"Spring and Autumn"
I. Author Profile
Gu Jiegang Gu Jiegang (名讀坤, Zi Mingjian, 号颉刚, May 8, 1893 – December 25, 1980), a native of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, graduated from Peking University, is a famous historian and folklorist in modern China, the founder of the ancient history school, the pioneer and founder of modern historical geography and folklore.
Gu Jiegang has served as a professor at Xiamen University, Peking University, Lanzhou University and other universities. He applied his historical insights to the fields of folk literature and folklore, and won high honors in the study of Mengjiangnu's story, song and balladology, and folklore.
Gu Jiegang's private disciple Huang Xianpan once said: "Before liberation, Japanese scholars, especially professors from famous universities such as Tokyo, Kyoto, and Imperial University, looked down on Chinese scholars, but they had great respect for Mr. Gu Jiegang and Mr. Chen Yuan. ”
(Gu Lao is a historian, so he can only intercept some comments from the Internet, and dare not comment on himself.) ）
II. Introduction to the contents of the book
The book is divided into two large sections: the main part and the supplementary part
The main compilation is about the source, end, main events, and main characters of the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, the rise and fall of the "Spring and Autumn Five Powers".
The appendix mainly talks about some customs and habits in the Spring and Autumn Period, people's life, the system of hereditary officials, education, criminal law, religion, and scholarship.
3. Self-interpretation
Suitable for whom, what is said
Bacon said: "Reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people wise, calculus makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, morality makes people cultivated, and logical rhetoric makes people argumentative." Tang Taizong said: "If a husband uses copper as a mirror, he can wear a crown; with history as a mirror, he can know the rise and fall; and if he takes people as a mirror, he can see the gains and losses." Therefore, it is necessary to read some history books. Especially in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the rise of princes and dynasties can make us more clear about the current world situation. For example, Qin's long-distance and close-range attack and the QUAD strategy of the united states today.
Gu Lao's two appendices at the end of the book are two sets of test questions, if you see these two sets of test questions, you will understand that education at that time is more reasonable. They are all subjective questions, and either you have to examine yourself deeply, or you can get results by consulting and collecting a lot of information, for example: you chose this homework, and what problems did you have in your chest? Please open a list for me. Which of these problems can be solved by the available information? Those are solved while new materials are discovered.
4. Excerpts from good sentences
1. We have looked at the history of Qi Huan's creation of hegemony, and his policy was to first want to conquer the state of Lu; if not, he contacted the state of Song, used the prestige of the two big countries, united the small states of Chen, Cai, and Yi into a clique, and destroyed the Sui state as an example, and forced the state of Lu to submit. After the submission of the State of Lu, the State of Song betrayed the State of Qi, and the Duke of Qi Huan invited the small states to subdue the State of Song under the guise of the king's order. The two great powers of Lu and Song were both obedient, Zheng Ben was the Qi Party, and Wei Ben was the Song Party, so naturally they all came to their own direction. This shows that when Qi Huan created hegemony, the object was Lu and Song, and as long as Lu and Song were conquered, the foundation of hegemony was solidified.
2. The People of song complained about Song Xianggong, but Xianggong said: "Gentlemen do not kill those who have been injured and the elderly; it is not in line with the ancient way of marching to oppress the enemy by taking advantage of dangers." Although the widows are destroyed, they will never attack the army that has not yet been lined up! Song Xianggong's pedantic remarks are exactly the old ancestors of the later Mo and Confucian families, such as "wang dao" and "non-attack".
3. "How difficult it is to prosper the country", this is indeed a good thing.
4. The politics and society expressed throughout the Spring and Autumn Period: in the political aspect, it was the collapse of the ceremonial system and the downward movement of political power; on the social aspect, it was the concentration of land and the evolution of the economy. Because of this, there is also a phenomenon of change in ideological scholarship. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, feudal society had shown a form of total collapse, affecting the entire intellectual world. However, on the one hand, although the old system was destroyed, and the new system had not yet been established, this period was precisely the transitional era from the evolution of feudal society to the unified state, and Confucius was the representative of this transitional era.
5. Confucius advocated the imposition of compassion with sound intellect and the courage not to be afraid.
6. Confucius first studied human nature, thinking that human nature was originally similar and diverged only because of differences in circumstances (only the wise and the foolish are not changed by the environment). He had this concept, so he advocated "teaching without class."
7. After the Jin people used Wu's strategy of making Chu quite cheap, the Chu people also came to imitate the example of the Jin people and induce the Yue kingdom to contain the Wu people.
8. Since agriculture began to settle, humans have had time to do other work, so higher cultures have arisen with settled life.
9. The correct definition of the term "feudal society" is nominally under the rule of a royal family, but in fact the land and political rights are divided without restriction, and each land has its large and small hereditary masters, who dominate all economic and political rights, forming a phenomenon of opposition between the landlord and the serfs who attach the land. Judging from this definition, China was the heyday of feudal society from The Western Monday to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period; from the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period to the end of the Warring States Period, it was a period of destruction and transformation of feudal society.
10. The feudal society of Europe collapsed under the blow of industrial and commercial development, and the real cause of the collapse of China's feudal society was similar to that of Europe. However, due to the limitations of china's geographical environment, the developed sharecropper society was terminated; Europe developed into a capital society because of the suitability of the geographical environment. The difference in the evolutionary history of civilization in this east has proved the error of formulaic materialist historians.
11. The clan is the clan of the Doctor. They have a delicate clan organization, and they have owned land and power for generations, so they are called clans. The clan is really a small country within the nations. This kind of clan system naturally originated from feudal and patriarchal systems. Patriarchy is the principle of dominating the family, feudalism is the driving force behind the expansion of the family system into a political system, and the clan is a special group that mixes the family and political system and uses patriarchy to dominate.
12. Spring and Autumn was an era of transition from barbarism to civilization. The thinking of this era evolved from the religion of God to the philosophy of man, and at the same time, all kinds of academic research were gradually separated from the power of religion and independent. As a result of our study of the cultural history of the Spring and Autumn Period, we finally cannot but say this.