In the latest edition (15th edition) of the CARCINOGEN Report released by the US Department of Health and Human Services, 8 carcinogens are newly on the list! Among them, Helicobacter pylori is classified as a definitive carcinogen, while six haloacetic acid (HAA) substances used as flame retardants and disinfection of tap water are listed as reasonably suspected human carcinogens.
Today, let's take a look at the latest and most comprehensive list of carcinogens, as well as those hidden in our daily lives.
Image source: The official website of the National Toxicology Program
1, added 8 kinds of clear carcinogens
1. Chronic infection of Helicobacter pylori is listed as a clear carcinogen
In recent years, a series of studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori infection significantly increases the risk of stomach cancer, and people have found a variety of mechanisms for Helicobacter pylori to induce stomach cancer.
2. Antimony trioxide is listed as a reasonably suspected carcinogen
Antimony trioxide is an inorganic compound that is widely used in plastics, textiles and other chemical products as a flame retardant. Workers who manufacture antimony trioxide may be exposed to the substance for long periods of time at work, and the substance may also be released from inferior furniture or carpets, and long-term exposure may induce the development of cancer.
3. Haloacetic acid by-products produced after tap water disinfection
Tap water requires a large amount of chlorine-based disinfectants in the production process, which may react with some compounds in the water to form haloacetic acid, which has teratogenic and carcinogenic side effects. There are six new haloacetic acids added in this report, bromochloroacetic acid (BCA), bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCA), chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBA), dibromoacetic acid (DBA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), tribromoacetic acid (TBA).
In recent years, the progress of tap water disinfection and filtration technology can significantly reduce the content of haloacetic acid in water, and there are currently standards in various countries to limit the content of haloacetic acid in tap water. Therefore, for tap water, we can use it with confidence and do not have to worry!
2, this "carcinogen list" should be put away!
The International Agency for Research on Cancer under the World Health Organization, according to the size of the correlation with cancer, has compiled and published 4 types of carcinogens, which should be said to be the most comprehensive "carcinogen list" so far.
Category 1 is a carcinogen identified for humans;
Category 2 is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans;
Category 3 is suspicious of carcinogenicity in humans;
The 4 categories are substances that may not be carcinogenic to the human body.
There are 120 types of carcinogens (the highest level of carcinogens) in total, including alcoholic beverages, salted fish, air pollution, solar radiation and smoking that are closely related to people's daily lives. Being able to stay away from these 120 "Class 1 identified carcinogens" can help you stay away from cancer much.
1. 20 kinds of carcinogens of daily contact
1. Acetaldehyde related to the intake of alcoholic beverages: Acetaldehyde is an intermediate product of ethanol metabolism in the human body. Acetaldehyde can cause DNA damage or double-strand breaks in cells, which can cause cancer.
2. Ethanol in alcoholic beverages: Ethanol can not only metabolize acetaldehyde, but also generate a large number of oxygen free radicals under the action of enzymes, resulting in hepatocyte cancer.
3. Alcoholic beverages: wine, alcoholic beverages production and fermentation, distillation process may also produce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzopyrene) and other carcinogens.
4. Smoking: Cigarettes contain a large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzopyrene, phenolic compounds, formaldehyde and other carcinogens.
5. Second-hand tobacco smoke: In the cold smoke exhaled by smokers, the tar content is 1 times more than that of the hot smoke inhaled by smokers, and 2 times more benzopyrene.
6. Smokeless tobacco: including chewing tobacco and snus, nicotine and nitrosamine content is higher, and contains formaldehyde, arsenic, cadmium and other carcinogens.
7.N'-Nitrosolinicin (NNN) and 4-(N-methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK): Two nitrogen nitrosamine compounds present in tobacco and flue gases that can induce a variety of cancers.
8. Processed meat (intake): Cured meat contains more nitrites and phosphates, and smoked meat contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (benzopyrene).
9. Chinese-style salted fish: The salting process produces a large amount of nitrite, which may be associated with nasopharyngeal cancer.
10. Betel nut fruit: The alkaloids contained in betel nut will destroy the cell membrane of mucosal cells and destroy the DNA of cells.
11. Tobacco-containing betel nut chewing blocks: The cause of cancer is similar to that of betel nut, and tobacco increases the toxicity of betel nut.
12. Tobacco-free betel nut chews: The cause of cancer is similar to that of betel nuts.
13. Outdoor air pollution: it is easy to cause lung cancer, and the risk of bladder cancer will also increase.
14. Outdoor air pollution containing particulate matter: Inhalable particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 are also considered to be extremely harmful to human health and increase the risk of cancer.
