In 605, after the Sui Emperor (Yang Guang) ascended the throne, He ordered Yuwen Kai to build the eastern capital Luoyang, and in 606 issued an edict to move the capital to Luoyang. In 618, in the 14th year of Sui Daye, the second and last emperor of the Sui Dynasty committed suicide by his childhood playmate Yu Culture and forced to commit suicide on the way to escape, and at this point, Sui was destroyed! In the same year, Yang Guang's cousin Li Yuan established Tang and posthumously honored him as the "Sui Emperor". The popular point is to tell the world: the reason why I want to "kill my relatives in righteousness" and fight against my cousins is not that I want to be emperor but because this product is a "tyrant"!
In the film and television drama, the Sui Emperor committed suicide
The most reprehensible place of the "tyrant" Sui Dynasty Emperor: laboring the people and hurting money!
The Sui Dynasty Emperor's labor and wealth were mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1. In the early days of the reign, the eastern capital Luoyang and the construction of the Grand Canal were built:
From the time Yang Guang ordered Yuwen Kai to let him build Luoyang City to move the capital to Luoyang, there was only a short period of ten months in between, and a brand-new Luoyang City that was far larger and richer than Daxing City (the old name of Chang'an) stood on the bank of the Luo River!
It is not how strong Yu Wenkai's ability is, but that he can mobilize enough manpower and material resources: 2 million migrant workers are recruited every month, and the Xianren Palace is built, the strange materials and stones of Jiangnan are transported to Luoyang, and tens of thousands of rich merchants from all over the country are moved to Luoyang to enrich Luoyang. He also dug the Tongji Canal and the surrounding 200-mile West Garden.
Layout of Luoyang City during the Sui and Tang dynasties
Second, frequent foreign wars are launched
In order to show that he was a British lord who could expand his territory, the Sui Emperor soon took the throne and marched on Goguryeo three times, wars need strong financial support, frequent wars coupled with the consumption of major projects such as the construction of Luoyang, "horizontal conquest and tyranny" became a common thing, the consequence was that the people everywhere complained, peasants revolted everywhere, in order to suppress the rebel army, more wars were launched...
In this way, it is caught in a vicious circle...
Of course, when people count his sins, they also emphasize the following two points:
1) Like female color, even the father's woman
The story of Yang Guang's "killing father and marrying mother" has always been circulated in the history of the wild, of course, the history of the wild is not credible, but it is absolutely possible to select beautiful women from Jiangnan to enter the palace every year!
2) Murderous: After succeeding to the throne, he killed his brothers and nephews
After Yang Guang succeeded to the throne, he falsely passed on the will of Emperor Wen of Sui and forced Yang Yong to commit suicide. His brother Yang Xiu, the King of Shu, was also framed by him for using witchcraft to curse Emperor Wen of Sui and his younger brother Yang Shu of Han, and was stripped of his official title and demoted to house arrest in Neishi Province, and was later placed under house arrest with his sons and forbidden to see his wife.
His brother Yang Shu (杨 Forgiveness), the King of Han, raised an army in Hezhou in the name of currying favor with Yang Su, and Yang Guang sent Yang Su to suppress it, and Yang Yu was imprisoned to death after his surrender. On March 4, 607, in the third year of Daye (607), Yang Guang killed his nephew Yang Yu the Prince of Changning, and demoted the remaining nephews (Yang Yong's sons) Yang Jun the Prince of Ancheng, Yang Ling the Prince of Anping, Yang Ke the Prince of Xiangcheng, Yang Cai the Prince of Gaoyang, Yang Shao the Prince of Jian'an, Yang Xuan the Prince of Yingchuan, Yang Xiaobao, and Yang Xiaofan to Lingnan, and all of them were executed on the way.
He built the eastern capital and moved the capital to Luoyang!
Reasons given by opponents:
The Sui Dynasty Emperor was so happy with his achievements, coveted beauty, and lived a luxurious life, and soon after he succeeded to the throne, some ministers opposed him from waging war and extravagance and waste!
In order to better enjoy life and act arbitrarily with imperial power, Yang Guang needed a better place: the palace was magnificent and easy to enjoy...
It is also necessary to establish his prestige as an emperor by moving the capital, and let the "old decay" who try to restrain him stop!
Reasons given by the proponents:
Luoyang is a famous ancient capital in the history of the mainland, before the Sui Dynasty, there were many dynasties to build the capital in Luoyang, so the Sui Emperor's choice of Luoyang is definitely not a "temporary intention", let alone a "will to do things"!
Before the construction of Luoyang, the Sui Emperor personally went to Luoyang to test it
The Sui Dynasty Emperor's construction of the eastern capital and the relocation of the capital to Luoyang must have been well thought out, and now there are at least the following reasons that can be used as reasonable reasons for him to move the capital:
First of all, the Sui Dynasty's troops were mainly concentrated in the Guanzhong area, and some military forces in the east were beyond their reach
Soon after the Sui Emperor succeeded to the throne, his youngest brother Yang Yu rebelled in the name of revenge against Yang Su, but it was soon put down, but Yang Yu's subordinates and the people under his jurisdiction were more than 200,000 people, many of whom were moved to the vicinity of Luoyang and needed to be strengthened. However, in the face of rebellion, it took quite a long time to transfer troops from Guanzhong, which was not conducive to the rapid dispatch of troops to suppress the rebellion.
Secondly, Xi'an is located in the northwest, and moving the capital to Luoyang is also necessary for the development of the political and military situation at that time.
