Ye Shengzhou
On the eve of the "September 18" incident, Zheng Zhenduo told Gu Jiegang, "Rumors in Shanghai that there are three backstage bosses in the education circles in Beiping, one Hu Shizhi, one Fu Mengzhen, and one Gu Jiegang." The three bosses are all strong and strong, each according to one side, and is famous in the academic circles of the country. Hu Shiyou is the dean of the College of Letters of Peking University, serves as the director of the China Education and Culture Foundation, and masters the Meigeng money; Fu Sinian has an institution, through the Institute of History and Language, grasping Hu Shi's Mei Geng money with one hand, and Zhu Jiahua and Hang Liwu's YingGeng money with the other hand; Gu Jiegang has achievements, is good at running academic journals, and can produce academic achievements.
The styles of the three bosses to recruit "employees" also have their own advantages, "Hu Shi is attractive by his name, Fu Sinian takes advantage of the situation to dig people, and Gu Jiegang is moved by emotion." Boss Fu and Boss Gu are the same window of Peking University and the cadres of the New Culture Movement, fighting side by side in the Xinchao Society, and preparing for the Institute of Language and History of Sun Yat-sen University and the Institute of History and Language of the Academia Sinica. Regrettably, the two are irreconcilable in contradiction and go against each other. Fu Sinian was domineering and leaked sideways, and successively broke up with Lu Xun and Gu Jiegang.
Lu Xun ran away from Sun Yat-sen University in a negative mood
Lu Xun's prejudice against Gu Jiegang was extremely deep, and he was like water and fire, and repeatedly mocked and attacked Gu: "The sinister nature of this generation will not change, and naturally it will soon be excluded and smuggled. Gu Jiegang has a red nose, commonly known as "rosacea". In his private correspondence, Lu Xun often unkindly referred to Gu as "red nose", "nose", and "red nose"; he even referred to Gu Evil as "syphilis", saying that "it is not incompatible with the nose, and it is like a syphilis fungus, which is really upside down".
Lu Xun
At the end of 1921, Lu Xun introduced in "A Q's True Biography and Preface" that the name of "A Q" was "Ah Gui or Ah Gui?" "I only hope that the disciples of Mr. Hu Shizhi, who has a 'history fetish and a proclivity of evidence', will be tested in the future." Gu Jiegang's daughter Gu Chao responded in the book "The End of the Disaster: My Father Gu Jiegang", "This is to ridicule hu Shi's "Examination of the Dream of the Red Chamber" in the spring of that year, and his father helped him search for historical materials such as Cao Xueqin's family lineage. ”
In the novel "Li Shui", Lu Xun also portrayed a ridiculous "Mr. Bird's Head", "the tip of the nose is swollen red", "the nose is red to purple", "the ear chakra and the tip of the nose are red", alluding to the irony. The so-called "bird's head" is split from the word "Gu" (Gu). According to the Shuowen Jiezi, "hired" is the bird name, and "頁" originally means head. Lu hated Gu so much that he repeatedly made personal attacks based on his physical characteristics, mainly because of a public case involving the history of modern Chinese literature.
The "History of the Chinese Novel" is Lu Xun's original historical masterpiece, for example, a sharp criticism of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" "wants to show Liu Bei's length and thickness and seems to be false, like Zhuge Zhizhi's wisdom and near demon". After Lu Xun's death, Su Xuelin viciously attacked him. Hu Shi, who was often scolded by Lu Xun, still defended Lu impartially: "He has his own strengths. For example, his early literary works, such as his study of the history of the novel, are all superior work. Gu Jiegang believes that this book quotes the Japanese scholar Shioya Wen's "Speech on the Introduction to Chinese Literature", but does not indicate that it is suspected of plagiarism, informing Lu Xun's opponent Chen Yuan (according to the pen name Chen Xiying). On January 30, 1926, Chen Ru was publicly disclosed in the Morning News Supplement Zhi Shima, accusing Lu Xun of plagiarism.
Lu Xun was extremely indignant, regarded it as a great shame and humiliation, and it was difficult to let go. Gu Jiegang analyzed in his diary that there were four reasons why Lu Xun was "jealous of me and jealous of me" and that he was "excluded" by Lu Xun, and the first one was to "expose the plagiarized Shioya Book of the Novel History".
