Do you remember the Zunyi meeting? So, what was the background of this meeting? In the meeting, whose military command mistakes were the focus of the change? And what happens after these corrected commanders?
One: Lishan language strikes midnight, and the tears and rain ring bells will not complain at all
First of all, you can recall the time of the Zunyi Conference, which was an important enlarged meeting held in January 1935 in Zunyi, Guizhou, so it was called the Zunyi Conference and an important meeting of the Communist Party of China. It has been hailed as an extremely turning and important meeting in the history of the development of the Communist Party of China.
So, what was the background of the Zunyi conference? It was a major meeting held after Li De, Bogu and others made mistakes in left-leaning leadership and military command, so that the Red Army experienced the failure of the 5th anti-encirclement and suppression campaign, and encountered difficult developments in the early stages of the Long March.
Then, how important is the Zunyi conference? Even when students study junior high school history, the Zunyi conference will be mentioned in textbooks about the development of the Chinese Communist Party, which shows how important this meeting is. In this meeting, Li De's life also ushered in a relatively big turn.
Before the Zunyi Conference, When Li De led the Red Army, he was equivalent to a high commander in military command. However, after the Zunyi Conference, Li De's importance within the Red Army slowly declined. So, who is Li De? What happened to him after the Zunyi Conference? What about his final outcome?
Li De was not Chinese, he was born in Munich, Germany. But in the history of the Red Army, he served as a military intelligence officer of the Comintern in China. Li De was born in 1900, the year his country also sent troops to join the Eight-Power Alliance.
After being born in Germany, Li De also received a relatively good education. In 1933, when the Provisional Central Committee was forced to leave Shanghai and plan to go to the Central Soviet Region, Li De was already an adviser, and he was sent to Ruijin to command the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
After Li De came to the Soviet zone, his ideas were also good at the beginning, and he hoped that the Chinese revolution would make relatively good progress. But he did a favor, not only by inventing a theory, but also by wanting Chinese to directly copy what the Red Army had done in the course of the revolutionary movement.
You can see that the autumn harvest uprising is a typical example, the Soviets were taking the route of encircling the countryside by the city, but the autumn harvest uprising in Chinese was to surround the city with the countryside. Why didn't our army copy the soviet practice? It is precisely because of the Chinese revolution that we must make decisions in light of our own real situation.
This led to a series of heavy losses caused by Li De when commanding the Red Army, the most typical of which was the failure of the 5th anti-encirclement and suppression campaign. Everyone also knows that the failure of the 5th anti-encirclement and suppression directly led to the Red Army being forced to withdraw from the Central Soviet Zone and then embarking on the road of the Long March.
However, at the beginning of the Long March, Li De's position as a planning decision-making power in the Red Army was also unshakable. He is also one of the typical trio members. Although Li De was of high status, his military command still bore the shadow of a serious left-leaning error. So what does Li De's style look like in the process of conducting?
He pays more attention to two aspects, the first aspect is to overemphasize the need for confidentiality. For example, if he wants to do something, he will keep it a secret so that no one else knows, if the bottom personnel do not know it, it does not matter, but the senior leaders who support the implementation of the strategy, if they are not involved in Li De's three-person group, then they are likely to be completely unaware of these latest news.
Therefore, as long as this secrecy is excessive, it will produce wrong guidance for strategic transfer, and it will not make the political mobilization that should be expected to be active. In the second aspect, he is also typical of escapism.
In fact, although the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army encountered many difficulties in the early course of the movement, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army did not choose to flee, and desertion was also a phenomenon that was not allowed within the organization. But it should be known that Li De was just the opposite, he was a typical passive and war-avoidant escapist, so that under his leadership, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army encountered many battles in the early days and fled without fighting.
This made the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army even more difficult under his leadership, and it was also greatly traumatized. So does Reed really have no advantage at all? Looking back at Li De's story, everyone will find that he is also an internationally recognized advanced revolutionary movement.
Li De had joined the German Communist Party in World War 1, so he was also the first revolutionary to accept Communist Party ideas internationally. In 1918, Li De also participated in the creation of the Bagllian Soviet, which means that Among the earliest senators of Soviet power, There was Li De.
Because his status is highly respected internationally, he is very active in the international arena. In 1926, Li De's communist status forced the German government to develop a sense of crisis, so Li De completely withdrew from his status as a Soviet activist. Eventually, he was arrested and imprisoned by the German government.
So from the beginning of this year, Liede was basically out of touch with German politics. Li De was forced to plan an escape. Then, two years later, Li De finally managed to escape from prison and escape germany with the help of international Communists. He later traveled to the Soviet Union to study at the Military Academy until he returned in 1932.
Then the Executive Committee of the Communist International sent him on important military tasks, for example, he was sent to the Chinese region by the Executive Committee of the Communist International. Finally, he worked at the Far East Bureau in Shanghai, where he served as the Executive Committee of the Communist International.
In its early days, the Red Army, in all its aspects, both ideologically and in movement, studied the Soviet model. This led to the red army of workers and peasants in a passive state in its early days, often at the disposal of the Executive Committee of the Communist International.
Therefore, in 1933, the Provisional Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was forced to quickly relocate from Shanghai to the Central Soviet Region during the anti-encirclement and suppression campaign. In the process of this relocation, Li De came to Ruijin as an international central military adviser.
Because the passivity of the early workers' and peasants' Red Army was too strong, the speed of development was relatively slow, and the state at that time was still relatively naïve. Therefore, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army handed over the final military decision-making power to Li De. And Li De also had no fear because he served as a representative of the Executive Committee of the Communist International.
Li De directly transformed what the Soviet Union had done into verbal theories and then imposed them on the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Immediately after that, he commanded the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army to fight, so that because of his wrong command, he caused heavy losses to the Red Army, which directly triggered the failure of the 5th anti-encirclement and suppression campaign. In the end, the Central Soviet Zone could not be saved, and our army could only be forced to embark on the Long March.
