In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a famous lyricist named Liu Yong, whose original name was "Liu Sanchang". The person we want to talk about today is Liu Shipei, a famous master of traditional Chinese studies in the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. This person's life is only a short 35 years, but his life experience and encounters can be called the real "Liu Sanchang".
Yizheng Drum Tower
Liu Shipei ,Zi Shen Shu (申叔), courtesy name Zuo Xi (左盦), once changed his name to "Guanghan", Yizheng ren of Jiangsu. Born on June 26, 1884, died in Beijing on November 20, 1919.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > brilliant master of traditional Chinese studies</h1>
Liu Shipei's nephew Mei Hesun introduced his uncle this way: "Uncle Shi was born with a vision, and Jiribu had a boneless flesh tail, which was no longer than an inch... There is a bright red square mark in the middle of the left foot, such as the size of a dragon's eye, which is often seen when the foot is filled. At that time, some people said that it was the reincarnation of the old ape, so it was different from ordinary people. ”
Liu Shipei's great-grandfather was Liu Wenqi, a master of classics in the Qing Dynasty. Liu Wenqi studied through the Qunjing, especially the Zuo Zhuan, and was an important figure in the Qianjia School. Liu Shipei's grandfather, father, and uncle were also accomplished scholars.
Liu Shipei has been able to write poetry since he was 10 years old.
Yangzhou Slender West Lake Twenty-four Bridges
In 1903, at the age of 19, Liu Shipei wrote the famous "Essence of the Chinese People's Covenant" and "Chinese Ethnography", which became famous in one fell swoop.
Mr. Cai Yuanpei said: Liu Shipei "wrote books ... There are twenty-two kinds of scholars on the Qunjing and primary scholars, thirteen kinds of scholars and literary scholars, twenty-four kinds of group book interpretations, four kinds of poetry collections, five kinds of reading secretaries, and six kinds of school textbooks. In addition to the collection of poems, it was composed in the fifteen years after the nine years of the first nine years of the People's Yuan Dynasty, and its diligence and sensitivity can also be alarming. ”
Today, Liu Shipei's collection of works includes: "Liu Shenshu's Testament", published in the 25th year of the Republic of China (1936), which collects 74 kinds of Works by Liu Shipei and 6 million words. In 1997, jiangsu ancient books published the 25th edition of the Republic of China's "Testament of Liu Shenshu" passed down; in the same year, the Central Party School Publishing House also photocopied the Republic of China edition of "Liu Shenshu's Testament", entitled "Liu Shipei's Complete Works"; in 2008, Guangling Book Society published "Liu Shenshu's Testament Supplement", collected by Wan Shiguo, 1.6 million words; in 2014, Guangling Book Society published the "Testament of Liu Shenshu", the title of the book "Yizheng Liu Shenshu Testament", the point school is Wan Shiguo.
Liu Shipei's title of Master of Traditional Chinese Studies is not a waste of time. If you look at these writings, you can definitely say that they are works and so on.
It can be said that his academic achievements are at least comparable to those of his contemporaries Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan. Huang Kan, a master of modern philology, studied under Zhang Taiyan in his early years, and he officially worshiped Liu Shipei as a teacher on the eve of Liu Shipei's death in 1919. Huang Kan said to Liu Shipei, "Calling him a disciple and supporting him to worship four times, Liu Junli accepted it." Huang Kan said, "Yu Yu is studying the scriptures, and there are many people who have obtained Mr. Liu." In fact, Huang Kan is only 2 years younger than Liu Shipei.
Look at the level of a person, depending on what kind of students he has. Huang Kan is willing to perform the disciple ceremony, which shows Liu Shipei's academic essence and knowledge.
Wang Dong, who was then the dean of the Faculty of Letters of the Central University, wrote in the Preface to Mr. Liu Shenshu's Testament: "Eavesdropping on his discussion with people, quoting with events, and going back and forth endlessly, he has been terrified of Ruohehan." Zhang Jun is incisive and assertive, and as for the knowledgeable and strong memory, he calls himself a Buddha. "Zhang Jun, that is, the master of traditional Chinese studies, Zhang Taiyan.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" > radical platoon full of revolutionaries</h1>
On June 22, 1903, Liu Shipei published an article entitled "On the Non-Rebellion of International Students" in the "Su Bao" under the signature of "Uncle Shen". He said in the text: "The so-called 'pan rebel' is also said to be of the same kind, and the word of the motherland is also. ...... What about the same species? That is, my Han nationality is also. Who is the motherland? i.e. I China is also. ”
This is Liu Shipei's first published full column article.
