Recently, according to media reports, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released the 15th edition of the carcinogen report, which added 8 new carcinogens. These include chronic H. pylori infection listed as a clear carcinogen, antimony trioxide listed as a reasonably suspected carcinogen, and 6 haloacetic acid by-products after tap water disinfection are considered to have teratogenic and carcinogenic side effects.
In fact, the harm of Helicobacter pylori has been understood a lot by everyone. But how Helicobacter pylori was discovered is a very magical thing. It can be said that in a sense, Helicobacter pylori is the most subversive Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recent years. Why?
(Helicobacter pylori)
The subversiveness is:
1, subvert common sense
2, the status of the winners is too low (which is also an important reason why their results are not recognized)
Let's talk about this Helicobacter pylori stomach.
01, a wave of helicobacter pylori in the stomach
——————————
For a long time, for stomach diseases, everyone thinks that the stomach has been damaged, what is the cause of stomach damage? Doctors will say many reasons, such as irregular diet, stress, irritating foods such as spicy, and excessive stomach acid leading to damage to the gastric mucosa.
However, the bacterial factor is rarely considered. Even the contribution of bacteria to human diseases was discovered by Pasteur and others more than 150 years ago and made Fleming win the Nobel Prize.
(Pictured is Pasteur, but, what happened to the woman?) ）
Even if you know that the stomach and intestines are closely linked, and there are a lot of microorganisms in the intestines!
why？ Because of stomach acid! For a long time, everyone firmly believed that bacteria could not survive in the stomach, because the pH of gastric juice was too low, about 1-4; and it was a strong acid.
Although at that time we had found that there were acid-resistant bacteria in the world, many acid-resistant bacteria themselves were not ancient bacteria, or they were not special, so everyone did not recognize that these bacteria would appear in humans.
Let's take a look at the discovery process of this bacterium
In 1875, German anatomists found that there were spiral-like bacteria in the gastric mucosa, and they tried to isolate and cultivate this bacteria, but unfortunately they failed to cultivate them in vitro, and they were slowly forgotten.
In 1893, Dr. Giulio Bizzozero of Italy also observed the presence of a spiral-like bacterium on the surface of the gastric mucosa, but unfortunately, he did not study it further.
In 1899, Wallery Jaworski of Poland discovered spiral bacteria from gastric juice, which he called Vibrio microflora. He speculated that the bacterium might be the cause of gastritis. This was the first person in the world to propose this doctrine. This theory was even included in the stomach disease manual of the time. Unfortunately, his articles, published in Polish, did not attract enough attention. (It can be seen how important it is to learn a foreign language well)
In the early 20th century, doctors or scholars around the world discovered this spiral-shaped bacterium on the surface of the gastric mucosa
But a 1954 paper put an end to this discussion:
Palmer E D. Investigation of the gastric mucosa spirochetes of the human[J]. Gastroenterology, 1954, 27(2): 218.
Palmer E D examined 1180 gastric mucosal specimens and found no presence of this bacterium. This article was published in the famous gastroenterology magazine, pouring cold water on Helicobacter pylori, this magazine belongs to the kind of journal in the field of intestines, basically he said no, then, everyone don't force it.
The attitude of the scientific community at that time was probably:
Look, I know that this thing can't exist in stomach acid in the first place! Their discoverers estimate that nine times out of ten they are contaminated with gut microbes, after all, the technology is not developed well 23333.
02, willow dark flower bright another village
———————
However, the peak loop turned, and when everyone thought it was impossible, someone actually went to burn the cold stove. In 1979, it was a spring. There was an old man who drew a circle on the south coast of the motherland...
Haha, God inserted.
Indeed that same year, in the south of the South China Sea, Australian pathologist Robin Warren once again saw the bacterium in a pathological specimen, and then he approached another of his young physicians, Barry Marshall, who collaborated on the study.
They made a lot of specimens and found that the bacteria were indeed present in the stomach. And, further, they thought, since this bacteria exists, and it is related to disease, is it possible to kill this bacteria to treat stomach diseases? They did an experiment in which an elderly patient with stomach disease in his 80s was treated with antibiotics, and two weeks later, the patient was cured. So Marshall was so excited and excited that he decided to grow Helicobacter pylori in the lab.
However, the ideal is beautiful, and the reality is bone-chilling.
