"Bicheng", also known as "Three Songs of Bicheng", is a group of poems written by the famous poet Li Shangyin of the Tang Dynasty.
Li Shangyin's poems have always been "too obscure and confusing to be solved", so much so that the "Northern Wenxiong" Yuan Haoqing of the Song and Jin Dynasties issued an exclamation that "poets always love Xikun well, and hate no one as Zheng Zhi".
"Bicheng" is one of the most difficult poems of Li Shangyin, and Yao Peiqian, a scholar during the Kangyong period of the Qing Dynasty, believed in the "Notes on Li Yishan's Poetry Collection" that Li Shangyin's "Bicheng" poem was "a word that is difficult for the junmen to enter".
Ji Xiaolan, a Qing Dynasty writer who is very familiar to everyone, Ji Xiaolan, in the book "Yuxi Sheng Poetry", said of the "Three Poems of Bicheng": "Poetry has many people who say that it is difficult to confirm the lord, each of them has what they see and appreciate, and each has his own ear, and the "Three Songs of Bicheng" can be viewed as such. "Jinse" is astringent and thin, and the meaning of the last two sentences is also the ear. "Bicheng" is far-reaching and intriguing, and this real so-called does not have to be well-known and self-beautiful. ”
Ji Xiaolan believes that these "Three Pieces of Bicheng" are all poems of sustenance, but it is not clear what exactly is pinned on.
Liang Qichao, a famous figure in China's modern history, was once known as "Five Star Jukui" with Wang Guowei and Chen Yinke at Tsinghua University, and was one of the five great mentors of Tsinghua, but Liang Qichao thought that he could not understand Li Shangyin's "Bicheng" and other poems.
Liang Qichao said in the article "The Emotions Expressed in the Drinking Ice Room Anthology • Chinese Rhymes":
"For example, yishan concentrated on the near-body "Jinse", "Bicheng", "Sacred Daughter's Ancestral Hall" and other articles, the ancient "Yantai", "Hanoi" and other articles, I dare say that he can share the fate of chinese characters. Just like the first song of "Three Songs of Bicheng":
The twelve curves of Bicheng are dry, and the rhinoceros is dusty and jade to ward off the cold.
Langyuan has many books with cranes, and the female bed has no trees and does not perch.
The stars sink to the bottom of the sea when the window is seen, and the rain crosses the river source to see the seat.
If you make Xiao Zhu ming and fixed, a pair of crystal discs.
I can't pay attention to these poems, what he says; I am asked to explain them sentence by sentence, and I cannot even understand the meaning of the text. ”
Liang Qichao's quotation above is the first song of Li Shangyin's "Three Songs of Bicheng".
So, what does Li Shangyin's poem "Bicheng", which is difficult for even Ji Xiaolan and Liang Qichao to understand, really mean?
For the title of these three poems, "Bicheng", we only need to know that Bicheng is a place or city named after the blue color, and other metaphors can be ignored for the time being.
Bicheng Twelve Qu Gan, that is, Bicheng has twelve curved gandhara, or bicheng gan has twelve bends, and QuCheng gan is generally in elegant garden pavilions and other places, so this poem indicates that Bicheng is a very elegant place.
According to The Book of Differences in TheOry of Southern Liang Renfang: "But the dust rhinoceros, the sea beast also." However, its horns are dusty. To the seat, the dust does not enter. It means that the horns of the rhinoceros can remove dust, and jade can remove the cold.
This poem means that living in the Bicheng City is free of dust and cold, and it is very comfortable and elegant.
Langyuan has many books attached to cranes, which refers to the immortals living in Langyuan, who use cranes to transmit letters, indicating that the life of the gods and immortals is free and detached.
According to the "Classic of Mountains and Seas • West Mountain Classic", "Three hundred miles in the southwest, the mountain of the female bed", "There are birds, its shape is like Zhai and colorful texts, the name is called the bird." "It means that there are phoenix fairy birds on each tree of the Female Bed Mountain.
