] In the first year of Emperor Cheng's reign (8 BC), King Gengen of Shangshu sent an envoy to the Xiongnu to demand Zhangye from Shan Yu, and Shan Yu replied: "The place where king Wen Even lived, and the land left by his father, did not dare to lose it" [6]. The Shuofang, Longxi, Beidi, Jiuquan, Fanhe, Zhangye, etc. mentioned above all belonged to the southern part of the Xiongnu Right Land, and it was impossible for Xu Budang to reside here.
In the western region, the japanese kings ruled by the king. The Book of Han and the Biography of the Western Regions records: "The Xiongnu set up servants and lieutenants one by one in the western part of the Xiongnu to govern the western regions, and Changchuan was stationed between Yanqi, Weishu, and Wei Plough to collect taxes from all ethnic groups. [6] According to this document, the pastoral land of Subdang is also not in the western region, but should be in the northern part of the Xiongnu right land. The "Book of Han and The Biography of the Xiongnu" records: "The lieutenant Chang Hui and Wusun Bing went to the Right Valley Liting court, and received more than 39,000 ranks of their father and sister-in-law, Juci, Ming Wang, Plough Du Wei, QianChang, and General, and more than 700,000 horses, cattle, sheep, donkeys, mules, and camels." [6] Wusun was in the area of present-day Ili River Valley, and its powerful Xiongnu only entered the border areas of the Xiongnu, with Wusun north of the Tianshan Mountains and the Right Gu Li King supposed to be north of the Tianshan Mountains. The Book of later Han and the Chronicle of Emperor Ming records: "In the spring of the sixteenth year of Yongping, Dou Gu broke the Huyan King in the Tianshan Mountains and left his troops in tun Yiwulu City. [13] Iwulu is now Hami, and it can be seen that King Huyan was in the area from present-day Hami to Turfan in Xinjiang. In addition, scholars have researched that the pastoral land of the Eastern Pu king was in the southwest of the Junggar Basin in present-day Xinjiang, and the pastoral land of the Southern Plough King was in the area of Tengger Mountain west of present-day Turpan in Xinjiang.[14] In this way, only the area around present-day Lake Baikal remains in the northern part of the Xiongnu's right. The "Hanshu Li Guangsu Jian Biography" records: "When Wu went to the sea, he could not eat it, and dug up wild rats to eat grass and eat it." The cane is a shepherd, lying up and practicing, and the festival is exhausted. After five or six years, Shan Yu's brother Yu Yu shot at the sea. Wu Neng net spinning, bow and crossbow, Yu Jing Wang Aizhi, give him food and clothing. [4] It seems that subdang's jurisdiction was probably west of present-day Lake Baikal, and Abakan was located here. After the death of King Weilu of Ding Zero, the history books do not clearly record who the successor of King Ding Zero was, and Xu Budang was both the Marquis of the Right Bone and the Minister of Assist, and it was entirely possible that he would also be the leader of Ding Zero. It was so powerful that it was not surprising to build a palace, nor did it provoke the envy of the other Hun chiefs.
Whether it is from the political status or the location of the pastoral land, the owner of this palace is none other than the right bone capital Hou Xubu. Su Budang advocated peace with the Han Dynasty, and he could get the support and help of the Han Dynasty in building the palace. The Zizhi Tongjian records: "(In the first year of Wang Mang's reign), the Xiongnu right-bone capital Hou Xubudang and Yimo Ju ciyun persuaded Shan Yu and his relatives to send the Western Tiger to violently subdue him. [14] The Book of Han and the Biography of the Xiongnu records: "Xian waited until the end, and many of them were left behind by Jin Zhen, and because of the edict, they changed their names, and the Xiongnu were called 'Gong Nu', and Shan Yu was 'good at' and gave the seal silk." The Marquis of Fengkudu should be the Duke of Hou'an, and the son of the male luxury should be hou'anhou. [6] From these records, it can be seen that Hou Xubudang, the capital of the Right Bone, was earnest in his peace with the Han Dynasty, and the Han Dynasty also treated him kindly. Either out of respect for the Han Dynasty or out of love for his wife, Su Budang built this Han-style palace with the help of the Han Dynasty.
In short, the owner of the Han-style palace ruins found in the southern Siberian region of Russia was deeply influenced by the Han Dynasty and held important positions, and only in this way could the basic conditions for the construction of this magnificent palace be met. At present, there is a great controversy in the academic circles about the owner of the palace, and a unified view has not yet been formed, and a large amount of empirical evidence is needed for further examination. Finding out the owner of this palace is of great significance to the study of the history of ethnic relations between the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty.
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