Nurhaci, in 1583, began his army with thirteen pairs of armor. He reigned for 11 years, unified the Jurchen ministries, and founded the Later Jin Dynasty. In the Battle of Ningyuan, he was injured by the red-clad cannons of the Ming Army, and later fell seriously ill and died at the age of 67.
Emperor Taiji, Nurhaci's eighth son, reigned for 17 years at the age of 51. In 1636, he declared himself emperor in Shenyang, established the Qing Dynasty, eliminated the potential help of the Ming Dynasty - Korea and Mongolia, and advanced the front line to the Shanhaiguan area, laying a solid foundation for the Qing Dynasty to enter the customs.
Shunzhi Emperor Fulin, son of Emperor Taiji, reigned for 18 years, the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the Customs, at the age of 23. After pro-government, the land enclosure movement was stopped, the law of escape was relaxed, and the Contradiction between Manchu and Han was eased. After his death, the Qing Dynasty was politically unstable until Kangxi was pro-government.
The Kangxi Emperor Xuan ye reigned for 60 years at the age of 68. Pacifying San Francisco, recovering Taiwan, expelling the Russian invasion, suppressing Geldan, and eliminating unrest in Tibetan areas were the beginning of the prosperous era of Kangqian. However, in the last years of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was corrupt, the national treasury was empty, and the Qing Dynasty was on the verge of turmoil.
The Yongzheng Emperor reigned for 13 years at the age of 57. Rectifying the rule of officials, dividing the land into the acres, creating the military aircraft department, creating the system of folding and folding, opening up the foreign ban, abolishing the waist beheading, punishing corruption, liberating the untouchables, pacifying Lobzang Danjin, and starting to send ministers to Tibet stabilized the unstable political situation in the late Kangxi period and laid the foundation for prosperity in the later Qianlong era. It can be said that "Kangxi is lenient, Qianlong is sparse, and if there is no Yongzheng rectification, the Manchu Qing dynasty is afraid of early decline and death." ”
The Qianlong Emperor, who reigned for 61 years at the age of 88, pushed the prosperity of Kangqian to the peak. Because he paid attention to the issue of official governance in the early and middle periods of his reign, the political situation of the Qing Dynasty was temporarily stable. At the same time, Qianlong also solved the frontier problems left over from the Kangxi Dynasty, such as Mongolia and Tibet. However, in the late Qianlong period, the corruption problem of the Qing Dynasty gradually became serious, and it was highly similar to the political situation in the last years of the Kangxi Dynasty. Subsequently, the Great White Lotus Sect Uprising, which affected Sichuan, Chu, Shaanxi, Yu, Gansu and other provinces, and lasted for nine years, broke out.
The Jiaqing Emperor reigned for 25 years at the age of 60. After succeeding to the throne, he eradicated Hezhen and proposed "Salt and Restoration". However, due to his personal ability and the qing Dynasty's deep shortcomings, in the face of the White Lotus Sect Uprising and the Rational Sect Uprising, although the Jiaqing Emperor repeatedly committed his own edicts, he still did nothing. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has begun to decline.
The Daoguang Emperor MinNing, who reigned for 30 years, was the only emperor of the Qing Dynasty to succeed him with the eldest son, at the age of 68. At the beginning of his reign, he was determined to revive, first quelling the rebellion of Zhang Ge in the Khanate of Kokand, and then ordering a ban on smoking. Subsequently, the Sino-British Opium War broke out, and the backward Qing Dynasty was defeated, and the era of land-cutting indemnities began. Daoguang knew that he was ashamed of his ancestors, and did not erect a monument of merit after his death.
The Xianfeng Emperor Yixuan reigned for 11 years at the age of 30. At the beginning of the succession, he was determined to cheer up and promote SuShun, Zeng Guofan and others who dared to take office. However, at this time, there was a Taiping Rebellion within the Qing Dynasty, and there was an invasion by the British and French allies outside, which made the Xianfeng Emperor, who was only able to be mediocre, stretched thin. On the eve of the fall of Beijing, the Xianfeng Emperor abandoned the city and fled to Rehe for refuge, and died in the Rehe Palace. Among his fellow travelers who fled the River of Rehe was the woman who could change China's modern history, Cixi.
The Tongzhi Emperor Zaichun reigned for 13 years at the age of 18. At the beginning of the Tongzhi Emperor's succession, he was still young, and was subjected to the government by Cixi and Empress Xianfeng. At this time, the international environment was relatively favorable to the Qing Dynasty. Germany and Italy were busy unifying, Russia was undergoing serf reforms, and Japan was sending officials around the world to learn from the experience of great powers. Therefore, the Tongzhi dynasty did not encounter foreign invasion similar to that of the father's reign, and carried out the foreign affairs movement, and the Qing Dynasty began to move towards modernization, known in history as "Tongzhi Zhongxing". Because he was subject to his mother Cixi, the Tongzhi Emperor, who was the son of heaven, began to subdue the indulgence of the people and died of venereal diseases.
The Guangxu Emperor reigned for 34 years at the age of 37. Before and after the succession, the Qing Dynasty successively won victories in the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion, the Twist Army Uprising, the Sino-French War, and the Battle to Recover Xinjiang. However, the reign of the Guangxu Emperor was the era when the Western powers divided the world. Subsequently, the Qing Dynasty first lost to Japan in the Sino-Japanese Battle of Jiawu and lost its hegemony in the Far East; later, it was defeated in the Eight-Power Alliance's war of aggression against China, and the compensation for land cutting reached the peak of the Qing Dynasty's history. In order to revive the national prestige, Guangxu launched a reform "Hundred Days Restoration", but lost to Cixi. In the end, he could only die before Cixi in the sunset of Yingtai.
Puyi, the Xuantong Emperor, succeeded to the throne in 1909 and abdicated in 1912. When Puyi succeeded to the throne, the Qing Dynasty was on the verge of extinction. In 1967, Puyi fell ill and died at the age of 61. He was first buried in Babaoshan and later moved to the Hualong Royal Cemetery near the Chongling (Guangxu Mausoleum) in the Qing Dynasty Mausoleum.