He cultivated it for several days, but he didn't cultivate it, so he couldn't use this fungus to do further experiments. Good tangled. Until Christmas 1982, he cultivated the fungus, and then went home for the holidays with great disappointment, and there was no drama anyway. Yet a miracle happened at this moment. On the fifth day of the break, his assistant called (I reckon he would have rested for a week without a phone) and told him that the bacteria had been grown in the lab!
It's really another village. It can be seen that rest is very critical, tell the boss to rest for a week and get the Nobel Prize.
So Marshall and Warren were so excited that they felt they had opened the door to a new world and had become old drivers, so they went to conferences and tried to show everyone new research.
However, they suffered countless blank eyes and contempt. Some doctors think that these two little doctors, still holding the student card, come to the old driver to force and be bored; some doctors think, you have found this, there is a good chance that it is wrong, how can the stomach disease be related to Helicobacter pylori? Have you considered how acid it feels?
After two years of tossing and turning, going to the annual meeting of the Royal Australian Medical Doctors, no one believed it; went to the pharmaceutical company, and no one took care of it (although there was a small pharmaceutical company that gave a little sponsorship, but did not take it seriously).
In 1983, when their International Society for Microbiology in Brussels published their own study, the microbiologists present were stunned, and then they rejected him.
The result of being despised everywhere made Marshall very angry! He embarked on a road of no return, hahaha, of course not suicide, he decided to experiment with himself, really a warrior. He drank his own helicobacter pylori, and then he began to vomit with abdominal pain (presumably eating a bad stomach), and 10 days later, he did a gastroscopy to prove that there was indeed a large number of Helicobacter pylori in his stomach, and that he had gastritis.
This warrior's behavior vividly confirms this scientific discovery. You think that's OK? NO!
His results are still not recognized. We can imagine his bitterness, the discovery of results, no one paying attention; the content of the speech, being laughed at; sacrificing oneself for experiments, being buried.
Traumatized, Marshall decided to leave australia, a sad place, and he immigrated to the United States. At the same time, he realized the horror of not having visibility, so he began to write answers on the Internet, no, in popular science magazines in the United States such as Reader's Digest. Of course, he also learned the media Dafa title party and the like.
For example, "Scientists sacrificed their lives to experiment and cured stomach ulcers"; "Don't turn around is not American (poof, you're Australian yourself)"
Eventually, his popular science was taken seriously (so friends, don't give up on therapy wow)
In 1989, the bacterium was officially named Helicobacter pylori (10 years after its discovery);
In 1994, the US NIH published new guidelines acknowledging that most recurrent peptic ulcers may be caused by Helicobacter pylori and recommending antibiotic therapy.
In 2005, they won the Nobel Prize.
Marshall:Everyone was against me, but I knew I was right !
Even when people all over the world oppose me, I still know that I am right.
ps: This article belongs to the small science type, in order to form the story, so it will be relied on, twists and turns are king.
03, additional instructions
—————
Finally, though, let's add that many are considered to be one of the most terrible logics.
1, the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and stomach disease is not completely clear
Helicobacter pylori is not necessarily pathogenic, in fact most people carry Helicobacter pylori in their bodies, but only a small number of people have stomach problems. So the question arises, whether there is a correlation or causality between Helicobacter pylori and stomach disease.
2, stomach problems are not necessarily caused by Helicobacter pylori (although most of them are)
To put it simply, if you eat too hot and burn your stomach, there is no causal relationship with this bacteria, but the damaged location may become a platform for bacteria to breed
3, Helicobacter pylori is not completely harmful.
It is almost impossible and inexhaustible to prove that something is absolutely harmful, but it is feasible to prove that something is harmful to some extent.
As is the case with Helicobacter pylori, in fact, in nature, you have a hard time finding something that is absolutely harmful. For example, some people have found that Helicobacter pylori has a certain relationship with immunity.
In fact, even AIDS is like this, such as HIV, there is HIV, not necessarily AIDS (either incubation period, or no).
4, Helicobacter pylori is high, what to do?
Follow your doctor's advice! If you are a patient, you naturally have to follow the doctor's advice to treat, if you are not sick, why should you treat? What's more, high and low are themselves a continuous quantitative trait, a statistical result, and since it is a statistic, someone will jump out of the statistics.
5, what is this fungus called?
In fact, this fungus is originally a problem of translation, Helicobacter pylori, people who know a little about English can know that the big helico- itself is a very common prefix, indicating the meaning of spiral. So some people call it Helicobacter pylori, some people call it Helicobacter pylori, and some people call it Helicobacter pylori, and everyone knows that this is the same bacteria. In fact, these three usages have users in both books and papers.