Reading the poem so far, you can know that the original poems are all about the stories of the gods, the gods can use rhino horns to remove dust, use jade to remove the cold, use cranes to pass letters, and there are phoenix fairy birds in the trees all over the mountain.
According to the Shangqing Classic in the Taiping Imperial Records, "Yuan Shi Tian respects the rouge of the purple clouds, and Bixia is the city." "It can be known that Bicheng is the city where the gods live, it is a very elegant place, and the life of the gods in the bicheng is even more comfortable and detached."
According to the ancient astronomical theory of mixed heaven, the earth is just a piece of dirt floating in the sea, and after the sun, moon, and stars rise from the sea in the east, they run from east to west, sink from the sea in the west to the bottom of the sea, and rise from the sea in the east after running on the seabed.
This poem refers to the place where the stars sink into the seabed, which is in the eyes of mortals in the infinitely distant sky, but in the eyes of the gods of Bicheng, it seems that they are right in front of them, and through the window, you can see that the stars are sinking to the bottom of the sea.
The rain crossing the source of the river is looking at the source of the river on the earth, which is out of reach in the eyes of mortals, but in the eyes of the gods of Bicheng, it is also like being close at hand, and the gods and immortals look at the rain on the source of the river, as if they are only separated by a seat.
If Xiao Zhu is bright and fixed, Xiao Zhu is a bead that looks bright, of course, referring to the moon, the moon is in the distant sky in the eyes of mortals, but in the eyes of the gods and immortals of Bicheng, the moon is also as close as face to face.
Once the crystal disk is grown, it is for the gods in the blue city, if the moon can be fixed in the sky and not move, it is to face a crystal disk all day.
Obviously, the first poem of this "Bicheng" poem is nothing more than to say that the immortals in bicheng are very elegant, the life of the immortals is free and detached, and the place that is out of reach for mortals is in front of the eyes of the immortals, and the immortals can watch the "star sinking to the bottom of the sea" and "the rain crossing the river source" at will, and they can also face each other with the bright moon in Kyaukgyao.
Li Shangyin used words and phrases such as Bicheng, Rhinoceros Dust, Jade Cold, Langyuan, Crane, Luan, Star Sinking Seabed, Rain Crossing River Source, Xiaozhu, Crystal Plate, etc., to describe a realm of gods and immortals that is free and detached, which is the meaning of the first poem of Li Shangyin's "Bicheng".
So, what does Li Shangyin want to illustrate when he describes such a world of immortals? The poet describes the life of the gods, but what does it mean? This depends on the second poem of "Bicheng".
To the shadow has been pitiful, Yuchi lotus leaf Masatata.
When Xiao Shixiu looked back, Mo saw Hongya patting his shoulder again.
Zi Feng let go of Chu Pei, and the red scales danced wildly to pluck the Xiang strings.
Ejun looked forward to the night in the boat, and embroidered incense to sleep alone.
The poem says that even if you have not seen a person, just by seeing the shadow and hearing the voice, you feel that this person is too worthy of pity.
The first poem of "Bicheng" is about the immortals in bicheng, so the people in this poem are undoubtedly the immortals in bicheng, that is, the immortals in bicheng are too worthy of pity.
Yuchi lotus leaf is a poem written in the scenery, literally, it refers to the lotus leaves in the jade pond of Bicheng growing verdant and delicate.
According to chapter 82 of the "Human Words" by Wang Guowei, a famous master of traditional Chinese studies in modern times: "All scenery is love language: In the past, there was a difference between scenery language and love language. I don't know all the scenery language, all the love language also. ”
It can be seen that the phrase "Yuchi Lotus Leaf Zhengtian Tian", although it is written about the scenery, actually expresses the immortals in the Bicheng City, just like the lotus leaves of this field.
According to these two poems, it can be determined that the Bicheng Immortal described by Li Shangyin should be a fairy.