15. Diesel engine exhaust: The exhaust gas contains hundreds of different compounds, which have been confirmed to be related to lung cancer and bladder cancer.
16. Indoor emissions from household coal burning: carcinogens represented by benzopyrene will be emitted, which is easy to induce lung cancer.
17. Benzopyrene: a chemical substance present in coal tar, which is commonly found in car exhaust gases, tobacco and wood burning produced by smoke and charcoal-grilled food.
18. Benzene: the basic raw material of petrochemical industry, paints, wallpaper, carpets, printers, automobile exhaust gases, synthetic fibers, building decoration materials, wood-based panel furniture and cigarette smoke contain benzene. The products metabolized by benzene in the human body can cause dna strands to break and break, inducing leukemia.
19. Formaldehyde: Ordinary people are mainly exposed to formaldehyde through the artificial panels in the newly renovated home. It can lead to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neonatal malformations, childhood leukemia, myeloid leukemia, etc.
20. Untreated or mildly treated mineral oil: used to manufacture hair milk, hair oil, hair wax, lipstick, face oil, skin care lotion, etc., containing a variety of hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other impurities may induce cancer.
2. 18 kinds of radiation carcinogens
21. Solar radiation: Excessive exposure, ultraviolet rays in sunlight can lead to skin cancer.
22. Ultraviolet radiation: damages the DNA in skin cells, causing skin cancer.
23. Ultraviolet luminescent sunbathing equipment: releases ultraviolet radiation, damages the DNA in skin cells, causing skin cancer.
24. Pepper toxin (8-methoxy psoralen) with ultraviolet A radiation: foreign clinics mainly use pepper toxin plus ultraviolet light therapy to treat skin diseases such as vitiligo and psoriasis, but may induce cell carcinogenesis.
25. Ionizing radiation (all types): ionizing radiation is the radiation that can cause the affected substance to ionize, mainly including α rays, β rays, proton streams, neutron streams, X-rays, γ rays, etc. Ionizing radiation can induce many types of DNA molecule damage, which can cause cancer.
26. Radionuclides, α particles radiate, internal deposition: heavy atoms (such as uranium, radium) or artificial nuclides decay, equivalent to helium nuclei, can cause tissue damage and cancer.
27. Radionuclides, β particles radiate, internal deposition: produced when radioactive nuclei decay, equivalent to electrons, can cause tissue damage and cancer.
28. X-ray and gamma-ray radiation: produces ionizing radiation that destroys cellular DNA.
29. Neutron radiation: Artificial methods release neutrons from the nucleus, which can cause malignant tumors and leukemia.
30. Fission products, including strontium-90: heavy nuclear fission produces a variety of radionuclides. Fission products are used in a wide range of industrial, agricultural and medical applications, such as krypton-85 as an energy source for β radiation and autoluminescent lamps; cesium-137 as a γ radioactive source; strontium-90 as a radioactive source for β; and technetium-99m for clinical diagnosis in nuclear medicine. Strontium-90 is prone to leukemia, and cesium-137 can cause liver and kidney cancer.
31. Radioactive iodine, including iodine-131: often used in cancer chemotherapy, there is also a risk of carcinogenicity.
32. Radon-222 and its decay products: natural stone may contain radioactive radon, building materials are the most important source of indoor radon.
33. Radium-224 and its decay products: All isotopes of radium are strongly radioactive, and ionizing radiation can make fluorescent substances glow.
34. Radium-226 and its decay products.
35. Radium-228 and its decay products.
36. Thorium-232 and its decay products: natural radionuclides, mining and tunneling and other large-scale civil engineering, nuclear fuel waste treatment and other processes will appear.
37. Plutonium: radioactive elements, important raw materials for the atomic energy industry, nuclear fuel and fissile agents for nuclear weapons. Plutonium easily accumulates in the liver and bones, causing human tissues to become cancerous.
38. Phosphorus-32, phosphate form: a radioactive isotope of phosphorus. Phosphate is mainly used for adjuvant treatment of certain malignant tumors and is also carcinogenic.
3. 12 kinds of viral bacterial parasites and toxin carcinogens
39. Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection): Hepatitis B virus can cause DNA rearrangement and loss of DNA fragments, and reduce the ability of liver cells to degrade other carcinogens.
40. Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection): Viral core proteins are closely related to liver cancer.
41. Human immunodeficiency virus type I (infection): that is, HIV, which can synthesize DNA and integrate into the DNA of host cells, so that cells undergo cancerous transformation, especially in the case of cellular immunity being destroyed and losing immune surveillance, cell carcinoma changes are prone to occur.
