preface
In order to understand the history and explore the real traces of life of the ancients who are different from literary and artistic creation, a large number of tourists always go to historical sites across the country every year to visit and study. This not only enhances the understanding of ancient Chinese culture, but also generates revenue for the country.
Some netizens have lamented that the main thing is still
The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin has not yet been fully developed
Come out and open it to the public, otherwise the ticket revenue alone will be able to add destroyers to the country's naval forces almost every year to strengthen the defense system.
Although at present, the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is only open to the public
Terracotta Warriors and other small number of mausoleums
However, according to the peak season of 150 yuan, the off-season 120 yuan tickets, the average daily flow of about 100,000 people, plus the income of related peripheral goods, the income brought by the Terracotta Warriors for the country alone has exceeded
1 billion
At the same time, the food, clothing, shelter and transportation of tourists can also greatly promote the economic development of Xi'an.
Therefore, it is not difficult to imagine that if the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is fully developed, how many domestic and foreign tourists will be attracted to visit, and the income created at that time will increase exponentially on the basis of the original.
However, since the state has never carried out the overall development project of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shi Huang, it is natural that there are deep-seated considerations of the state.
Developed the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin
Technical challenges
Far more and more complex than everyone thinks, and the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is a very archaeological and precious mausoleum, and if there is a slight difference in the development process, it is likely to be irreparable damage to it.
So, what concerns does the state have about the development of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin?
What are the difficulties in excavating the mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin?
Nowadays, the terracotta warriors and horses that everyone sees are unified
The color of the loess
But in fact, the terracotta warriors had different colors when they were first unearthed, but as soon as they touched the air, the colors on their bodies quickly faded like a tide, and the excavators were hopelessly rescued and greatly shaken.
So one of the difficulties of the development task is
How to avoid causing harm to antiquities in the mausoleum
。
The terracotta warriors are relatively "strong", and their own structure and appearance have not been damaged after fading the color, but there is a high probability that there are still a large number of historical records in the tomb
Bamboo and silk funerary items
They can be described as extremely weak, and a little carelessness can dissipate in front of everyone in minutes.
Take the country between 1972 and 1974, in
Mawangdui
Examples of the three tombs excavated are the owners of each of the three mausoleums
Lady Xin Chai, Cheng XiangLicang, and their sons
Archaeologists have found one in Mrs. Sinchai's cemetery
Lacquerware Ding
After opening it, I found that it was a bowl more than two thousand years ago
Lotus soup
, the lotus flakes in the soup are clearly visible.
Before the archaeologists could take the next step, the bowl of lotus soup quickly disappeared due to the shock, as if the archaeologists had seen only the remnants of food from more than two thousand years ago, and with a gentle collision, the remnants dissipated like a dream. Fortunately, someone at the scene took a photo before the lotus soup had completely disappeared, proving that the soup had indeed remained in the bowl. This also reminds everyone that the excavation of cultural relics is "risky", and it is feasible to plan preservation measures in advance, and must not be disposed of arbitrarily.
In the funerary items, compared to the historical information revealed by food and clothing and the customs of the ancients, those
Image, Takeshi
The histories that can be expressed are more intuitive and detailed, but they are less fragile than the silk fabrics that are not thin.
Experts once found a very well-preserved bamboo jane in the Mawangdui No. 1 tomb, and experts found that each bamboo jane was engraved with a "
family
" word. Experts just want to further observe and analyze these bamboo janes,
Bamboo is easily and rapidly oxidized, and the whole body turns black
The study of these bamboo janes can only be stopped.
The main reason why the cultural relics of thousands of years ago can be well preserved without external stimulation is because the oxygen in the burial chamber has long been exhausted and there is no moisture in the thousands of years, the internal environment is very stable, and those cultural relics that belong to organic matter can also maintain their original appearance and will hardly change.
Once invaded by external forces, these artifacts will be affected in a time
Light, temperature changes, oxygen, moisture
Four blows, the original stable internal conditions were broken in the case of oxygen and moisture combination.
Cultural relics such as bamboo and silk fabrics will decompose under the sunlight, and their own cellulose will also decompose, so archaeologists now generally package the cultural relics directly and then process them separately.