In this way, the time turned to January 1935. The Provisional Central Committee finally held an important enlargement meeting in Zunyi, Guizhou, and decided to formally abolish the three-member regiment. Therefore, Bogu and Li De and others will no longer have decision-making power over the military leadership of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and Li De still wants to participate in the central political conference after losing his military command.
But since his speech was still left-leaning, slowly the Provisional Central Committee stopped inviting him to important enlarged meetings. It should be noted that the Zunyi Conference was held in January 1935, but after the Zunyi Conference, Li De was not immediately sent back to his own motherland by the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.
After all, he could no longer stay in Germany, so the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army could not make a decision on Li De's whereabouts at that time. Five months later, Li De attended the enlarged meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee held by our army at the mouth of the Two Rivers. At that time, he finally issued a positive speech, saying that he would explicitly support the central government in going north to resist Japan, and that he would oppose Zhang Guotao going south.
In October 1935, Li De also accompanied the Red Army on the Long March, and finally reached northern Shaanxi, and participated in a series of battles. But his command within the Red Army was almost zero, and by August 1939 he had left Yan'an altogether, but he had returned not to Germany but to Moscow in the Soviet Union.
After returning to Moscow, Li De received hospitality from the Soviet government because of his previous communist credentials. In his superior life, Li De did not continue to engage in politics or participate in military development. But because Ofte has experienced a lot of things, he has also participated in many speeches, and has also compiled what he has seen, heard and experienced into a book and published it smoothly.
For example, in 1973, the Soviet Union published the "Chronicle of China" and included some of the things he experienced in China. With his lectures and books, Li De's life in Moscow was not bad. In August 1974, Li De returned to East Germany, but due to poor health, he died of illness in East Germany soon after.
Two: How to be bo lucky Jinyi Lang, than the wings and branches of the day wish
If you look at it according to the traditional concept of Chinese, he can also be regarded as a leaf falling back to his roots, and he is fortunate not to die in a foreign country. Although Li De's copying of the trajectory of the Soviet Movement in the early course of commanding the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army led to many mistakes, there were also some positive points in Li De's body.
For example, the only Westerner who completed the entire Long March was him. As a foreign Communist, he also reviewed the early development experience of the Chinese Red Army and repeatedly commented positively on the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the book.
He said: The Red Army has made tremendous sacrifices for the cause of the Chinese revolution. Politically, the Red Army resisted the main force of the enemy forces, which had a strong advantage. It also broke through the stubborn encirclement of the enemy army many times. In the face of hundreds of harassments by the enemy, the Red Army created indelible merits and demonstrated the great bravery, perseverance and revolutionary enthusiasm of the peasant army.
So what about Reed's personal life after his return to the Soviet Union? In fact, in Li De's story, there have been two heroines. Li De's first wife, Xiao Yuehua, was born in 1910 and is a native of Guangdong, China.
Xiao Yuehua also participated in the 25,000-mile Long March of the Red Army, and she served as the women's minister of the trilateral prefectural committee. After the founding of new China in 1949, Xiao Yuehua was assigned to the Hunan Highway Bureau as the head of the secretarial section.
Speaking of the story between Xiao Yuehua and Li De, we must start from the needs of the revolution. At that time, in order to achieve better development, the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army made a political decision, saying that it would select a woman with advanced ideas from within the organization to marry Li De.
Finally, after repeated selections, Xiao Yuehua stood out. Although Xiao Yuehua himself did not like Li De, because the two were incompatible in terms of culture, ideology and even political stance, Xiao Yuehua agreed to the organization's proposal for the sake of revolutionary needs.
In the end, the two not only received a marriage license, but also gave birth to a son shortly after marriage. However, Li De is not very good to Xiao Yuehua, because he also hooked up with actress Li Lilian outside in the case of poor handling of the husband and wife's feelings. In the end, Xiao Yuehua reported everything to the organization truthfully.
In the end, things got bigger and there was no way to end it. And Li De's attitude is also very clear, he wants to be with the female star Ms. Li. So when Xiao Yuehua applied for marriage, Li De also agreed. In 1935, Lyd's position in the trio was weakened, and he finally returned to the Soviet Union in 1939.
Therefore, Xiao Yuehua completely lost contact with him, and Xiao Yuehua also obtained custody of his son after divorcing Li De. At the same time, he received a child support payment. In the process of educating future generations, Xiao Yuehua did not want his son to continue to engage in politics, so Xiao Yuehua and Li De's son was also very low-key in later life, and he lived an ordinary life.
After the founding of New China, Xiao Yuehua's political achievements also became more and more outstanding. She was also awarded the rank of colonel in 1960 and a member of the Fourth Cppcc Committee of Hunan Province in 1976. It was not until 1982 that he officially retired, but in his later years, Xiao Yuehua left many sequelae because he had bravely killed the enemy on the battlefield. In the end, Xiao Yuehua died of illness in Guangzhou in November 1983.
So, what is the ending after the female star Li Lilian, who haunted Li De's soul? Born in 1914, Li Lilian was originally an actress and later became Li De's second wife. Li Lilian served as an assistant professor in the music department of Lu Xun Art Institute during the Yan'an Revolution. In 1939, Li De needed to leave Yan'an for the Soviet Union. But because the visa problem has not been solved well, Li Lilian cannot go to Moscow with her husband Li De.
In this way, Li Lilian was left in China by Li De, and they never saw each other again. After the founding of new China, Li Lilian served as the minister of the National Women's and Children's Work Department and the Ministry of Foreign Liaison, but her marital status is unknown. Eventually, Li Lilian died of illness in Beijing in April 1965.
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