A masterpiece of fangzhi in modern Zhejiang
——Chronicle of Pingyang County, Republic of China
Following the publication of Liu Shaokuan's Diary in February 2018, the Pingyang County Chronicle of the Republic of China, compiled by Liu Shaokuan, has undergone five years of collation, and its point schoolbook was published in the Zhonghua Bookstore in September 2020. The "Pingyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China is the only county chronicle published in Wenzhou during the Republic of China period, it is a famous chronicle, Hong Huanchun in the "Zhejiang Fangzhi Kao" rated it as "the best work of modern Zhejiang Fangzhi", how was it compiled? What are the main points that are worth learning from today's people? The current trial selection should be slightly elaborated, and the tube is peeping.
Master-disciple cooperation is immeasurable
▲ Wang Lifu, director of the "Pingyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China
In 1937, Wang Lifu wrote to Yuan Jiasu, a "Yunnan Champion" and a former zhejiang envoy, saying: "Deeply regretting that the young and the young were young and impetuous, and running for the revolution, their gains were not what they expected, they were not particularly useless, and they increased their sins, so they had no intention of going out again, and they took the practice of cultivating grass and repairing books for ten years, and they obtained nearly a hundred volumes of books, and cultivated enough grass to feed tens of thousands of people." "Wang's "reclamation of grass" refers to the development of Nanji Island, and "xiushu" means xiuzhi, one deed, one culture, which shows the status of xiuzhi in Wang's mind. At the same time, Wang Lifu also sent a letter to his old leader (Wang Shi was the chief of the provincial tixue envoy department) to "respectfully submit" a new revision of the "Pingyang County Chronicle".
Protégé XiuZhi, Enshi Zhi Zhi. Now the cover of the newly published Republic of China Zhidian schoolbook is signed with the author column "Wang LifuXiu, Fu Zhang's general editor, Liu Shaokuan's deputy editor", some readers expressed puzzlement, how to write Wang Lifu's name in front? In fact, I don't know much about the process of compiling the previous zhishu. At that time, many local affairs were handled by gentlemen, and the degree of autonomy was relatively high, somewhat similar to "small government, big society". Local governors are often just advocates, and there are not many resources or funds at their disposal. The same is true for the cause of cultivating zhi, and the official mention of "prosperous cultivation of zhi" is said to be repaired once every sixty years, and there are not many funds. There is also no mandatory rule on when to start the repair, when to complete it, and what to compile specifically. In short, the official did not manage it very carefully, and basically did not interfere in specific affairs. Huang Zongxi, an enlightenment thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, said in the Book of Hou Xiuzhi of Zhang County: "The difference between zhi and historical examples, history is beautiful and evil, to show praise and depreciation; zhi is beautiful and evil, there are praises and no depreciations, but where they go, they are also examples of depreciation." "As long as it does not violate Confucian ethics and morality, it is enough not to write ugly, unethical and unconventional content."
Whoever cultivates the zhi is like who builds the bridge and the road, and with money, he can dove the work. Therefore, the funder is very important, "the soldiers and horses have not moved, the grain and grass have gone first", which shows that xiuzhi is a public welfare matter, which can be described as a hundred generations of life, and the merit is immeasurable. For example, during the Republic of China period, Chen Xunzheng (Chen Bui's cousin) mainly compiled the famous zhi - Ningbo "Yinxian Tongzhi", which was also published by fund-raising, "Zhang Chuanbao, Zhao Jiasunxiu, Chen Xunzheng, Ma Yingxuan", so that it is relatively free and relaxed, it is easy to cultivate famous zhi, and there will be no Huang Zongxi's sigh of "public aspirations are not as good as private aspirations". Wang Lifu had the business name of Wang Guangyuan in Aojiang, and under the careful management of his second son Wang Wenbi, he flourished in the wind and water, had strong family wealth, and was famous far and wide, not only the richest man in Aojiang, but also the richest man in Pingyang at that time. The Wang family is also a scholarly mendi, "rich and courteous", and his mentor Liu Shaokuan is the main figure in the compilation of the "Pingyang County Chronicle", and he will of course help each other to achieve the cause of famous mountains.