At the same time, it is forbidden for tourists to use flash to photograph the cultural relics exhibited in the museum, which is also worried about causing damage to the cultural relics, and you must remember to abide by the reminder notice posted by the museum when visiting, and do not seek trouble for yourself.
The overall scale of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin is huge, and if you want to excavate, you need to open the top first, and excavate from top to bottom. If you want to protect all kinds of burial items in the mausoleum, you need to treat the environment in a special way at the first time.
At present, experts have proposed the most secure way
Build a protective cover and pump out all the oxygen
Directly make the underground palace in an oxygen-free environment, all archaeologists carry oxygen storage devices for work, then the organic relics will not appear a little oxidation after excavation.
However, there are two problems in terms of technology and funding to put this method into practice. The overall length and width of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin are in place
500 meters
Left and right, want to build such a huge protective cover, but do not appear
Collapse, crevice
, but also to extract the air, which really has to be carefully considered by engineers, it is likely that it will not be realized until the end, and the related expenditure will be sky-high, which needs to be considered in the long run.
The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is located in the Qinling Mountains, with a high groundwater level and dug into the ground
16 meters
It can come out of the water, and the dungeon is located underground
26 meters
The left and right positions, how to drain the water during the excavation process without flooding the dungeon, this is also a technical work.
Therefore, the State will not act rashly until a definitive and feasible solution to all existing problems can be reached.
How do ancient books describe the Shi Huang Underground Palace?
Everyone scorns grave robbers, not only because of the extreme immorality of disturbing the dead and stealing treasures
Grave robbers
There is no such thing as the preservation of cultural relics.
In order to quickly seize the burial goods and evacuate, they often wreak havoc on the mausoleum, and those bamboo and silk fabrics that they see as worthless will be directly discarded on the side to oxidize and decay, and there may be information on them that can have a leapfrog impetus for the study of China's history, so
Tomb robbery is a heinous and heinous act that is extremely destructive to state property and culture
It has always been severely cracked down by the state.
Fortunately, for thousands of years, the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang had not been poisoned by tomb robbers. The reason is that Qin Shi Huang had made sufficient preparations to prevent his tomb from being stolen.
The location is extremely discreet
And the laborers involved in the construction of the imperial tomb will be wiped out, and no outsider can know the detailed address of the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang.
According to historical records,
The Imperial Tomb Dungeon is full of killing machines
Even if one day the tomb robbers broke into the underground palace, they would only add a funeral attendant to Qin Shi Huang.
It can be seen that the ancients were also very good at using chemicals to achieve their goals, and it is reported that the tombs are inside
Mercury content
Surprisingly, under the situation of the whole room, the mercury vapor generated by this mercury cannot be discharged, and once an external force breaks a hole, the mercury vapor can kill people in an instant.
This kind of operation made the day when the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin was fully developed became a distant future.
Scientifically probe the appearance of the dungeon
The entire mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang was divided into several areas, among which Qin Shi Huang's coffin and burial items were stored in the underground palace.
The underground palace is located 35 meters underground, about 170 meters long and 145 meters wide
In order to prevent theft and moths, the walls of the underground palace have obviously been specially reinforced by craftsmen for thousands of years
There was no groundwater infiltration, and no areas had walls shaking or cracking.
Over the years, there has been no shortage of earthquakes in the Guanzhong area, and the underground palace can stand firm to this day, which is actually a demonstration of the ancient people's architectural skills, while archaeologists also simulated the ancients to attack the palace wall with weapons, the palace wall pattern did not move, it can be seen that if it does not encounter the modern archaeological team, the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang can have enough ability to protect itself when it is attacked by most external forces.
There have been historical records that the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor"
Knock on the emptiness, as follows
According to this, experts reasoned that the overall structure of the underground palace should be inverted cone-shaped, "pointed" downwards, even if subjected to external pressure, the pressure can be transferred to the bottom, maintaining overall stability.
There are also exteriors of the underground palace
A frame used to support and protect the underground palace
, can offset most of the shocks, which is one of the reasons why the walls of the underground palace are still as solid as ever after two thousand years.
