The Mongol army, after attila the Huns, became a new nightmare for Europeans, and Washington called Genghis Khan, the leader of the Mongol army, "the whip of the world," a veritable "king of mankind." Among the many branches of the Mongol army, the lightly armed Mongol cavalry once frightened the Europeans.
Battle of the Sayo River
The Battle of the Sayo River on the banks of the Sayo River in Hungary was the first confrontation between the Eastern and Western cavalry, the European cavalry and the heavily armored infantry had no power to fight back, the Hungarian king fled alone, and some of the effects of Eastern Europe and Central Asia were scattered, and this battle broke the silence of European society.
Fuse: The entanglement of the Mongol army with the Khalazi mold
Although the Mongol army had the characteristics of nomadic peoples who plundered for a living, they did not go around fighting aimlessly, because the Mongol nobles in the early 13th century focused on the Central Plains and wanted to quickly unify the Central Plains and establish a legal Central Plains Dynasty. However, a very fortuitous murder of a Mongol caravan turned Genghis Khan's attention to Central Asia, pushing him to embark on a long western expedition.
The Mongol army's western expedition not only allowed subjective conditions, but also very sufficient objective conditions. First, the Mongol ruling class in 1234 in the Southern Song Dynasty joined forces to destroy the Tiger-eyed Jin Dynasty, which eliminated the Mongols' fears of expeditions.
Mongol positions
After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty still had one breath to hang on, and there was nothing to be afraid of; secondly, there were many descendants of Genghis Khan, and each of them had the courage to fight well, and there were many people like Batu and Subutai; finally, at this time, the relationship between Huarazimo and the Mongol regime deteriorated because of the murder of The Mongol caravan. Thus, the Mongols embarked on an expedition to Europe.
In 1218, when the Mongol caravans were completely destroyed by looting in the territory of Huarazimo, the Mongol nobles were shocked, and the relationship between the Huarazm state and the Mongol regime gradually turned cold. After the massacre, King Farazim did not satisfy Genghis Khan with his handling of the situation, especially since Farazim killed the Mongol emissaries who came to negotiate peace when relations between the two countries turned cold.
So the Mongol nobles, represented by Genghis Khan's Mongols, decided to wage war and wash away the shame. In just two years, the Mongol army defeated the Hwarazm, washing away the shame of the day, and the Mongol army won a complete victory.
The victory in the War of Khalazim washed away the humiliation of the killing of Mongol merchants and emissaries and increased the prestige of the Mongol regime. However, the victory of this war had a profound impact on the Mongols' western expedition, which directly became the driving force for the Mongol army to march westward, because the Mongols fully realized that their military strength should not be limited to attacking the weak Central Plains.
After that, the Mongol army, led by Genghis Khan and his descendants, marched westward, and in the process of conquest, Genghis Khan's grandson Battus was the most famous, and the collision of eastern and western cavalry also occurred in the course of the Battus Western Expedition.
In 1236, the Great Khan Wokoutai ordered the Batu West Expedition, with Batu as the commander, and the grandsons of Genghis Khan showed their own skills in this western expedition, each leading the army from the area where the army was stationed, and finally the multi-way army was concentrated in the Volga region and began a formal expedition westward.
After the Mongol army entered Central Asia, it broke the enemy and coerced and lured everything, and the alliance between the princes of Central Asia and Eastern Europe was scattered like sand without blowing.
Contest: Mongol armies sweep through The European cavalry
In 1240, the Mongol army attacked Mazar (present-day Hungary) in three ways. However, at this time, Hungary was facing a situation of political chaos, which provided favorable conditions for the Batu Western Expedition, on the one hand, the contradiction between the king and the nobles became increasingly acute, and the nobles demanded to limit the power of the king, and the king demanded to strengthen his own power, so the domestic struggles arose one after another.
On the other hand, there are many nationalities in the kingdom, and the places of residence are scattered, and the requirements for power and national independence are different, so the national contradictions in the country are very serious, and it is even more difficult to unify in the face of foreign enemies.
The Mongol armies marched through Central Asia and Eastern Europe, and the Yuan Shi (元史) reads: "Attack the city of Vultures, conquer them for three days, and take as much as Uluth's army has taken." Through the Mount Khazar, the lord of the Attack Mazar tribe was cowardly.
Subutai was the vanguard, and he was separated from the five kings Batu, Wuliwu, Xiban, and Hadan. After a bloody battle, the Mongol army finally approached the city of Pest, and several Mongol armies gathered near the city of Pest and completed the siege of the city of Pest, and the war between the two sides was about to break out.
In the face of internal contradictions in Hungary, King Bella IV had no choice but to gather a hundred thousand troops to defend the city, but refused to fight the brave Mongol army.
His heart pinned his hopes on the Danube, believing that the Mongol army could not cross the Danube and attack the city of Pest. Helplessly, the Hungarian army has been unable to avoid fighting, and Su Butai decided to lure the enemy with a plan, and the "History of the Yuan" contains:
SuButai said: "The people who live in the city are not tolerant of labor, and they can work hard, and the war can be won." ”
So He pretended to lead a retreat in order to lure Bella IV into luring Magyar's army out of Pest.
The Mongol army had been retreating backwards, and finally stopped near the SaiYue River, and Bella IV, believing that his plan to hold the city had worked and had left the Mongol army stranded and exhausted, decided to seize the opportunity to attack the Mongol army that was "sleepy and poor".
Upon learning of Beira IV's plan, the Mongol army launched a direct frontal attack on the Hungarian army, with Batu leading the Mongol army to forcibly cross the river, and other branches of the Mongol army circling behind it and combining to encircle the Hungarian army. In the end, the Mongol army won the battle with heavy casualties, and the Hungarian army suffered heavy casualties.
In this war, the Mongol army took advantage of the mobility of the cavalry and took advantage of the internal crisis in Magyar to launch an attack, making the Mongol army a nightmare for Europeans after Attila. At this point, the first contest between the East and the West's cavalry ended with the victory of the fierce and light Mongol cavalry, and the other aspects of the east and west were far from over.
summary
When the world mentions Tang Zong and Song Zu, they all lament the strength of the country and the vastness of the territory, but they have never been able to compete with the countries on the other side of the continent for cavalry, even if the Tang Dynasty's Russian war has always stayed at the level of encounter and then retreat.
The Battle of the Sayo River between the Mongol army and the Western cavalry at Magyar showed the majesty of the Mongol Iron Horse, and the Mongols defeated the heavily armored infantry of the Europeans and became the new heroes of Eurasia at that time.
The victory at the Battle of the Sayo River demonstrated the wisdom of the descendants of Genghis Khan represented by Battus and Subutai, especially the surprise soldiers of Subutai, who lured Bella II out of the city, indicating that the Mongol conquest was a perfect combination of wisdom and military strength.
Although the Mongols had many branches and Genghis Khan had many descendants, the sons were still able to unite under Genghis Khan, so much so that Napoleon in the 19th century exclaimed: "I am not as good as Genghis Khan, and his four tiger sons are all vying for it."
bibliography
1. "Prairie Empire"
2. The Biography of Genghis Khan
3. "Yuan Shi (Biography of The Rapid Cloth Tai Column)"
4. "Genghis Khan and the Formation of today's World"