▲ Liu Shaokuan, deputy editor of the "Chronicle of Pingyang County" of the Republic of China
"Liu Shaokuan's Diary" in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915) april 25: "For the XiuXian Zhi meeting, the director of the Xiu Zhi Zhi, Wang Zhi, was elected, and twenty-four votes were obtained. There is no doubt that Wang Lifu was elected director of the Revision Bureau. In July of that year, Liu Shaokuan drafted a county chronicle outline, interview cases, etc., and on August 1, the official opening began. In fact, as early as the second year of the Republic of China (1913), the county governor asked everyone what the surplus money was for the anti-smoking fine, and they all said that Xiu Zhi was good, so he elected Wang Lifu to be responsible for the matter of Xiu Zhi. It was only three years after the beginning, and the anti-smoking fine was used up, during which there was a case of "embezzlement of public funds for people and temporary suspension" (Fu Zhang's "Pingyang County Chronicle"). Then Governor Lu Wei Li asked the governor for instructions to approve the collection of another piece of money on the land grant (land tax), which was two years, which was not enough. Later, in November of the fourteenth year of the Republic of China, the "Chronicle of Pingyang County" was published and engraved into a book, and for almost seven years, the insufficient funds for the revision of the Zhi were all paid by Director Wang himself. Teachers and students cooperate, colleagues work together, so that there is no time to break the cooking or open the pot.
In the year of the opening Xiuzhi, Liu Shaokuan hired Yongjia "Yugong" and scholar Fu Zhang (nicknamed Hou Jiangdongsheng, Yihuangren, Jiangxi, who lived in Wenzhou City in his later years) as general editors, and appointed himself as deputy editors, Zhou Jiao, Bao Mingshu, Xia Shaoli, and Liu Jie (that is, Liu Shaokuan's younger brother Liu Shaoyu) as his subordinates, each acting as a side. "Liu Shaokuan's Diary" Xiuzhi part did not write the general compilation of Fu Zhang's content to come to Pingyang office, may be omitted, "Fu Zhang's Diary" (Chen Guangxi dian school me, published by Zhonghua Bookstore in February 2018) there is, on March 3, 2018, the Republic of China, Fu Shi went to Pingyang Xiuzhi Bureau, and then came to Pingyang intermittently for a year to participate in the compilation of the chronicle, and the Republic of China left for Shanghai in the sixth year. When the Zhishu was published, Fu Zonglu was invited to write a preface, which said: "Liu Junsu obeyed the Zhang Shi Zhai Book, and also synthesized the various families, and mr. Shuyi said that he used self-glue pillars to reconcile with Yu Zhi. He also instructed Wu Chengzhi of Qiantang and Ruian Sun Of the Former Household Department to make GaoZu, who had his own origins and was excellent in learning and deeds, and all the princes he had agreed to be complicit, so there was no difference between Yu and Yu. There was no objection, and finally he said: "And I have to be named Jianduan, for deep luck." "I think that the position of general manager is nominal, honest and not deceived, and academic style."
Inheritance and innovation have their roots
▲ Republic of China "Pingyang County Chronicle" (Point School Edition)
Many of the ancient people's chronicles can be compiled by one or two people, the content is simple, and a pen is written to the end. At that time, it was generally continued on the basis of the original old history, and the old history was rewritten, reorganized, and then added with new content. In modern times, new things are emerging in an endless stream, and now it is not what it used to be, and it is no longer possible to do it alone, and it is necessary to have a "small detachment", how to coordinate well? Can the "old bottle" of Zhishu hold the "new wine"? How do new things connect with the old chronicles? Sometimes it is difficult to chisel the charm, which is a problem faced by cultivators.
