The Sultan Mokoma of Khwarizm died on a small island in the Caspian Sea, but the expeditions of Subutai and Tetsubetsu did not stop, expeditions to today's Chincha steppe region, entered the Russian region for the first time, defeated the Grand Duke of Kievan Rus, the Chincha people were one of the Turkic-speaking peoples in Central Asia, the Arabs called the Aral Sea to the north of Ukraine chincha steppe, including today's southwestern Russia, Ukraine, most of Kazakhstan.
Chincha region
There are several theories about the reasons for the expeditions of Tebetsu and Chagatai to Chincha and Kievan Rus', but the "History Collection" says that at that time the northwestern conquest of Farazim was still very unstable, and it demanded that Subutai and Tetsubetsu settle the northwest region of Huarazimo within three years, and then return from the Chincha steppe back to the Mongolian plateau, which triggered the expeditions of Zhebetsu and Subutai to Chincha and Russia. Yuan Shi said that Genghis Khan pursued Kudu, the leader of the Qi'er Beggars, and Kudu fled to the Chincha region, where he was taken in by the King of Chincha, who sent people to beg for it, and if he did not hand it over, it would be a disaster, and as a result, the King of Chincha did not hand it over, which caused the expedition of Subutai and Zhebei.
While Sultan Mahamad was trapped on the isolated caspian island and surviving, the pursuing forces of The Farewell and Subutai were advancing towards Iraq. "They first captured Har and Simeon, and from there they marched towards the city of Lieyi." The ruins are a few kilometers south of Tehran.
After Mahmud's death, the Mongol army marched from Razak to Qom, an important city south of Tehran. According to the "History of the Mongols of Dosan", "When Jebetsu entered Kum with an army, the Muslims in the army, believing that the inhabitants of the city belonged to the Ali faction, advised Zhebei not to slaughter them, and Zhebei killed his men and captured his women and children. "At this time, the Hua lazi mo people were still engaged in factional disputes, borrowing the hands of the Mongols to solve heresies, and it was unreasonable for Hua Lazi to touch them.
The latter shall not march on Hamadan, "the Hamadan chieftain surrendered, offered water, slaves, food, clothing, and riding as tribute, and was administered by a Mongol official." So the Mongol army left.
At this time, he did not receive news that "most of the Sultan's army had been concentrated in Sozath", so he led his army to attack the enemy there and annihilated them all. From there they then came to Zanzhang, an important city north of Sarzath, on the road to Azerbaijan, with twice as many inhabitants as the other cities, and as a result were killed by the Mongol army.
Soon, they marched from Zanzhang to Kejieyun, "fiercely fighting with the Kejieyun people and taking the city down." However, the residents of The Cloud of Diseases fought a white-knife battle in the city as usual, resulting in a total of 50,000 deaths on both sides." In short, the Mongolian army waged a large-scale war in Iraq and its vicinity to ensure peace.
In the winter of 1220, the Mongol army entered the territory of Azerbaijan. At that time, the local dynasty of Adabi ruled here. In 1146, the King of Iraq made one of his Turkic slaves Adabi, the equivalent of "Taifu", responsible for governing Azerbaijan. Soon, this Adabi became the king of the land, and from then on the word "Adabi" also means "king". Its capital was Tabriz, the capital of the present-day East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Later, it became the capital of the Ilkhanate of the Hulagu Dynasty.
Tabriz
During the expedition, azerbaijan's Adabi was named Chosibetsu, known as the Turkic king Yue jibo. Yue Jibo was old and drunk, nostalgic for spending days and drinking, and did not want to use force to confront the Mongolian army. As soon as he heard the news of the Mongol army's march toward Thebilis, he took refuge elsewhere with some of his cronies and palace ladies, and ordered the nobles and officials in the city to make peace with the Mongols. These nobles and officials extorted a large amount of money, clothing, horses and livestock, etc. from the city people and offered them to the Mongolian army as a city donation fee, so Thebris received a copy of Genghis Khan's proclamation and was not slaughtered and plundered by the Mongolian army. The Mongol army then withdrew from the Argyle-Byzantine territory and was stationed in muganyuan on the caspian sea coast.
The mugan steppe was located south of the Arras River on the west bank of the Caspian Sea, most of what is now part of Azerbaijan. According to Dosan, the Mongol army set out from the Mugan steppe and invaded Georgia, defeating 10,000 People in Georgia and killing most of the enemy.
This was the first attack of the Mongol army on Grunia, and the reason why the Mongols were able to win this war was mainly due to the enthusiastic "recruitment" of the Turkic barbarians and the Qu'ertes, and to the "burning" and "force battle" of this forward army. Here, religious contradictions, local ethnic contradictions, became favorable conditions that the Mongols could take advantage of.
In the autumn of 1221, the Mongol army returned to the north and came to the city of Thebris for the third time. King Adabiyue of Azerbaijan, the son of His holiness, surrendered, and the Mongols distributed him seals and wooden tablets.