42. Human papillomavirus: DNA virus, more than 130 kinds have been isolated so far, divided into high-risk types and low-risk types, and different types will cause different clinical manifestations. Among them, high-risk types 16 and 18 are the main types of cervical cancer.
43. Human T-lymphocytic virus type I: changes the host lymphocyte DNA, so that the cells continue to proliferate and divide, inducing leukemia.
44. Epstein-Barr virus: a herpes virus, transmitted through saliva, mainly causing acute infectious mononucleosis. Associated with a variety of malignancies such as T-cell lymphoma.
45. Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus: a herpes virus that can cause Kaposi's sarcoma (endothelial cell tumor) and primary exudative lymphoma.
46. Helicobacter pylori (infection): mainly transmitted by mouth-mouth, feces-or-mouth, long-term settlement in the stomach, will gradually destroy the gastrointestinal wall, causing stomach cancer.
47. Chinese mycodystis (infection): also known as liver flukes, mainly through the consumption of uncooked freshwater fish or shrimp containing Cysticerces cessosum. It can cause proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells and become carcinogenic, mainly adenocarcinoma.
48. Postthyrchids (infection): Eating raw fish containing cysticers and becoming infected, parasitizing in the hepatobiliary ducts, inducing bile duct cancer.
49. Schistosomiasis egypt (infection): mainly distributed in Africa, southern Europe and the Middle East, which can cause bladder cancer.
50. Aflatoxin: it is a metabolite produced by aflatoxin, parasitic aspergillus, etc. Mainly found in moldy peanuts, corn, soybeans, rice, wheat and other grains, tree nuts and oil products, it is the leading cause of diseases such as liver, stomach and bowel cancer.
4. 22 kinds of drug carcinogens
51. Busulfan: anticancer drugs, the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Destroying the structure and function of DNA by alkylating with guanine of cellular DNA can also cause cancer.
52. Chlorambucil: anticancer drugs, used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma, several types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and some breast cancers, etc., will cause DNA strands to cross-connect and affect DNA function, thereby causing cancer.
53. Naphthalene: anticancer drugs for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma. Causing DNA strands to cross-connect affects DNA function, which can lead to carcinogenesis.
54. Cyclophosphamide: anticancer drugs, used for the treatment of malignant lymphoma, acute or chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, but also for the treatment of breast cancer, testicular tumors, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, etc., interfering with DNA and RNA function.
55. Melphalan: anticancer drugs, used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. It works by destroying the structure of DNA, which causes cancer.
56. Etoposide: anticancer drugs, mainly used for the treatment of small cell lung cancer, malignant lymphoma, malignant germ cell tumor, leukemia and so on. Acts on DNases, making damaged DNA impossible to repair, thus causing cancer.
57. Etoposide is combined with cisplatin and bleomycin: combined chemotherapy regimen, mainly used for ovarian germ cell malignancy and laryngeal cancer, etc., may also cause cancer.
58. COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY WITH MOPP AND OTHER ALKYLASES: REGIMENS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HODKIN LYMPHOMA, WHICH CARRIES A CARCINOGENIC RISK.
59. Smolestine: anticancer drugs, mainly used for the treatment of malignant melanoma, malignant lymphoma, brain tumors, lung cancer, etc., with carcinogenic risks.
60. Tamoxifen: anticancer drugs, used to treat breast and ovarian cancer, with a risk of carcinogenicity.
61. Triamine thiophos: an anticancer drugs, used to treat ovarian cancer, there is a risk of carcinogenicity.
62. Quaoshufan: anticancer drugs, mainly used for lung cancer, there is a risk of carcinogenicity.
63. Azathioprine: a drug used for anti-rejection reactions in organ transplantation, inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins, which can induce cancer.
64. Cyclosporine: drugs used for liver, kidney and heart transplantation anti-rejection reactions. Due to its immunosuppressive function, it increases the risk of carcinogenicity.
65. Hexylestrogen: synthetic estrogen. It can cause adenocarcinoma of the female reproductive system and cause cancer in the fetus through the placenta.
66. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy: may increase the incidence of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, etc.
67. Estrogen-progesterone menopausal therapy (combined): May increase the incidence of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, etc.
68. Estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives (combined): can induce liver cancer and increase the risk of breast and cervical cancer.
69. Phenacetine: anti-fever and painkillers, which have been banned from sale in many countries. High-dose use may induce kidney cancer and bladder cancer.
70. Painkiller mixture containing finaxetine: used for the treatment of fever, headache, toothache, neuralgia, etc., can cause serious kidney damage and liver damage, and induce kidney cancer, bladder cancer.
71. Aristolochic acid: Some studies believe that aristolochic acid mainly induces liver cancer through genetic mutations.