Shen Chendi, the governor of Pingyang County, said in the "Preface to Pingzhi": "Liu Jun also said: The cultivators of today's zhi have been written as books since before the Qing Dynasty, and after the Republic of China, they should not write new zhi, and every time the old and new political systems are suspended, they are unified into one, and it is difficult to be embarrassed." "At that time, we had already left the old aspirations alone, just like the two rounds of cultivation now, once in twenty years, we will repair the last twenty years. Governor Shen believes that it is still necessary to put together, "if you are afraid of sanctions, the chronicle of the broken generation is only a simple manipulation, not the formality of the book", and at present, I have not seen such an old record as "the chronicle of the broken generation". History has a history of broken dynasties, and there is no such thing as "broken generations", and the "broken head" statement is not correct, because there is almost no more in the whole ancient world. For example, in the 25th year of the Republic of China, when preparing to revise the Yongjia District Chronicle, Liu Shaokuan said in his diary on February 6, 2017: "At two o'clock in the afternoon, the Yongjia District held a meeting,...... At the same time, the "Yongjia District Chronicle" was held, and Sun Mengjin, Mei Lengsheng, Xu Shikang, Sharjaya, Yang Yusu, and Liu Zhenqian were present. At the time of the discussion, Sun Mengjin was the governor of the former Qing Dynasty as the FuZhi, and the Republic of China was also the District Chronicle. Liu Zhen obscure majored in the Republic of China as a district chronicle. The final resolution, from Yang Yusu said, used to be a district chronicle. Both sessions elected Yu as chairman, and Commissioner Xu attended as an observer. The "final resolution" is to compile a district chronicle from ancient times to the present, which is still difficult to operate. On February 9 of the following year, Liu Shaokuan said in his diary: "Yu is a representative of the district history committee, and Sun Mengjin came to the business district history method. Yu proposed to propose a case that should be specially revised since the Republic of China, and should not involve the old government chronicle, and it is easy to prepare. If this is the case, the ancient and modern are separated, "not the formality of the book", which is something that the ancient zhishu has never had, not the formality of the book, and perhaps it can be said that it is the "other cut" of the zhishu. In the end, ou zhi was not completed and did not end. The "Pingyang County Chronicle" compiled in the early years of the Republic of China is different, it fully absorbs Qianlong's "Pingyang County Chronicle", so that there is no need to look at the previous old history, and it has been innovated in many places to ensure that the new wine can be well loaded into the old bottle.
During the Guangxu years, Wu Chengzhi, the instructor of Pingyang, had begun to compile the "Chronicle of Pingyang County", which lasted more than ten years and had been preliminarily drafted, and the content should be mainly based on ancient times. Wu was from the Jingjing Jingshe and was a disciple of Yu Yu Gaodi, who could be on a par with Sun Yi rang and should belong to the first-class scholars in the country at that time. "Liu Shaokuan's Diary" Guangxu Twenty-first Year (1895) February 200: "Wu Qifu Shi Chengzhi compiled the "Pingyang County Chronicle" rough, Plotting Zi, the same people for the purpose of carving, that is, set up a seat at the Infant Bureau at noon, negotiated to add rice to each stone money one thousand library volumes, each household issued a small ticket, indicating that the year is over, which is quite convenient. Later, it was not implemented, and there was no money for the publication of the book, coupled with the opposition led by Sun Yirang, who said that this zhishu did not give Zhang Qixuan and Yang Peiyi, who suppressed the Money Society, and so on, and it was not finished. After Wu's death, the zhi was preserved by another of his protégés, Chen Xiaoyuan, the greatest gentleman of the time in Pingyang. The revision of the zhi began in August of the fourth year of the Republic of China, and this manuscript should be in Liu Shaokuan's thinking, and it was on December 10 of that year that Liu Shaokuan said in his diary: "At night, Chen Shaowen came to the temple, and if wu Qifu's county chronicle was given, it could be taken out." "To see if you want to use it, you have to pay." Later, I don't know if I paid chen shi, the zhi manuscript was for Liu Shaokuan's use, Liu Shi said in the diary of May 1, 99 of the Republic of China: "Chen Xiaoyuan came to check wu Qifu's zhi manuscript, which is still in the bureau, and begged to send It to Mr. Wu Zixiu to celebrate the day." At this time, the revision time has reached the halfway point. Liu Shaokuan inherited the achievements of his teacher Wu Chengzhi Xiuzhi, made full use of the manuscript of the master of examination, absorbed and digested it, and became an important part of the "Pingyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China.