On February 1, Lu Xun publicly responded with the publication of "Not a Letter", "Shioya's book is indeed one of my reference books, and the second of the twenty-eight articles of my "Novel History" is based on it, as well as a few points on "Dream of the Red Chamber", and a "Jia Family Map", which is also based on it, but it is only to the general effect, the order and opinions are very different. ”
On the eve of the New Year's Eve on December 31, 1935, Lu Xun recalled the matter: "'Male thieves and female prostitutes' is a great shameful thing in the world, I have borne the notoriety of 'plagiarism' for ten years, and now I can finally unload and hand over the flag of 'lying dog' to pay tribute to Professor Chen Yuan, who calls himself a 'righteous gentleman'." 44 days before his death, he said, "My enemies are many,...... Let them resent, and I will not forgive any of them. ”
On May 15, 1918, Zhou Shuren's novel "Diary of a Madman" was published in the fifth issue of the fourth volume of "New Youth", with "Lu Xun" as the pen name for the first time. Fu Sinian praised "Diary of a Madman" in "New Wave" (press: signed "Reporter" when published) as "admittedly the first good novel in China".
Three days before the "May Fourth Movement," Fu Sinian praised in "New Wave", "There is a Mr. Lu Xun and a Mr. Tang Qian in "New Youth" who can do connotation articles. ...... It is really a healthy person in "New Youth". In fact, "Lu Xun" and "Tang Qian" are both Zhou Shuren's pen names. Generally speaking, Zhou Shuren published novels in "New Youth" under the name "Lu Xun"; published miscellaneous feelings and new poems, signed "Tang Qian".
On April 16, 1919, Lu Xun replied to Fu Sinian, saying that he was humbled that "The Diary of a Madman is very naïve and too pushy, and according to art, it should not be." At the same time, he put forward a number of opinions on the publication of "New Wave", such as: purely scientific articles "don't have too many"; it is best to "prick it with a few stitches for China's old disease", "I prefer to make arguments and talk about science"; "The poems in "New Wave" have more narratives and less lyricism, so they are a bit monotonous." As a fierce general and comrade-in-arms in the new cultural movement, whether it is Lu Xun's "shout" or Fu Sinian's "new wave", there is a tacit consensus: "I want to make a few new creators and break China's loneliness." ”
Fu Si Nian is arrogant and arrogant, and has a strong desire for leadership. Before studying abroad, he was relatively restrained, and he respected Lu Xun with the respect of the teacher, and replied to Lu Xun, and the payment was "Si Nian Respect". When he studied abroad, he had already revealed his disrespect for Lu Xun, or lu Xun's aura, which no longer existed for him. He wrote to Luo Jialun and said, "The four words of the cover are sharp and mean, the Tongbo gets its sharpness (light and sharp), and the big Tuesday week gets its acid carving, and the acid of the two people can not be said." After studying abroad, Fu Sinian returned to China to serve as the dean of liberal arts at Sun Yat-sen University, and his wings were not yet prosperous, so he directly passed through with Lu Xun, the head of the department of Chinese and the director of academic affairs, and had a direct confrontation. On June 27, 1927, Gu Jiegang commented in a letter to Fu Sinian that Fu Zaizhong University "with his talent for vertical and horizontal transformation, Han Chao's mouth of Suhai, and his ability to become a school leader, although Lu Xun could not win."
At Zhu Jiahua's insistence, Fu Sinian, despite Lu Xun's resolute opposition, insisted that Gu Jiegang, who Lu Xun had always looked down upon and "had a thorn in his eye," be hired as a professor at CUHK to "run the Institute of Chinese Oriental Language and History, and said that Lu Xun was an obstacle to the liberal arts in his field." At the beginning of April 1927, Lu Xun, who heard that Gu might be coming to the wind, threatened at CUHK: "If Gu comes, Zhou will go", "If Gu comes, Zhou will go", "He will go when he comes"; at the same time, he complained that "Fu Bai Shuai and nose is a military master, the position can be imagined", "I could not have imagined (Fu) such a person before".