72. Plants containing aristolochic acid: Aristolochic acid is widely present in aristolochia plants, and common medicinal materials containing aristolochia are aristolochia, tianxian vine, Aoki incense, bone-seeking wind, Guanmutong, Guangfang self, fine spices and so on.
5. 28 kinds of industrial products and their polluting carcinogens
73. Cadmium and cadmium compounds: Cadmium is mainly used in the manufacture of alloys, nickel-cadmium batteries, solder and semiconductor materials.
74. Chromium (6 valent) compound: Wastewater in leather manufacturing and metallurgical chemicals enters the human body after polluting water bodies, farmland and aquatic products. Chromium (6valent) compounds have strong oxidative properties and are harmful to the digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin and mucous membranes.
75. Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds: Arsenic is mostly found in rocks in nature as inorganic arsenic compounds. Arsenic trioxide is commonly known as arsenic. Arsenic-containing wastewater and waste discharged by industrial and mineral development, arsenic-containing insecticides and herbicides used in agriculture, are all sources of arsenic. It can cause skin cancer and lung cancer.
76. Nickel compounds: can be used to manufacture ceramics, glass, catalysts, magnetic materials, electronic components and batteries. Nickel compounds can induce oncogene expression and cancer cell expansion in humans.
77. Beryllium and beryllium compounds: Beryllium and beryllium compounds are mainly used in alloys and so on. After entering the human body, the insoluble beryllium oxide is mainly stored in the lungs, which can cause lung cancer.
78. Asbestos: mainly used for refractory asbestos textiles, water pipes, insulation boards and insulation materials in construction, electrical appliances, automobiles, household goods. Asbestos itself is not toxic, but fine asbestos dust can attach to the lungs, inducing lung cancer and mesotheliomas at the pleural and peritoneal locations.
79. Fluoride-shallow amphibolite fibrous horn amphibolite: similar to asbestos, it is easy to deposit in the lungs, inducing lung cancer and mesothelioma at the location of the pleura and peritoneum.
80. Hair zeolite: a rare natural ore, similar in nature to asbestos, can cause mesothelioma in the pleura and peritoneal position.
81.2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodiphenyl-p-dioxin: The most toxic monomer of all dioxin types, not produced anthropogenically, without any use, and is the product of untreated discharge after burning garbage and industrial waste.
82.2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran: A type of dioxin that can cause damage to the immune system, nervous system, endocrine system, and reproductive function, and long-term overdose may cause multisystem and multi-site malignancy.
83. Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls with WHO Toxic Equivalent Factor (TEF): Classified under the name of "dioxins", similar toxicity.
84. PcBs: synthetic organic compounds, industrially used as heat carriers, insulating oils and lubricating oils. It can be absorbed by the skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract, and enriched in the human body, causing diseases of the brain, skin and internal organs and affecting the nerves, reproduction and immune system, and the organs that produce cancer are mainly the liver.
85.3,4,5,3',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126): Mainly used as a heat-resistant, flame-proof plasticizer, associated with the occurrence of liver cancer.
86. Pentachlorophenol (polychlorophenol): mainly used as a herbicide in paddy fields, preservatives and mildew inhibitors for textiles, leather, paper and wood. It is teratogenic and carcinogenic to the human body. When burned, dioxin compounds are released.
87.4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)(MOCA): Curing agent for synthetic rubber and epoxy resins with carcinogenic risk.
88.4-Aminobiphenyl: is an intermediate of pesticides and dyes, mainly used for organic synthesis, the manufacture of dyes and the production of rubber antioxidants, etc., which can be inhaled, ingested or absorbed by the human body through the skin.
89. Benzidine: an intermediate of synthetic dyes, long-term contact is easy to induce bladder cancer.
90. Benzidine produced by dye metabolism: Some dyes may be metabolized to produce benzidine, resulting in structural and functional changes in the DNA of human cells.
91.2-Naphthylamine: Used in the manufacture of dyes and organic synthesis, also used as an organic analytical reagent and fluorescent indicator. Long-term exposure carries the risk of inducing bladder cancer.
92. O-Toluidine: mainly used as dyes, pesticides, medicine and organic synthesis intermediates, can induce bladder cancer.
93. Vinyl chloride: used as a copolymer monomer of a variety of polymers, an important raw material for the plastics industry, can also be used as a refrigerant, etc., can induce hepatic hemangiosarcoma, etc.
94. Trichloroethylene: it has been used as analgesic and metal degreasing agent, and can also be used as an extractant, fungicide, refrigerant and dry cleaning agent for clothes. It has been linked to a variety of cancers such as liver and kidney cancer.