Wu Chengzhi's "Pingyang County Chronicle" draft did not give a biography to the main figures in Pingyang who suppressed and defended the Money Society, and according to Huang Zongxi's standards, it was not written, and it was also derogatory ("If it goes, it is also a degrading example"), of course, it will be opposed by Sun Yi. When it was Liu Shaokuan's turn to compile the chronicles, just like the position of the Ruian Sun family, he wrote biographies of a group of people who rose up because of the money uprising and obtained military merit, such as Yin Hongyu (Yin Ruli's father), Yang Peizhi's father and son, Yang Peizhi and so on. By the 1993 edition of the Pingyang County Chronicle, Yang Peichi could not see them, and passed on the leader of the Money Society, Zhao Qili. If you want to fully understand the history of the Money Society, you must also look at the "Pingyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China. In the first round of revision in the 1980s and 1990s, "detailing the present and the past", many of the contents and characters in the old chronicles were deleted, such as minor figures such as women and women, filial piety, etc., and almost none of the electoral records, scriptures, and poetry and literature were gone. Some of the electoral records only listed individuals and people, and those who obtained meritorious names in other examination subjects and other ways did not write them. This is generally the case, deleting old chronicles as needed. In fact, xiuzhi is like creating a genealogy, and the new family tree comes out, and generally there is no need to look at the old genealogy. Now it is different, the new zhi (continuation) comes out, but also have to look at the old zhi, one is not enough, but also to read two, three books ... Because now it is stipulated that it should be repaired once every twenty years, and there will be continuous aspirations.
During the revision period, in August of the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), Liu Shaokuan also served as the principal of Wenzhong again (the school was named Zhejiang No. 10 Middle School at that time), but due to many unpleasantness, he left his post in December of the following year, a total of one year and three months. In his letter to Wu Bihua, he said: "If the brother can rest his hands here and concentrate on the cultivation of the township, he will not abandon it halfway, and the cause of the famous mountain will also exist, and Mr. Fear does not have to think that it is false." ”
▲ Chronicle of Pingyang County, Republic of China
In short, the time of day, the location, the people, the three are all ready, in November of the fourteenth year of the Republic of China (1925), the "Pingyang County Chronicle" was published, a total of ninety-eight volumes, thirty volumes, with a map.
The "Three Books" combine the "Four Virtues" to perfection
In Dong Puyuan's "Records of Sun Yao's Study", Liu Shaokuan's biography of Liu Shaokuan said: "After Shao Kuan resigned from middle school, he compiled the "Chronicle of Pingyang County" for ten years and became a collection. Its body is full of the "Three Books" example of the Fa ZhangShi Shi Zhai, and the special detailed text is the crown of the recent new zhi. "Three Books" means that the Zhishu is composed of three parts: Zhi, Zhigu, and Wenzheng. Zhang Xuecheng said in the "Wenshi Tongyi" volume 6 outer part I "Fang Zhili Three Books Discussion": "Imitate the body of ji chuan zhengshi and make zhi, imitate the body of the law and the canon and make the palm, imitate the body of the "Anthology of Literature" and "Wen yuan" and compose the signs." The three books complement each other, and one cannot be separated. The literary signs include the poems, "the great purpose is to prove the history" (the word "sign" is not simply used here as the word "sign"). Of the thirty volumes of the Pingyang County Chronicle of the Republic of China, the Chinese levy accounted for ten volumes, a total of thirty-six volumes, and more than one-third of the total zhi. Now the school book is divided into upper, middle and lower, and the part of the essay is just in the next volume.
