1. "Don't be a famous bully"
On April 23, 1949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, declaring the end of Kuomintang rule. Mao Zedong's mood could not be calm for a long time, thinking about the dispute between Chu and Han, and wrote the famous poem "Seven Laws: The People's Liberation Army Occupies Nanjing": "Zhongshan is windy and rainy, and a million heroes have crossed the river." The tiger is better than the past, and the world is turned upside down. It is advisable to chase the poor and the poor, and not to become the overlord of the famous school. If the heavens are full of love and the heavens are old, the right way in the world is vicissitudes. ”
In the poem, "It is advisable to chase the poor and the poor with courage, and not to become the overlord of the famous school", referring to the historical story of the Chu-Han dispute more than 2,000 years ago, which is to use the history of the Chu-Han struggle for the present, and to demand that the revolution be carried through to the end.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong repeatedly commented on Xiang Yu when speaking at conferences, talking to people, or writing articles, borrowing from the past to the present. In his speech at the enlarged Central Work Conference on January 30, 1962, Mao Zedong expounded the importance of promoting democracy, daring to listen to different opinions, and concentrating collective wisdom, and commented on Xiang Yu.
He pointed out: "As long as it is a major matter, it is necessary to discuss collectively, listen carefully to different opinions, and seriously analyze complex situations and different opinions. Be as cautious and thoughtful as possible. If not, it's a one-man domination. Such a first secretary should be called a hegemon, not a 'squad leader' of democratic centralism. Once upon a time, there was a Xiang Yu, called the Western Chu Bawang, who did not like to listen to the different opinions of others. He had a Fan Zeng there and gave him some ideas, but Xiang Yu didn't listen to Fan Zeng. "We now have some first secretaries, not even Liu Bang in the feudal era, but a bit like Xiang Yu." If these comrades do not change, they will eventually collapse. Isn't there a play called "Farewell to the Overlord"? If these comrades always do not change, it is inevitable that one day they will have to 'be ji' just. ”
Xiang Yu is a tragic figure, but he contributed to the overthrow of the violent Qin. He also had many advantages, especially his heroism has been admired by many posterity. Mao Zedong also proposed to learn from Xiang Yu's heroic integrity. On April 8, 1939, in a speech at the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University in Yan'an, he said: "Xiang Yu, the king of Chu, was a famous hero in China, and he committed suicide when there was no way, which was much better than Wang Jingwei and Zhang Guotao. But Xiang Yu still had a shortcoming, once upon a time there was a person who wrote a poem at the place where he committed suicide, asking him why you committed suicide, you can go to Jiangdong and summon another eight thousand soldiers to fight the world. We must not learn from Wang Jingwei and Zhang Guotao, we must learn the heroic integrity of Xiang Yu, but we must not commit suicide and work to the end. ”
2. Liu Bang: "A brilliant politician"
When Mao Zedong read the "History of Gao Zu Benji", he once wrote such a comment: "Xiang Wang is not a politician. The King of Han was a brilliant politician. ”
Why is Liu Bang a brilliant politician, and where is Liu Bang Gaoming? A conversation between Mao Zedong and Wu Lengxi answered the question. Wu Lengxi recalled:
On the evening of June 13, 1957, Chairman Mao asked Hu Qiaomu and me to talk to his residence, Zhongnanhai Fengzeyuan Juxiang Bookstore. When talking about how to run a newspaper, Chairman Mao made a long speech. Starting from the task of leadership, one is to make decisions and the other is to employ people, and he comments on the advantages and disadvantages of several emperors in the Han Dynasty. He praised Liu Bang for employing people. He said that Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, was stronger than Xiang Yu, the king of Western Chu, and that he had to make the right decisions and the second because he used people properly. According to historical records, when Liu Bang became emperor, he once asked his subjects: Why did he gain the world and Xiang Yu lost the world? The crowd responded differently. Liu Bang did not agree. At this time, Chairman Mao recited a passage said by Liu Bang in the "Records of History": "In the midst of the husband's planning and planning, the decisive victory is thousands of miles away, and I am not as good as the sub-room." The town and the country, care for the people, give rewards, and do not stop grain, I am not as good as Xiao He. Even with an army of millions, the battle will be won, the attack will be won, and I am not as good as Han Xin. These three are all masters, I can use them, so I take the world. Xiang Yu has a fan increase and cannot be used, which is thought to be my capture. ”
At the Central Work Conference on January 30, 1962, Mao Zedong answered Liu Bang's cleverness from another angle. Mao Zedong said after saying that "Xiang Yu did not listen to Fan Zeng's words": "Another person named Liu Bang, that is, Han Gaozu, who is more able to adopt various opinions. There was an intellectual named Li Shiqi who went to see Liu Bang. The first newspaper said that it was a reader, Confucius's faction. He replied: In the current military period, there is no Confucian life. He said to the man in charge of the concierge, "You roll me in and report that Lao Tzu is a Gaoyang drunkard, not a Confucian." The concierge went in and reported it again. Okay, please. Please go in. Liu Bang was washing his feet and rushed up to welcome him. Li Shiqi criticized Liu Bang for not seeing Ru Sheng's affairs, and there was still fire in his heart. He said, do you want to take the world, why do you despise the elders! At this time, Li Zhiqi was already in his sixties, and Liu Bang was younger than him, so he called himself an elder. Upon hearing this, Liu Bang apologized to him and immediately adopted Li Shiqi's opinion of seizing Chen Liu County. For this matter, see the "Chronicle of History" Li Sheng Lu Jia Lie biography. Liu Bang was a heroic figure in the feudal era who was called by historians as 'open-minded and generous, from the flow of advice'. Liu Bang fought with Xiang Yu for several years, and it was no accident that Liu Bang won and Xiang Yu lost. ”
Mao Zedong mentioned liu bang's ability to adopt the advice of others and "follow the advice like a stream". At the turning point of the Han Dynasty from weak to strong, Liu Bang heeded Zhang Liangzhi's advice and made Han Xin the King of Qi; after the Chu and Han dynasty drew a chasm, he listened to Zhang Liang and Chen Ping's advice and took advantage of the victory to pursue Xiang Yu, who was leading the army to the east; after Liu Bang became emperor, he wanted to build the capital Luoyang, listened to the advice of Liu Jing, a Qi man, and entered the capital Chang'an.