Since then, his views have become more and more intense. For example, he wrote in "Chinese Ethnography on the Great Purpose of this Book": "The meaning of this compilation is to take the Han nationality as the main character and take other ethnic groups as the guests. ”
In some of Liu Shipei's seemingly purely academic writings at that time, his ideas were even more full of them. For example, his monograph "Shushu" published in April 1904, which is about 30,000 words, and the table of contents at the beginning of the article is Yun: "The word "兮字 is the 兮匀之 攘.") The righteousness of the present book takes this. The table of contents of the book is as follows: "Huaxia Chapter", "Yi Descent Chapter", "Yi Seed Chapter", "Miao Li Chapter", "Changing Xia Chapter", "Hu Shi Chapter", "Tracing Surnames", "Blasphemy Chapter", "Discerning Surname Chapter", "Qi dao Chapter", "Di Hong Chapter", "Criminal Outline Chapter", "Historical Occupation Chapter", "Kong Lao Chapter", "Zhou Yi Chapter", "Correct Name Chapter" and other 16 articles. These articles are full of "Zhiyi" ideas.
He specifically pointed out at the beginning of the chapter: "Descendants of FengWei, Shi Binglin Sutra." Life is not long, and the construction is rampant. In view of the preface, nurturing people to the extreme, yanhuang has a spirit, and it is really a real style. In December 4,614, the Yellow Emperor was born, and Liu Guanghan became aware. ”
Liu Shipei advocated the use of the Yellow Emperor Chronicle, and his idea of "Zhiyi" was unmistakable.
In 1905, Wu Fan, who assassinated the Qing government's minister of foreign inspection, wrote in the "Assassination Era: Self-Introduction" that after reading more than ten newspapers and periodicals, including Liu Shipei's "Book of Obstruction", "Chinese Vernacular Newspaper", "Alarm Clock" and so on, "so the thinking changed again, and the doctrine followed. ...... Once you wake up from your dream, there is no desire not to kill the thief, and the revenge of the Ninth Dynasty is also. ...... Yu then thought about it in the line full. ”
And in the article "On the Benefits of Fierceness". Liu Shipei even said: "If there is no destruction of the world's affairs, there will be no construction." The people of this peaceful party must be preserved in everything, and the people of this fierce faction must be destroyed in everything. I know very well that the people who destroyed it could not build it, but at present, the government in China is so bad that the rivers and mountains of the eighteen provinces have been occupied by foreign nationalities, and the Chinese people have not carried out revolution, and if they cannot establish a country, they will destroy the two words, and they will not be able to avoid it. ”
This article was published in the "China Vernacular News" No. 6 on March 1, 1904, and signed as "the first person of the fierce faction".
In November 1904, Liu Shipei, together with Lin Feng, Zhang Shizhao, Wan Fuhua, Chen Zixin, and others, plotted to assassinate Wang Zhichun, a former Guangxu inspector living in Shanghai. Liu Shipei and Lin Wei were the real masterminds of the assassination, and the gunman who carried out the assassination was Wan Fuhua.
On the evening of November 19, Wan Fuhua failed to assassinate Wang Zhichun at the Jingu Xiangfan Restaurant in Shanghai. Wan Fuhua himself was arrested on the spot. That night, Liu Shipei was arrested by the concession authorities as the chief writer of the "Alarm Bell Daily". During the interrogation, Liu Shipei denied that he was involved in the case, and Liu sat in the patrol room for one night, and the patrol room finally did not get evidence, so he had to release people the next day. After Zhang Shizhao learned of Wan Fuhua's arrest, he went to visit Wan Fuhua in the patrol house the next day, and was immediately arrested. Taking Zhang Shizhao as a clue, the patrol arrested 11 revolutionaries, including Huang Xing, Zhang Ji, Xue Dake, Fang Biao, Su Peng, Zhou Serheng, Xu Fosu, Zhao Shixuan, Tang Chongxi, Zhang Qinshi, and Guo Renzhang.
Later, thanks to the Jiangxi Inspector Xia Shi to send a power generation to the Ministry of Works Bureau to rescue, Huang Xing and other talents were released.
Zhou was the only one arrested to find "physical evidence" and was sentenced to 6 months in prison. Zhang Ji and Zhang Shizhao were detained for more than 40 days. The rest were acquitted on the grounds that the evidence was insufficient.
On December 23, Wan Fuhua was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the assassination.
In 1912, after the Xinhai Revolution, Wan Fuhua was released.
In the winter of 1904, Liu Shipei joined the Guangfu Society in Shanghai.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-center-line" > avant-garde anarchists</h1>
In the summer of 1906, Liu Shipei attended the first meeting of the Jiangsu Branch of the League.