The site of the Qin Emperor's Mausoleum was mild and rainy, and the groundwater was abundant, so the construction of the drainage and anti-infiltration project was also a severe test for the craftsmen at that time. The craftsman dug a piece of water from the mausoleum."
In the
"Type deep canals to pool groundwater to prevent it from flowing into the mausoleum.
There is also a length on either side of the mausoleum
Drainage canals of 778 meters and 5255 meters respectively
, as well as the combination of open wells and culverts in various places, the groundwater is discharged.
In order to prevent groundwater from penetrating deep into the dungeon before it is discharged, craftsmen filled the front drainage ditch with highly insulating green paste mud during the dry season, so that it could be "
One canal for both purposes
It is both a drainage channel and a water-separating "embankment", which is both blocked and discharged, with remarkable results.
Mercury and funerary goods
In the "Records of History", it is recorded that in the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, "mercury is used as a hundred rivers and rivers and seas, and the machine phase is instilled, and the upper is astronomical and the lower is geographical." It is not difficult for everyone to imagine a scene of the glittering "Milky Way" in the underground palace interlaced with each other, and the scene of shining brilliance also adds a romantic color.
In addition to the mercury containing high poison, which can kill all the young people, Qin Shi Huang is also likely to think that the sparkling mercury is unique compared to the ordinary gold and silver funerary products, and is worthy of his special status as the emperor of the world, so he ordered the craftsmen to infuse one."
Water Galaxy
”。
After Qin Shi Huang ascended the throne, he had been vigorously searching for the secret of immortality, but until the moment when his eyes were closed forever, he could not wait for the real magic medicine. Qin Shi Huang may also know that he could not "ascend" before he died, so he constructed for himself a possibility of entering the heavenly court after death. In the dungeon,
Below there are flowing mountains and lakes, on which there are carefully carved twenty-eight stars, with fish oil to ignite the immortal lamp, the nine-story platform to hold it high, highlighting the emperor's extraordinary body, and the mourning after death seems to be able to stand shoulder to shoulder with the gods.
It is reported that the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum in the underground palace
The total amount of mercury exceeds 100 tons
。 In ancient times, productivity was low, and transportation was also less convenient than later generations, and this hundred tons of mercury, whether it was refined or collected, was a major project.
Looking at the essence through the phenomenon, when Qin Shi Huang built a mausoleum for himself, the mercury he used alone used was a labor force that exceeded the standards of the times, labored the people and hurt the wealth, and Qin II died, which can also be seen here.
It is worth mentioning that most of the mercury used in the tomb of the Qin Emperor came from one
The widow of the Bashu belt - Ba Qing
。 In ancient times, when the status of men and women was extremely unequal, as a woman,
Ranked in the top seven of the Warring States Rich List
, Shinaqi woman.
Ba Qing offered mercury, and Yingzheng treated him with courtesy and honored as a guest of honor, and finally was received to Xianyang to raise heavenly years, which became a good story passed down to future generations
。 But we pass through the militarists
Wei Ji
For Qin Shi Huang's evaluation, he may be skeptical of this good story.
Wei Ji said that Qin Shi Huang was one
Lack of benevolence, lack of grace and righteousness
People are very humble and have no shelf when they ask for help, but when they have achieved their goal, they will abandon and even persecute those who have used up.
It is not difficult to see that on the surface, Yingzheng took Baqing to Xianyang for his pension, but in fact, he was extremely jealous of the industrial and commercial owners of the rich and enemy country at that time, and wanted to put it under his eyes for surveillance.
After all, Qin Shi Huang is a generation of emperors, in addition to the use of mercury to create mountains and rivers to show differences, the tomb is inevitably buried with a large number of precious burial products, funerary pits and other burial pits
More than 400
, has been successively
50,000 artifacts were unearthed.
Among the burial items of Qin Shi Huang, the most eye-catching is a group
Large painted bronze carriage and horse
This group of copper carriages and horses is exquisite and abnormal, extremely realistic, and is the most complete and gorgeous copper carriage and horse unearthed in China, from which we can also get a glimpse of how many amazing and rare treasures are hidden in the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang.