From the above two conversations, it can be seen that Mao Zedong believes that Liu Bang gaoming has at least four points, namely: making decisions on the right side, employing people properly, being open-minded and generous, and following advice.
3. Commenting on Cao Cao: "This case should be overturned"
Mao Zedong spoke highly of the supreme rulers of China's feudal society, none other than Qin Shi Huang And Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty. However, Mao Zedong's poetry evaluation of Qin Shi Huang and Emperor Wu of Han is eight words: "Qin Emperor Han Wu, slightly lost literary style." Mao Zedong's contribution to the unification of China by the Qin Emperor was fully affirmed by Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty in his outstanding martial arts in opening up territory, but he was critical and sighed about the fact that they had not left anything for posterity culturally and ideologically.
In Mao Zedong's mind, Cao Cao's contribution to unifying the country and opening up territory was not inferior to that of the Qin Emperor Han Wu, not only unifying the north and founding the state of Wei, but also laying the foundation for ending the division of the three kingdoms and unifying all of China. More importantly, Cao Cao's poetry, articles, military theories and other literary achievements were far beyond the reach of the Qin Emperor Han Wu. Mao Zedong once said to the staff around him: "I still like Cao Cao's poetry." Majestic, generous and sad, real man, big strokes. He also said to his children: "Cao Cao's articles and poems are extremely authentic, straight to the chest, open-minded and open-minded, and should be studied." ”
Mao Zedong not only liked Cao Cao's poems and articles, but also gave high praise to Cao Cao's historical merits.
On February 19, 1959, Guangming Daily published an article written by Zhai Bozan that should overturn Cao Cao's case, in which he talked about Cao Cao's "consistent unification of China as his political mission" and the effect of his conquest on the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty in the future. It is believed that "Cao Cao was not only the first-class politician, military figure and poet among the powerful and powerful of the Three Kingdoms, but also a prominent figure among the Chinese feudal ruling class." Mao Zedong said of the article: Both Cao Cao and Qin Shi Huang should restore their reputations, "Cao Cao unified the north and founded the state of Wei." At that time, the Yellow River Basin was the central region of the country. He reformed many of the evil governments of the Eastern Han Dynasty, curbed the strong and powerful, developed production, implemented the tun tian system, and also urged the opening up of wasteland, the implementation of the legal system, and the promotion of frugality, so that the society that had suffered great damage began to stabilize, recover, and develop. Shouldn't this be affirmed? Isn't that remarkable? Saying that Cao Cao was a white-faced traitor, writing this in the book, acting like this in the play, saying so by the common people, that is an unjust case created by feudal orthodoxy, and those reactionary scholars, they are the monopolists of feudal culture, and they write things to maintain feudal orthodoxy. This case is to be turned over."
Resourcefulness and judgment were an important working method advocated by Mao Zedong. At the Seventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, when Mao Zedong made a speech on "working methods," the first point was to talk about "being resourceful and making good decisions." He said: First, we must be resourceful, and second, we must be able to judge. At present, some comrades are not resourceful or good at judging, but are less strategic and arbitrary. Yuan Shao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan all had this shortcoming, all of which were indecisive, while Cao Cao was resourceful and decisive. We should not be dictatorial in our work, we should be resourceful, but we should also be judgmental, not resourceful, not resourceful, not too resourceful, not grasping the main points, not being righteous, this is not good.
Stressing reality without seeking false names is also an important ideological feature of Mao Zedong. This ideological characteristic is also related to Mao Zedong's historical wisdom drawn from Cao Cao. Mao Zedong praised "self-evident good articles" and especially agreed with Cao Cao's important idea of "not seeking false names and dealing with real disasters."
Just as mao zedong had profound criticism of Cao Cao, such as Cao Cao's defeat at Chibi. He said: In the Battle of Chibi, Cao Ying claimed 830,000 horses, but in fact there were only 200,000 or 300,000, and they were not familiar with water, and they were defeated by Sun Quan's men, not only because Kong Ming borrowed the East Wind. He also believed that chibi's failure to commit self-crime in the defeat did not conform to Cao Cao's stipulation that "those who defeat the army should be convicted of crimes". When he read the Book of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of Wei, "The Defeated Soldiers Atonement", he commented: "The defeat of Chibi will be borne by whom?" ”