February 1907. Liu Shipei, together with his wife He Zhen, He Zhen's cousin Wang Gongquan and his friend Su Mansu, made a second eastward crossing to Japan.
In May and June of the same year, Liu Shipei was involved in the first "inverted Sun tide" within the League. He proposed that the cadre candidates for the reorganization of the headquarters of the League were not adopted, and a "different aspiration" was born.
University of Tokyo, Japan
After Liu Shipei arrived in Japan, through Zhang Taiyan and Zhang Ji, he became acquainted with the Japanese anarchist Xingde Qiushui and others, and quickly accepted his ideas and transformed into anarchist.
On June 10, 1907, the Tenyoshi Newspaper was founded in Tokyo, Japan. Tianyi Bao is an organ magazine of the anarchist group "Women's Restoration Society", the nominal initiator is Liu Shipei's wife He Zhen, in fact, the operator behind the scenes is Liu Shipei.
In June, Liu Shipei and Zhang Ji founded the anarchist group "Socialist Workshop".
On July 25, Liu Shipei published his famous "Anarchist View of Equality" in volume 4 of Tianyi Bao. The article declares: "The advocates of anarchism today are one individual anarchism, one communist anarchism, and one social anarchism. We, on the other hand, are anarchists, and should be equated with equality. ”
"One's own body cannot be equal with others, and has long been indignant with mankind; others cannot be equal to oneself, and they are sympathetic to mankind." In oneself, one wants to be equal to others, and in oneself one wants one to be equal to oneself, and the nature of the people is to be equal to human beings! If everyone is filled with jealousy and his goodness is expanded, all uneven societies will be swept away. ”
Liu Shipei advocated that anarchism should be practiced, "subverting all organs of domination and destroying all class society and divided society!" ”
It can be said that Liu Shipei was a new entrant among the Chinese anarchists of that era, but he was the most extreme and radical one.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-center-line" > disgraceful apostate</h1>
On February 19, 1904, Liu Shipei mailed a letter to Duanfang, "Letter to Duanfang". The letter called Duanfang "Untouchables" and asked Duanfang to "raise the frontier of the two lakes and submit to the Han nationality", and at the end of the letter, he declared: "Since Fu'er is serving the Yu clan, Xi Dan and Er are communicating?" He who has written to Er will obey the desires of Er. ”
Four years later, in early 1908, Liu Shipei wrote another letter to DuanFang. The letter is titled "Letter from the Upper End." The letter, however, contains three parts: First, it is "surrender" and repentance. He claimed that he had intended to devote himself to scholarship and had strayed into the revolution because of his youthful ignorance. After arriving in Japan, he "realized the wrong of the past revolution." It is now decided to "surrender" and repent and voluntarily act as a spy; second, to offer "Ten Strategies for Rebellion." He put forward "words against nationalism", campaigned the suspension of the "Minbao Newspaper", dismantled the Tokyo revolutionaries, induced Zhang Ji to go to Europe, secretly spied the whereabouts and intentions of the revolutionaries, and reported them at any time.
In the summer of 1908, Liu Shipei's wife He Zhen and his cousin Wang Gongquan secretly defected to Duan Wang and became traitors to the revolutionary party.
Peking University became Liu Shipei's final destination
In early November, Liu Shipei returned from Japan with his family. Liu secretly defected to Duan Fang, the governor of Liangjiang, and rebelled against the revolution.
In mid-November, Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi died one after another. Liu Shipei speculated that Tao Chengzhang would return from abroad to plan a new uprising, and informed Mi Zhanyuan, an officer in Jiang's governor Biao, to find Chengzhang's whereabouts in various docks, and planned to arrest Tao Chengzhang, but was unsuccessful.
On November 26 and 30, Wang Gongquan twice infiltrated the Minbao newspaper and poisoned his diet. "Fortunately, I was able to detect it quickly, did not hurt anyone, and before the case was clarified, Wang slipped back to Shanghai."
On December 17, Liu Shipei betrayed the members of the League, Chen Qimei and Zhang Gong. "The reverse trail of the time man has not yet been obvious, so the meeting is often attended, and everyone is not in doubt." According to Liu Shipei's secret report, Duanfang sent a telegram ordering Shanghai Dao to negotiate with the concession authorities, and on December 17, he searched the Tianbao Inn, the secret organ of the revolutionaries, and arrested Zhang Gong. Chen Qimei happened to be out of town, and the revolutionaries Zhou Tanyou and Chu Fucheng changed into their work clothes and escaped. The Jiangsu-Zhejiang uprising plan was leaked and forced to be suspended.