During the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty, there were two major members of Xiuzhi and its related Fangzhi theory, one was Dai Zhen of the Anhui School, who studied the "Notes on the Water Classics", and his practice of Xiuzhi and Fangzhi theory paid attention to geographical evolution, and the other was zhang Xuecheng (Zi Shizhai) of the Zhejiang Eastern School, who studied historical documents and paid attention to literary signs. Our side belongs to the scope of the Zhejiang Eastern School, "Liu Junsu obeyed the Zhangshi ZhaiShu" (Fu Zhang), Liu Shaokuan compiled the zhi, and paid more attention to the search for literature, which can be described as a battle. Professor Chen Zengjie said at the launch ceremony of the "Pingyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China that he used this zhishu twice, and when he wrote the two books "Lin Jingxi Collection Annotations" and "Lin Jingxi Collection Supplementary Notes", he obtained a lot of materials from it, rich in content, cautious and rigorous, all of which had sources and clues to check, which provided great convenience for future generations. For example, many of the deeds are based on the documents in the later essays (such as epitaphs, etc.). Of course, the geographical evolution part of the "Pingyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China is also compiled in great detail, and Liu Shaokuan said in the preface to the first volume of the "Chronicle of Youdi": "The county chronicle is in the directory family geography. Geography, Shinomoto also. There is no "such as the Wu (Wu Chengzhi) manuscript of the Nigu" (Fu Zhang's "Pingzhi Preface").
The main advantage of this zhishu is that Fu Zhang's outline in the preface is the "four virtues": the goodness of the body, the goodness of the collection, the goodness of the evidence, and the goodness of the narrative. Fu Shi has already said it very specifically and precisely, and will not say a few more words. For example, according to the examination evidence, Liu Shaokuan undertook the examination according to everyone Wu Chengzhi and had a specialty. When quoting Wu's manuscripts, many places note "Wu Lun" and do not plunder the beauty of the teacher. If you do not agree with the testimony of his teacher, that is, seek truth from facts and explain the reasons. Quanzhi small characters are all eye-catching, old records, archives, interviews, Wu Lun, Lu (newly written), and so on, all of which are clearly divided. Mr. Zhou Gan of Pingyang once published an article in Fang zhi journal entitled "The New Fang Zhi Should Pay Attention to the Annotations on the Source of The Data", which cites the "Pingzhi" of the Republic of China as an example, such as: "The Republic of China's "Pingyang County Zhi Wu Weizhi", the notes on the description of 173 articles, the notes on the source of the data are 147, the materials cited are "Records of the Year of the Department" and "Minghui Dian"... "If you do not attach importance to the notes, the above says: "It is easy to make the cultivators sloppy, increase the difficulty of reviewing the manuscript, and make the zhishu prone to mistakes." "To the point. With the annotations contained, the main text is not easy to be fabricated like "whimsical". Liu Shaokuan said in "Rebuilding the Zhibao of Pingyang County": "As for the provenance of the deeds, I did not dare to write them in one word. Just like Du Fu's poem "no word and no place", this zhishu is a model work, and it is indeed worthy of borrowing from today's people. As for the "goodness of narrative", the preface to each volume of the Zhizhi was written concisely and brilliantly, so that Liu Shaokuan included these short texts in his "Sequel to Houzhuang Poetry" (see "Sequel" Volume I "Pingyang County Chronicle Title Order (Sub-catalogue Attached)").
Of course, this zhishu also has flaws, flaws that do not hide Yu, "gold has no feet, no one is perfect." For example, Governor Shen said in the "Preface to Pingzhi": "Liu Jun also said that the new "Zhi" is slightly more complicated, and will be divided into a compilation, although it is not as brief as the "Chaoyi" and "Wugong", and the addition of the matter is reduced, and the former Zhi is less written. Liu Shaokuan himself believes that this zhi is "slightly complicated", some more, and wants to simplify a book and continue to innovate.
Liu Shaokuan compiled the "Pingyang County Chronicle" of the Republic of China, from the age of forty-nine to the age of fifty-nine, it was precisely when he was rich and powerful, he had both the "three longs" of historical talent, historiography, and historical knowledge, and reproduced Shi De, together with Wang Lifu and his colleagues, for a whole decade, sharpened into a sword, and became a famous party.
Preface by Zhang Zongxiang, former ouhai daoyin and third president of Xiling Printing Society, for the Republic of China's "Pingyang County Chronicle" (selected first and last two pages)
Source: Wenhui Pingyang
Author: Chen Cheng
Editor-in-charge: Zhu Weiwei Review: Du Younan
Producer: Pan Ruibo Zheng Yueli
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