Within the autumn of 1220 to the autumn of 1221, the expeditionary forces of Jibei and Subutai swept Iraq, defeated Gu'er, and the three Lin thethis were subjugated to Azerbaijan, thus relieving the Worries of the Mongol army's march into Chincha.
After leaving Azerbaijan, he first entered the Arran region. Located in a delta south of the Caucasus Mountains and formed by the confluence of the Kura and Arras rivers, it is called "the kingdom of Alebanis" in ancient Western texts. Most of it is in the territory of present-day Azerbaijan, and part of it belongs to Armenia.
The Mongol army attacked the city all the way, and in October 1221 marched to the city of Baylehan. "Baylehan", whose ruins are called "Miller Baylor Han", is southeast of present-day Shusha. Bailehan "had no stones outside the city", and the Mongolian army "cut down large trees to replace cannon stones", quickly captured the city, and "continued north to Shirivan, a local dynasty on the west bank of the Caspian Sea, north of the Kula River, and now part of the Azerbaijani state."
Its capital is the city of Shemaha. The monarch at that time was ShiriwangShafaru Heith. The locals learned from the locals that the Taihe Mountains are steep and that there is only one passage between the Taehwa Mountains and the Caspian Sea to enter the Chinchabu garrison, which is the city of Taelban in the territory of Sheriwang, which is a large city on the northern border of the region, known as the Iron Gate Pass, and is now a famous port on the Sea of Azerbaijan.
It was a must for north-south travel and was a famous commercial city at the time. On the way to Taelban, the Mongol army first captured Shemaha, the capital of Shiriwang, but Tarban had a fortified and strong pass. In order to pass through the ear class smoothly, they sent men to make peace with King Sherivan, saying, "You send a few people to conclude a contract with us!" So King Sherivan sent ten emissaries to meet him. As a result, the Mongols threatened the emissaries to kill you if they did not tell us the road to Tarban, and the noble emissaries were afraid of death, telling the Mongols that they could bypass the fortified Tarban Pass along the valley. So the Mongols successfully smuggled themselves into the Tarban, crossed the Caucasus Mountains, and entered the Chincha garrison.
Mountain passes in the Caucasus Mountains
Chincha is found in the vast steppe chincha steppe north of the Caspian Sea, from the Ural Sea in the east to the Don River in the west, and is called "Chincha" by Islamic writings. The Chincha belonged to the Turkic-speaking tribe, and at that time most of the people were Muslim, some were Christian, and the Alans were Christian. After the Mongolian army crossed the mountain pass of the Caucasus Mountains, it immediately encountered the joint resistance of the Caucasian Chincha and the Alan tribes, the coalition forces were numerous, the two sides fought fiercely, "stalemate", and the victory or defeat was undecided.
At this time, Jibei and Subutai adopted the strategy of dividing and disintegrating and taking advantage of contradictions, and sent emissaries to meet the leaders of the Chincha tribe to carry out anti-inter-cultural activities. They said to the Chincha people, "We are from the same tribe as you, from the same clan, the Arans are our dissidents, let us conclude a non-aggression pact, you want gold, clothes, we give them to you, the Alans leave it to us to deal with." ”
The Chincha people listened to the sweet words of the Mongol emissaries and coveted the mongols' treasures, so they spoke to the Mongols alone and made an armistice. The Mongol army concentrated on attacking the at-Azov departments, and the athod departments were defeated and subjected to "predestined plunder and massacre."
At that time, "the Chincha people believed in the peace they had concluded, and they scattered in their own region without any worries," and the soldiers, with a great deal of money and possessions, went happily to their homes. But not long after, "the Mongols suddenly attacked them, saw one by one, and regained their belongings." Many Chincha became ghosts under the sword of the Mongol army, and the looting of the Mongol army greatly exceeded the property sent during the peace talks.
The Chincha steppe was suddenly attacked by Mongol troops, and the Chincha were forced to leave their original positions and move west to the Chincha between the Volga and Dnieper rivers, hoping to get their assistance. The Mongol army occupied the watery and grassy Chincha steppe and spent a harsh winter in the heart of the Chincha steppe.
In the spring of 1223, the Mongols continued their pursuit of the Chincha and marched to the present-day Crimean Peninsula, capturing the city of Sapolosh. The Chincha gathered their armies to meet the Mongols, and as their leaders fled, many lost their lives and the Chincha were forced to flee in the direction of the Dnieper.
The Mongols fought the Chincha
Nomadic in the Chincha divisions west of the Dnieper River, the divisions were nomadic, and each khan was established, of which the Kutan Khan had the highest prestige. He found the situation critical and hurried to ask the Russians for help. At that time, Russia was in the midst of an era of vassalage, divided into several principalities.
Among them, the Mstyslav Yong of the Marquis of Garic was the son-in-law of Kutan Khan. Kutan Khan sent his men to say to Marquis Garicyong: "Today the Mongols have swept away our land, and tomorrow they will attack your land." Marquis Garic yong wrote separately to the princes of Roth, proposing to gather in Kiev to discuss the changing situation.