In April 1909, Liu Shipei's defection was exposed. Wang Jinfa, a member of the League and leader of the Zhejiang Hui Party, sneaked into Liu Shipei's apartment in Shanghai with a gun, "Intending to kill him, Liu and his wife prostrated their heads and begged for their lives, guaranteed to ensure Zhang Gongzhi's safety with their own lives, begged For gold to lend him a loan to die, and allowed him to redeem himself." The blonde nun released him, and the couple immediately left Shanghai and rushed to Nanjing to save Zhang Gong, and there would be no more unfavorable behavior against the party in the future. Mr. and Mrs. Liu immediately left Shanghai and did not dare to come back to Shanghai for activities. ...... Zhang Gong was arrested and was able to not die, and it is said that most of them were released from prison when Liu Guanghan and his wife tried to save themselves in front of Duanfang."
Subsequently, Liu and his wife openly rebelled against the revolution, fled to Nanjing, and entered the Duanfang shogunate.
Tao Chengzhang said that He Zhen and Wang Gongquan "instigated Guanghan to enter the official arena day and night, and Guanghan hated the party members outside and feared his wife internally, and gradually moved his heart." ”
His former close friend Liu Yazi also said: "Uncle Shen's life was completely broken by the hands of his wife He Zhijian. ”
Duan Fang was transferred to the post of Viceroy of Zhili, and Liu Shipei followed him north to serve as the Governor of Zhili and the Counselor of the Faculty. In 1911, he went south to Sichuan with Duan Fang, participated in the suppression of the Sichuan Baolu Movement, and was arrested by the revolutionary army in Zizhou.
After the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, Zhang Taiyan issued a declaration on Bao Liu, calling him a fang filial piety-style reading seed. Cai Yuanpei also issued a pardon for Liu's correspondence, praising him for his profound learning and knowledge of the past and the present.
Sun Yat-sen sent a telegram to the zizhou military government branch, and Liu Shipei was released. Later, he served as the vice president of Chengdu Guoxue College and the Sichuan Guoxue School, teaching "Zuo Chuan" and "Explanation of Characters in Speaking Texts".
Since then, Liu Shipei, who once betrayed the revolution, has been understood and re-accepted by the academic and political circles.
In June 1913, he and He Zhen went north to Shanxi, and Liu Shipei again defected to Yan Xishan as his senior adviser. He was also recommended by Yan Xishan to Yuan Shikai, who served as an editor of the Ministry of Education, participated in the politics of the Senate, and was a doctor.
In August 1915, he joined the Preparatory Committee initiated by Yang Du and became one of the "Six Gentlemen of the Preparatory Society". During this period, he wrote articles such as "The Retro theory of Monarchy" and "Federal Refutation", which advocated for Yuan Shikai to be called emperor. After the failure of the Hongxian imperial system, Liu Shipei went into exile in Tianjin.
In 1917, he was hired by Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University, as a professor of liberal arts at Peking University, and successively opened courses such as "Literature of the Six Dynasties" and "Selected Literature", and there were lecture notes on the history of medieval Chinese literature.
He died of tuberculosis in Beijing on 20 November 1919 at the age of 35.
The Liu Shipei family has a common characteristic, Xiao Shou - great-grandfather Liu Wenqi was 65 years old, which was basically normal in that era; grandfather Liu Yusong was 49 years old; uncle Liu Shou was 44 years old; father Liu Gui was 53 years old; and Liu Shipei was 35 years old.
His father, Liu Gui, was nearly forty years old and had a son, which was quite sad. The third uncle Liu Fuzeng's "Epitaph of the Deceased Nephew Liu Shipei" said: "The nephew is the second brother Gui Zengzi." The eldest brother was born late, and the Chinese New Year's Eve gave birth to a nephew on the second day of the first month of the fifth month of the leap year of Guangxu Jiashen. Remembering his nephew's birth, his brother Xiang Xiang shen, suddenly wept. To the sidelines, to have a child as desired, very festive, why disgust and sadness? Whoops, who knows that it is premature and eternal, a few meager first move Yay! ”
Before his death, Liu Shipei said: "All my life, I should discuss learning and not politics, only because of the difference in my early thoughts, I misunderstood the Qingde of my ancestors, and now it is too late to regret it." ”
His confidant, Mr. Cai Yuanpei, said: "Committing himself to scholarship to the ambassador, not being disturbed by the outer edges, and doing his best to write with Kang Qiang, his achievements would rather be limited!" Shame! ”
Kang Tao
October 31, 2020 in Beijing