Gu Jiegang knew in his heart that he could withstand Lu Xun's strong pressure and enter Sun Yat-sen University, thanks to "Mr. Xiao Xian (press: Zhu Jiahuazi) and Meng Zhen treated him well". He reported to Teacher Hu Shi that "after coming to Guangdong, Meng Zhenqiang and I were the head of the Department of History"; he also laughed at himself at Xiamen University and Zhongda University for "being ostracized everywhere, and there was no day of spiritual peace", "I really don't know what sins I did in my previous life, and in this life I have been sown by a few Shaoxing villains."
Not only was Lu Xun's contradictions with Gu Jiegang difficult to reconcile, but his political differences with Zhu Jiahua, Fu Sinian, and Zhongshan University were widening. From 1927 to 1928, the Kuomintang used stormy means to "clean up the party", and "the different attitudes toward the Kuomintang (Fu Sinian agreed and Lu Xun opposed) gradually alienated them." He Siyuan, then a professor at Sun Yat-sen University, recalled: "I once saw Fu Sinian quarreling with Lu Xun, and Fu cried and screamed. ”
After Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" Qing Party in Shanghai, Li Jishen, Li Fulin, and others who remained in Guangzhou launched the "April 15" Qing Party. On April 15, hundreds of CKU students were arrested. In the afternoon, Lu Xun, in the name of the academic director, held an emergency meeting to rescue the arrested students, saying: "We should be like the parents of the students, and we should be responsible for the students." Hopefully, the school will keep them out. ”
Zhu Jiahua, who was sitting opposite Lu Xun, objected: "The arrest of students is a matter for the government, and we should not oppose the government." Lu Xun retorted: "During the May Fourth Movement, students were taken away, we rescued students, and even launched a nationwide strike and strike, at that time Zhu Jiahua, Fu Sinian, and He Siyuan all participated, we were all people during the May Fourth period, we were all 'Peking University', why are hundreds and thousands of students now taken away, we do not rescue them?" Zhu Jiahua continued to insist: "That is against the Beiyang warlords, now it is our own world, education must be carried out in a leadership manner." ”
The emergency meeting was closed. On April 18, Gu Jie had just arrived at CUHK, and he poured oil on the fire and stimulated Lu Xun. On April 21, Lu Xun offered his resignation. Fu Sinian immediately resigned because of Lu Xun's opposition to Gu Zhongguo university and students complaining that he had squeezed Lu Xun out. Lu and Fu each threatened CUHK with their resignations, and Zhu Jiahua, who presided over the school's affairs, was a master of "peace and thin mud": He allowed Lu Xun to take a leave of absence to leave the school; sent Gu Jiegang to Shanghai and Beijing with money to buy old books for the school to avoid the limelight; and asked students to vote on Lu, Fu, and Gu to stay. All three are famous teachers, "the results of the meeting of middle school students, advocating that all three people stay." Lu Xun was not reinstated.
On May 30, 1927, Lu Xun denied in a letter to Zhang Tingqian that his departure from Sun Yat-sen University was related to politics, accusing Gu Jiegang and Fu Sinian of "going away for the sake of attacking me, when there is propaganda that says I am going away about politics", and he is too lazy to refute rumors such as "escaping because of 'pro-communist'", "'fucking' Keye".
However, according to the column "School Overview, History of CuHK, Head of School, Zhu Jiahua" on the official website of Sun Yat-sen University today, Lu Xun came to Sun Yat-sen University and was closely related to politics. He was appointed as a professor at CUHK, and was supported by Chen Duxiu, the son of Chen Duxiu and secretary of the Guangdong District CPC Committee. In August 1926, Chen Yannian decided that Yun Daiying and Deng Zhongxia, on behalf of the Guangdong District Committee of the Communist Party of China, asked Zhu Jiahua to send a telegram inviting Lu Xun to Sun Yat-sen University to "instruct everything." On September 27, 1927, Lu Xun and Xu Guangping left Guangzhou and settled in Shanghai.