Or the world's largest "yellow intestine"
The most accepted view of the speculation about the coffin of Qin Shi Huang is that the structure of the coffin of Qin Shi Huang is consistent with the coffin of the emperors of the Great Qin Dynasty.
Yellow intestines are asked
"Structure, constituting a top-notch anti-theft fortification.
What is "Yellow Intestine"? Actually
A pale yellowened peeled cypress core is tightly enclosed around the coffin to protect the coffin.
Logically, wood is much more fragile than bronze, and it is easy to turn these woods into dry garbage by means of fire attack and axe splitting. Why did the successive Qin kings choose to use it?
Kashiwagi
To protect your coffin?
In fact, the cypress in the "yellow intestine problem" is all
Aged wood
A large number of resins are all over the texture, these resins are not only waterproof and mothproof, but also have top fire resistance, and the feasibility of burning these cypresses with fire is almost zero.
In the hands of craftsmen, these "yellow intestines" not only form a whole through the interspersed structure of wooden wedges, but also have been tightly fitted after thousands of years, and it is difficult to separate them whether they are separated by saws or explosives.
And the use of explosives in the mausoleum is a big taboo, if the operation is wrong, it is likely to directly blow up the entire tomb to bury itself in place. At the same time, the craftsmen are building"
", will also deliberately put it in
Part of the "yellow intestine" merges with the main beam of the tomb
Even contemporary experts may be helpless to those "yellow intestine problems", let alone tomb robbers.
In history, there are also many tomb robbers who "come" to the tombs that use the "yellow intestine inscription", and the cases of failed tomb robberies are often due to too much movement and long-term failure to attract the attention of others, so they are caught on the spot.
However, Qin Shi Huang's use of the "yellow intestine question" method to protect the coffin is only the conjecture of experts, and if you want to get the final true answer, you can only hope that the country will have sufficient capabilities in the future to develop all the Tombs of the Qin Emperor.
What other mysteries are there in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang
About the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor"
Anti-theft authorities
At present, there are four more extensive statements. The first point is well known
The poisonous gas produced by the Water Galaxy, the grave robbers inhaled and died
The second point is
Quicksand Array
When an outsider enters the mausoleum, the quicksand array will be activated, pouring into a large amount of quicksand, and the tomb robbers cannot struggle to escape, but can only wait for the sand grains to flood the top of their heads and reincarnate as human beings.
The third point is
A trap made up of a combination of flying arrows and sharp knives
However, even the ancients could think that swords and other things would become more and more fragile with the passage of time, and eventually only become a chicken rib trap, so there was not much possibility of laying such traps, and this third point was somewhat untenable.
The fourth point is even more mysterious, according to legend, Qin Shi Huang was early
A large number of wizards were invited to impose a curse on their tombs
, the trespasser dies. Such a strange and chaotic thing is still better to believe that it is nothing.
Regarding the way Qin Shi Huang's body was preserved, everyone also had different opinions.
Historically, many anti-embalming treatments have been applied, and the texture is clearly visible after excavation, and extremely complete dry corpses are preserved, so is it possible to be treated similarly after the death of Qin Shi Huang?
According to records, Qin Shi Huang died suddenly, and before he could even see his heir ascend to the throne, he drove to the west of hexi. At that time, the powerful ministers wanted to help Hu Hai ascend to the throne, and in order to prevent the grass from startling the snake, before deploying all the actions,
He has been hiding the news of Qin Shi Huang's death
Naturally, the remains of Qin Shi Huang were not embalmed and buried in time.
By the time Qin Shi Huang was pulled back to Xianyang for burial, it was already past Qin Shi Huang's death
Nearly two months
。 It was summer, and the bodies would be highly decomposed in less than a week at room temperature.
From this, it can be inferred that Qin Shi Huang did not have the opportunity to accept the treatment of anti-embalming burial, and the flesh at the time of burial was already "good-looking" and did not go anywhere.
However, until all the secrets are revealed, even reasonable speculation can only be speculation, perhaps in the future China can have enough technology to excavate the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang without damage, everyone still waits for the arrival of that day.