The letter said: "Brothers, if we do not help them, the Chincha people will be wiped out by the Mongols, and the Mongols will become more powerful." He pointed out the dangers of the alliance between the Chincha and the Mongols and the need to support the Chincha. But some Russian princes rarely considered russia's overall fate and cared only about their own interests. Therefore, not all the princes responded to the call of Marquis Garic. In any case, some grand dukes of southern Russia, which bordered Chincha, felt the threat of cold lips and teeth, and finally gathered in Kiev and decided to unite with chincha to resist the Mongol army. They said, "It's better to be in someone else's land than to face it in your own land." ”
The Mongols repeated the old tactics against the Chincha and Azov, sending emissaries to the Russian Grand Duke that we "have no intention of violating the Russian ministries, and only their neighbors are the ones who are consulted." In fact, this part of the past invaded the Luosi department for many years, and should take advantage of this period to seek revenge, unite with the Mongol army, and share the same capture. And on the religious side, the Mongols believe in only one God, and they should especially marry each other to worship the idolatrous Chinchaya." This time, Grand Duke Huluosi did not take the mongols as a fool, killed ten Mongol emissaries, and took advantage of the situation to march.
The combined forces of the Russian grand dukes had a fatal weakness, and their "army, though very large, was of a feudal and scattered character: the command was not uniform, each marquis fought his own battle, and any feudal lord could withdraw from the battlefield at will." This leads to serious consequences."
The Mongols found the enemy strong and took the initiative to retreat to the steppes in the rear. "The Chincha and the Russians, thinking they were afraid, retreated, and pursued the Mongols forward for twelve days." On May 31, 1223, the light enemy's adventurous Gallich Yonghou led part of the combined army of Churoth and the Chincha army to contact the main Force of the Mongol Army at the Calgarh River, and the two armies fought a major battle, which is the famous Battle of the Calgarh River in history.
The Mongols fought the Russian princes
On the eve of the outbreak of this great armageddon concerning the survival of both sides, contradictions arose within the Russian coalition forces. Kiev Hou was the leader of the Russian coalition, and Garic Yonghou was the actual organizer of this coalition, who defeated the Poles and Hungarians in every battle, so he was called a brave man and a victorious man. The principle of "two males and two males" suddenly came into play when the unity of both sides was needed, and both of them looked down on each other, resulting in quarrels and discord.
Therefore, when The Marquis of Garic and chincha attacked the Mongol army, the Grand Duke of Kiev did not move, and the soldiers on the high post on the other side of the Calgarh River adopted the attitude of schadenfreude and inaction of watching the fire from the other side of the river and sitting on the mountain to watch the tiger fight. In the heat of the battle, the Chincha army retreated and broke through the camps of the Rus' princes, and the Russian princes were recently unable to resist the Mongols.
But the military strength was uneven, because Kiev's Hometis Slav did not go into battle: he held his own position on the hill opposite the Calgarh River, and stood by and watched the collapse of the Rus' warriors." The allied forces of the Roths were defeated, the six Grand Dukes were killed on the spot, and the Marquis of Garic and Daniel of Warren escaped the Dnieper River, destroying all the remaining ships and preventing the Mongol army from crossing the river. "And the rest of the sergeants fled home in droves."
After defeating the Russian princes, the Mongol army surrounded the camp of the Kiev Hou and besieged him for three days. The Marquis of Kiev could not support him and was forced to surrender, demanding that the Mongols not kill him and his two sons-in-law. The Mongols and emissaries of the Marquis of Kiev swore an oath to the Heavenly Covenant and released him back to the camp. However, after the surrender of the Kiev Hou, the Mongols broke their promise, and all the warriors of Choros were killed, and the Kiev Hou and his kings were also tied up and thrown to the ground. The Mongols put a layer of wooden planks on them, and then held a celebration feast on the wooden planks, and the grand dukes and their generals tragically ended their lives amid the laughter of the Mongols. The first battle between the combined forces of Huroth and Chincha and the Mongols ended in a crushing defeat.
After the Battle of the Calgarh River, the Mongol army drove straight into the territory of Choros, and there were no more resistance along the way. From the Dnieper to the northern shore of the Black Sea, all the way to the Crimean Peninsula, looting the Genoese who were doing business. At the end of 1223, Tsubetsu and Subeertai crossed the Lower Volga and Ural rivers and conquered the nomadic Kangli people east of the Ural River. Subsequently, they led an army across the Yemiri River back to Mongolia.
On this expedition, Tebetsu and Subutai drove more than 8,000 kilometers, defeating the Persians, Caucasians, Turks, and Russians. What's more, they brought back valuable intelligence about these people in places where people were vulnerable. Because of this, 20 years later, Genghis Khan's heir Wokoutai would order Subutai to lead the eldest sons of the kings on a second expedition to the west.
bibliography
History of the Dosan Mongols
History of Russia
A History of the Conquerors of the World
Collected History