95.1,3-Butadiene: Is the raw material for the manufacture of synthetic rubber, synthetic resin, nylon, etc. It can cause malignant tumors of various tissues and organs such as cardiovascular, lung, stomach, liver, breast and kidney.
96. Lindane (HCH): agricultural pesticide, commonly known as 666. It is associated with breast cancer, rectal cancer, etc.
97.1,2-Dichloropropane: Raw materials for the manufacture of pesticides, pesticides, detergents, rubber and medicines, etc., is considered to be the culprit of cholangiocarcinoma in the Japanese printing industry.
98. Ethylene oxide: fungicides in washing, pharmaceutical, printing and dyeing industries, long-term exposure will increase the risk of leukemia and malignant tumors of the hematopoietic system.
99. Bis (chloromethyl) ether, chloromethyl ether (industrial grade): both are mainly used in the production of anion exchange resin and sulfadiazine drugs, long-term contact can cause lung cancer.
100. Sulfur mustard gas: that is, chemical weapon mustard gas, scientific name dichlorodiethyl sulfide, can cause skin and immune system cancer.
6. 20 kinds of industrial production process and occupational exposure carcinogens
101. Painters, painters, painters, etc. (occupational exposure): Pigments contain heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, etc., and paints and organic solvents contain benzene and formaldehyde, etc., and long-term exposure will increase the risk of cancer.
102. Rubber manufacturing industry: in the production process, there are more chemical additives, easy to contact with aniline and other carcinogens, inducing bladder cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer and leukemia.
103. Steel casting (occupational exposure): Multiple links may lead to a high incidence of cancer, such as benzopyrene may be contained in furnace smoke.
104. Hematite mining (underground): Exposure to dust during mining may lead to lung cancer.
105. Crystalline silicon dust in the form of quartz or quartz: workers who have been engaged in mining, quarrying and crushing for a long time are prone to frequent inhalation of silicon dust and have a higher risk of cancer.
106. Welding soot: contains manganese dioxide, nitrogen oxides, fluoride, ozone and other harmful substances, but also contains heavy metal cadmium and other fine metal particles.
107. Wood dust: contains carcinogens such as wood tar and benzopyrene.
108. Leather powder: Common in the shoe making process, easy to cause nasal cancer.
109. Soot (occupational exposure of chimney cleaners): There are carcinogens such as benzopyrene in soot.
110. Coal gasification: Pollutants such as dust, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other pollutants and carcinogens such as coal tar, benzene and phenol will be generated in the industrial process.
111. Coal tar distillation: Benzene, benzopyrene and other carcinogens will be produced in industrial processes.
112. Coal tar asphalt: The residue after coal tar distillation and extraction is mainly used for the production of asphalt coke, road construction asphalt, various asphalt antiseptic paints, etc., containing benzopyrene and other carcinogens.
113. Shale oil: The oil contained in shale may cause occupational skin cancer.
114. Coke production: Benzene, benzopyrene and other carcinogens will be produced in the industrial process.
115. The Ashison method related to occupational exposure (using an electric arc furnace to make silicon carbide): Silicon carbide is mainly used in the manufacture of wear-resistant materials, circuit components, photovoltaic products, etc., and will emit carcinogens such as coal tar and benzopyrene in smelting.
116. Aluminum production: Aluminum production may produce alumina, petcoke and other dust and fluoride, sulfide, asphalt smoke, carbon monoxide and other harmful substances.
117. Goldamine production: Goldamine is a chemical that is used as a dye and dye intermediate for dyeing fabrics, paper and leather. The production process is associated with an increase in bladder cancer.
118. Magenta production: magenta is mainly used for the dyeing of silk, acrylic, wool and other textiles. Workers with raw red dye have an increased risk of bladder cancer.
119. Strong inorganic acid mist: refers to the aerosol acid formed by inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc., which mainly appears in the process of acid use in chemical, electronic, metallurgical, electroplating, textile, machinery manufacturing and other industries, and has a carcinogenic risk.
120. The use of strong acids to produce isopropanol: isopropanol is an important chemical raw material, mainly used as a dehydrating agent and cleaning agent in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, plastics, fragrance, coating and electronic industries.
Finally, it should be emphasized that it is not that exposure to these substances causes cancer, but that these substances are high-risk substances that cause cancer, and there is evidence that long-term exposure increases the risk of cancer. Therefore, we should minimize the exposure to these substances in our lives, thereby reducing the risk of cancer.
Source | Love for a lifetime
![The 8.3-point "Lion Boy" broke at the box office in the first week, why didn't "Salted Fish" turn over?[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)