Fu Sinian and Gu Jiegang parted ways
It is difficult to tolerate two tigers in one mountain, especially there is already a "bully tiger". Fu Sinian commented that "the central topic of historiography" is Gu Jiegang's "ancient Chinese history caused by layers", and once praised Luo Jialun, Yao Congwu and other experts in historiography, "Jie gang is the king in historiography." He also told the students of Sun Yat-sen University, "Gu is one of the most able to learn and achieve the most learned and accomplished students in the liberal arts of Peking University for more than ten years, and I dare not hope for it myself." ”
Gu Jiegang
As a comrade-in-arms of "New Wave", Gu Jiegang once said to Fu Sinian: "Among my teachers and friends, the most beloved of me is you. ...... I hope that you will often teach me and teach me to go down the right path when you have time. He also claimed to be "a loyal member of the company" and wrote to Fu many times to discuss the style and content of the magazine. For example, with Fu Gongmian, "I always hope that our "New Wave" magazine will have sincere and thick feelings to move the society"; bluntly said, "These issues of your comrade Xi (press: Luo Jialunzi) are inclined to go to the literary side, and I am a little disappointed."
After expelling Lu Xun, Fu and Gu only worked together for seven months, and they fell ill with each other because of personality conflicts and academic differences. In 1928, Gu Jiegang repeatedly expressed his dissatisfaction with Fu Sinian in a letter to the two teachers Hu Shi. "Meng Zhen is a man, can read, can do things, and is too off-track", "his versatility makes him destroy himself." We mocked him again and again, but he could not listen." Please Hu Shi " Please don't tell him what I'm upset about him, because his temper is too bad."
On April 29, the contradictions between the two always broke out. Gu Jiegang's diary that day wrote: "Those who have a very contradictory disposition are extremely afraid of doing things, and they are extremely willing to do things. Meng Zhen didn't want me to do things, and he didn't want me to be too concerned, so he had different opinions, and tonight he broke his mouth and scolded. In July 1973, Gu Jiegang added the reason for the vicious words of the two men on April 29, 1928: "Meng Zhennai abused me with a paternalistic style, and suspected that I wanted to cultivate a group of young people to seize the power of their strengths." The nature of giving is stubborn and cannot be suppressed by it, so it breaks its mouth with him, and the fifteen-year friendship is shattered. ”
On August 20, Gu Jiegang wrote a five-thousand-word letter complaining to Hu Shi that Fu Sinian opposed his going to Yenching University, "scolding me for being ungrateful" and even threatening that "if you break away from CUHK, I will destroy you everywhere and leave you with nowhere to go." Gu is also not a vegetarian, stubbornly indicating, "Meng Zhen can no longer close the cracks with me, almost as if I were a traitor." I would never sell my body to anyone. I must not sacrifice my future for the sake of my party"; "I must live under his control." As a result, not only was the domination ineffective, but it aroused my sweet dreams reminiscing about when I was in the Peking University Research Institute, resenting that my freedom had been imprisoned for the name reins! ”
This letter is a reply to a letter from Hu Shi received two days ago. In the letter, Hu Shi "suspected that I had made enemies because of pride", which seemed to be biased towards Fu Sinian, which made Gu Jiegang feel depressed and panicked. In his diary on that day, he recorded: "Write Mr. Shizhi's letter, about 5,000 words, and directly express the pain in two years"; "Geng Geng's heart, every time he is not understood by his teachers and friends, he forced him to do things, and he lost me, so why not!" ”
In February 1929, Gu Jiegang quietly left Guangzhou and came to Beiping. In September of the same year, he was hired as a professor of the History Department of Yenching University, and then wrote to Dai Jitao and Zhu Jiahua separately, resigning as a professor at Sun Yat-sen University. Fu Si Nian never forgot this talented colleague who did not listen to commands, and always wanted to recruit him to his subordinates.
Gu Jiegang was unwavering, and Haoma resolutely refused to eat "turning back grass", and on March 25, he asked Hu Shi to "persuade Meng Zhen not to pull me, I have no opinion with Meng Zhen, and Gai is anxious to pull out this body in various constraints." This sentence in the middle is insincere, and it can't fool Hu Shi, why do the two students not only have opinions? The contradictions are irreconcilable and have been scattered in two shots.
Fu Sinian was not dead hearted, and when he went to Chen Jiangong's house with Gu Jiegang on October 10 to watch luanzhou shadow puppet plays, he persuaded Gu to return to the Institute of History and Language of the Academy of Sciences as a full-time researcher with a monthly salary of 400 yuan. Gu still refused, revealing his true thoughts in his diary that day: "Since Yu has broken away from the circle of right and wrong, why bother to throw himself into Yahweh!" ”
In 1931, Fu Sinian again pondered hiring Gu Jiegang as a professor at Peking University, but Gu still refused, and wrote to Tell Hu Shi three reasons: First, I heard that Meng Zhen intended to hire Qian Mu as a professor at Peking University, I asked for money, and Qian was willing; second, I could teach all the homework I could teach, and Qian's knowledge was more solid than mine; third, if Peking University asked for money, it was better than asking me, because I had cheats and he didn't have cheats.