The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are vast and populous, and they have long been under the rule of Eastern Wei and Northern Qi.
Wei Chi Yuan
the military rebellion against Yang Jiandai Zhou,
Yang Forgiveness
Rebellions against the Sui Emperor all took place in this area, and the people of this region had a strong centrifugal force against the Sui Dynasty.
Moreover, the people under the Rule of the Chen Dynasty in Jiangnan were more centrifugal to the regime in the north, and soon after the fall of the Chen Dynasty, the Hao clan in Jiangnan launched a rebellion, although it was quickly quelled, but instability in Jiangnan occurred from time to time. This is enough to show that this large area of rich territory and large population in the eastern and Jiangnan regions is an urgent problem for the Sui Emperor to stabilize in any case.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, rebel armies were distributed throughout the country
Third, there are also economic considerations for moving the capital to Luoyang. At that time, in Guanzhong, the ecological environment began to deteriorate. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the water conservancy lifeline of Guanzhong agriculture, such as Zhengguo Canal and Baiqu, has reduced the irrigation area by nine-tenths due to reasons such as under-cutting of the riverbed, resulting in a large-scale decline in grain production, while the population of Guanzhong has continued to increase.
The supply of grain in Guanzhong mainly depends on the transportation of grain from Kwantung, and sometimes it is difficult to transport grain, so the imperial court organizes the people, official officials, and troops to "eat" in Kwantung, and such things happened several times during the Sui Wen Emperor's period.
At the same time, the economic level of the Kanto region surpassed that of the Guanzhong region, and after the endless Huanghuai Great Plain was gradually reclaimed, the "eight hundred miles of Qinchuan" in Guanzhong was not so dazzling. In particular, the level of economic development in the Jiangnan region has also been greatly improved.
During the Sui Dynasty, the states in the Yangtze River Basin had surplus grain every year, and it was easier to transport these surplus grain to Luoyang, but it was more troublesome to transport to Chang'an, and the biggest barrier was Sanmenxia, if you take the land route in Sanmenxia, the transportation volume is greatly limited, and the manpower and material resources are huge, and the gain is not worth the loss.
Luoyang, located between Yishui and Luoshui, is not only the center of land and water transportation, but also the center of storage and transfer of tribute grain, if the capital is moved to Luoyang, a part of the population will be diverted to Luoyang, which will greatly alleviate the grain pressure in Daxing City, and also greatly reduce the transportation cost of grain. This is also the fundamental reason for the construction of the canal immediately after the relocation of the capital!
Map of the distribution of the Grand Canal during the Sui Dynasty
Of course, there is also a reason to get rid of the constant intrusion of minority regimes, in addition to the above, I think there is another most fundamental reason, this reason is even related to the survival of the Sui Dynasty:
Yang Guang wanted to try his best to get rid of the control of the Guanlong military clique formed on the basis of the Eight Pillar States, in a sense: Yang Jian Yang Guang's father and son were just agents of the Guanlong military clique, and once the Sui Dynasty touched the core interests of the Guanlong clique or tried in vain to get out of control, the Guanlong clique would abandon it! Yang Guang knew this very well, so he tried to protect himself and the Sui Dynasty by moving the capital and cultivating his own forces!
As it turns out, Yang Guang may be right!
First of all, since the Tang Dynasty, the political center of China began to gradually move eastward, Xi'an completely lost its original advantage as a capital city, and later dynastic rulers finally understood the foresight of Yang Guang, the "forerunner"!
Second, some people commented that the Sui Emperor was "living in the past, the merit is in the thousand autumns", can be called the first person in ancient and modern China and abroad, he dug the Grand Canal behind the name of the insult, and later dynasties have used it, which not only transported the grain, salt and taxes from the south to the north, but also greatly promoted the exchange and integration of the cultures of the north and the south, and even in a sense: the Grand Canal ensured the unity and integrity of the Chinese big family culture!
epilogue:
Some people may say that the Sui Dynasty Emperor moved the capital to Luoyang, consuming a lot of manpower and material resources, resulting in the weakening of national strength, the emptiness of the national treasury, and the lack of livelihood for the people! Eventually, uprisings continued everywhere, ruining his name and ending a short-lived dynasty!
However, the Sui Dynasty itself had complicated, inextricable, inextricable, and contradictory relationships with major military groups and major families, and even if the Sui Dynasty Emperor was determined to do something, he would use other "reforms" to intensify the contradictions, and eventually he would inevitably die and destroy the country!
In addition, imagine: if Yang Guang can resist the past and successfully realize all his grand blueprints, who can guarantee that the prosperity of Datang will not come in advance!
Further reading:
After the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the original traditional magnates gradually withered away, and the noble surnames of Wang, Yu, Huan, and Xie did not return to their former glory.
With the change of the Wuhu Chaohua and the short-lived dynasties of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, with the emergence of the "Fu Military System", several families that were in-laws of each other gradually rose, and yuwen tai, Yuanxin, Li Hu (Li Yuan's grandfather), Li Bi (Li Mi's great-grandfather), Zhao Gui, Yu Jin, DuGuxin (Yuwen Yu and Yang Jian's father-in-law, Li Yuan's maternal grandfather), hou Mochen Chong's eight pillar state generals, known as the "Eight Pillar State" in history, on this basis, the Guanlong military group was formed!
The four emperors of the Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang dynasties all came from this group, and it can be said that this is a military group with the longest history of influencing China!!