Fu Sinian and Gu Jiegang, the two "strange flowers" love and hate, have a strong and stubborn side, and the contradiction spirals deeper. Mutual knowledge of the roots, personality flaws are also well understood, so mutual pinching is extremely emotional, the typical "needle tip to Mai Mang". Sometimes it is like a child living at home, the air for daily chores, and will also deliberately dig a pit for each other.
Fu Si Nian
Gu Jiegang had an iron heart to stop working with Fu Sinian at the Shiyu Institute in Guangzhou, got rid of Fu's shackles and administrative affairs, and only worked as a special researcher of the Institute of History and Language of the Academia Sinica, and devoted himself to staying at the Yanjing Church University sponsored by the Americans to do academics and write monographs. Teaching and studying in church universities is not the same as being a slave to the country, still less is it equivalent to betraying the country. Fu Sinian was angry and wrote to Gu, deliberately looking for fault: "What is yanjing to love, is it better to prepare for the destruction of the country first?" Gu sneered in his diary of June 12, 1931: "I entered Yanjing for meritorious deeds, and after a hundred years I have my own public appraisal, and there is no need to distinguish them"; "Chinese schools employ many foreign teachers, are they also preparing for the destruction of the country?" ”
After six days, Gu Jiegang didn't hold back, or did he have to discern. When he was proctoring the final examination for Yanjing students, he drafted a reply letter to Fu, and complained at the beginning that "those who know me are like brothers, and those who do not know me are like brothers", and also calculate the old accounts together, venting dissatisfaction: "Brother has never suffered from such anger in his life, and his eyes are blackened." Brother is like this to me, reason is just right to break off friendship", "Brother may forget this matter, brother will remember it deeply", "Brother is not a slave to the knees, and will never become a foreign slave".
The "old account" turned over in Gu's letter was angry that "the eyes were blackened" and "the reasoning was broken", which was a trivial matter of receiving stations, and in the eyes of others, it was not serious. Fu Sinian traveled from Shanghai to Beiping, and Gu You felt that he had sent a long causeway a few months ago, "coming and not coming, indecent", and went to the railway station to greet him.
Unexpectedly, Fu Sinian regarded his kindness as a donkey's liver and lungs, and in front of him and Zhao Yuanren, proposed to go to the station the next day to pick up Yang Zhensheng, the provost of Tsinghua University, and find a position in Tsinghua School. In fact, it was a mockery of Gu Zhanying, who came to pick up the station for other purposes and wanted to seek a teaching position at Tsinghua University. Because Fu himself is the director of the Institute of History and Language, he will not ask Tsinghua for a part-time job; Zhao Yuanren is already a professor at Tsinghua and does not need to apply for a job from Tsinghua. Of course, Gu heard Fu's voice, and the scene was hidden, but he kept it in his heart, and on June 18, he finally couldn't hold back, and the accumulated resentment broke out at the same time.
The long letter written on June 18, written during the invigilation, was not sent, which was equivalent to writing a diary. It turned out to be Gu Jiegang's original partner, Yin Lu'an, who "advised not to send it, to avoid more tongues, and to listen to it." Fu Si Nian was not finished, and confessed to Gu on June 24 that he wrote a letter on June 12 to provoke Gu to reply. Unexpectedly, he did not receive a reply, which was unexpected, unlike the consistent attitude of Gu "Fighter". Gu admitted in his diary that Fu Sinian "knew me sincerely, not as an obstacle to the security, and as expected."
In 1941, Fu Sinian was hospitalized in Chongqing Central Hospital due to severe hypertension, and he and his friends were not optimistic about the condition, let alone angry. Gu Jie just came to visit the sick and offer condolences, and these two extremely conceited, extremely stubborn, and extremely impatient "bosses" actually quarreled in the ward because of the competition for scholars and talents, and the relationship was even more stiff.
Gu said angrily, "You must destroy Peking University." Since your purpose is to destroy Peking University, "you cannot but break off friendship with it in the future." On June 18, Fu Sinian also wrote a letter to Zhu Jiahua, accusing Gu Jiegang of "losing his name in recent years, more than the hands of others, and the editor is also a substitute for him" and "anyone who works with Jiegang always ends up in a mess."
Nominated for the first academician of the Academia Sinica
On August 22, 1943, Zhao Zhenxin, Gu Jiegang's most trusted student and assistant, sent a letter to his teacher, talking about the comments of Gu Jiegang and Fu Sinian at Sun Yat-sen University that year: "On the loyalty of the heart, we should push my teacher, if the appointment is appropriate, my teacher is not as good as Mr. Fu, and mr. Fu is severe and rewards and punishments are clear. ”
In Zhao's personal opinion, the problem with Fu Sinian and Chen Yuan is that "the number of other people is small, selfish, and good-minded"; Gu Jiegang's problem is that "feelings are extremely impulsive, so that the things they do are not proper", "neither can they know people nor can they detect the situation", "small materials are of great use, and common materials are used in a strange way", "modesty, stubbornness, arbitrariness and willfulness, willfulness, and willfulness, causing many parties to make enemies, close to disintegration", "When in love, they will pass, and they will decline, and hate it very much", "The disposition of good and great achievements is the same as in the past, so every time a cause is established, There must be a list of many people, a big and difficult plan", and finally this plan is "drifting in the water" and is ridiculed.
A week later, Zhao Zhenxin wrote to Gu again, lamenting that the teacher was "quite tired of being angry with books, and where he offended people, he also had a lot of intentions" and "the word "Jiquan is far inferior to Feng Zhisheng (press: Feng Youlanzi) and Mr. Fu Mengzhen". On September 7, 1943, Gu Jiegang wrote down "the words of a good friend, when the motto is right".
On December 16, 1946, in order to celebrate the next day's Peking University celebration and Hu Shi's birthday, more than 100 educators in Nanjing had dinner. Fu Sinian attended and delivered a speech, and when he shook hands with Gu Jiegang, he did not know whether intentionally or unintentionally, "turned his head and neck". The sensitive and self-respecting Gu could not let go, and at 10 o'clock that night, at the end of the family letter to Zhang Jingqiu, he directly called his name and rebuked: "Fu Si Nian is really not a thing", "This arrogant person will fail sooner or later, and after his failure, he will inevitably come to worship me again."
In May 1947, academia sin began to select the first academicians, and Hu Shi and Fu Sinian each had a list of recommended candidates for academicians in the humanities group. Hu Shi, who is gentle and humble and has a wide range of good relations, does not nominate himself, while Fu Sinian, who is treated in the United States, is not arrogant at all, and should not give in. He wrote to Hu Shi, listing the list of 21 candidate academicians in the humanities group, including 6 historians, and after the famous "Second Chen of Historiography" (Chen Yinke, Chen Yuan), the third person was "Fu". It can be seen that the differences in temperament, personality, and handling of things between the two.
Fu Sinian is indeed "hegemonic", but the flaws are not hidden, and many times "hegemony" is based on justice, public will, and public affairs. Although the relationship between Fu and Gu had long deteriorated and there was neglect of contacts, in Fu Sinian's recommended list, regardless of previous suspicions, only academics, Gu Jiegang was still nominated, and ranked fourth in "historiography", after himself. On the contrary, In Hu Shi's recommended list, Gu Jiegang was not nominated. As a result, there was no suspense, and the "three bosses" of Hu, Fu and Gu were all elected as the first academicians of the Academia Sinica.
Objectively speaking, Hu Shi and Fu Sinian have formed factions and circles centered on them in the educational circles and academic circles, and scholars who have not "entered the circle" are easily marginalized, and the space for academic resources and academic progress is much smaller. Fortunately, their character and vision are quite strong, and they are heavy talents, knowledgeable talents, and talents. Taking the nomination of the first academician of the Academia Sinica as an example, Hu Shi nominated 17 academicians and 14 were elected; Fu Sinian nominated 21 academicians and 19 were elected.
(Original comments from omitted)
Editor-in-Charge: Zhong Yuan
Proofreader: Yan Zhang