When Xiao Shixiu looked back, according to the Western Han Dynasty Liu Xiang's "Biography of Liexian": "The history of The Emperor of Qin, the Duke of Qin Mu, was also a person. Good at blowing pipes, can cause peacocks and white cranes in the court. Mu Gong has a daughter, the word is jade, good, and the public is a female wife. The Japanese teach the jade to make a phoenix, live for several years, blow like a phoenix, and the phoenix comes to stop its house. The husband and wife stopped on it for several years. Once, they all flew away with the phoenix. ”
It can be seen that this poem is based on the allusion that Nongyu likes the good blowing of the flute, indicating that the fairy in the Bicheng City has a very high vision, and if she does not meet such an excellent person as Xiao shi, her head will not return.
The earliest record of Hongya is Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu" of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Hong Ya stood up and pointed to the sword, and was snuffed by Mao Yu." Jin Gehong's "Biography of the Immortals • Wei Shuqing" also records: "Du Shiyin said: 'Who is it that he who is bo with his father?'" Shu Qing said: "Mr. Hongya, Xu You, Father Chao, Prince Jin, Xue Rongye." ’”
Li Shangyin's poem is obviously from the "You Xian Poem" written by Guo Pu, who is slightly older than Ge Hong: "Left to hold the sleeve of the floating hill, right to pat the shoulder of Hongya." ”
The meaning of Guo Pu's poem refers to being able to walk close to immortals such as Fuqiu and Hongya, so Li Shangyin's poem also means that the vision of the Bicheng fairy is very high, and if she does not see such an immortal as Hongya, she will not come closer.
For the understanding of this poem, many people like to guess what Zi Feng symbolizes, and what Chu Pei symbolizes, in fact, this method of reading poetry is not right.
The correct way to read the poem is to first understand it literally, only by first understanding the literal meaning of the whole poem, then can we truly understand the meaning of this poem, so the purple phoenix in this poem refers to the purple phoenix, and Chu Pei refers to the jade pendant of Chu Di.
Obviously, the purple phoenix is very beautiful, and the jade pendant of Chudi is also very beautiful, and the beautiful phoenix holds a beautiful jade pendant, of course, it is to describe the fairy of Bicheng as incomparably delicate.
Red scales dance wildly to pluck the Xiang strings, and red scales are animals with red scales, according to the "Sayings": "Dragons, the length of scale insects." According to this poem, it is all about the gods, and the red scales are fighting against the purple phoenix, so the red scales must refer to the red dragon."
Plucking the Xiang string, undoubtedly refers to playing the instrument, the Xiang string and Chu Pei against the battle, it can be seen that the Xiang string is a very high-end instrument, so this poem is written about the fairies in the bicheng, playing the instrument is like the red dragon dancing, indicating that the fairies in the bicheng, while dancing a difficult dance, while playing the instrument, describing the bicheng fairy is really beautiful.
Ejun looked forward to the night in the boat, and Ejun's allusion comes from Liu Xiang's "Saying Yuan, Shanshu" of the Western Han Dynasty: "The panboating of Ejunzi is also in the new wave... The Vietnamese people support and sing... He said, "This day and night, when the middle continent flows, today and tomorrow we are in the same boat with the prince." Shamed and disgraced, the heart is stubborn and the prince is constantly known. The mountain has wood and trees and branches, and the heart says that the king does not know. So the gentleman of the ejunction was repaired, and he embraced it, and the embroidery was covered. According to this allusion, Ejun Zi is a beautiful man that everyone likes to associate with.
Li Shangyin believed that even the beautiful man Ejun, who everyone likes to associate, can only hope for the fairies in the Bicheng, because the fairies in the Bicheng are so elegant and detached, and the people they interact with are all the immortals, who will look up to the mortals like Ejun.
Xiu was burned with incense and slept alone, because the fairies of Bicheng did not look up to Ejun, so Ejun could only sleep alone.
This is the meaning of the second poem of Li Shangyin's "Bicheng", which is nothing more than the meaning of the first poem, indicating that the fairies in bicheng are very elegant, cute and delicate, but the fairies are all gods, and mortals can only be out of reach for the fairies in bicheng.
So, what will happen to the poet in the face of the imaginary bicheng fairy? This depends on the third poem of "Bicheng".
When Tanabata came, there was a period first, and the curtain foil of the cave room is still hanging.
The jade wheel Gu rabbit is born, and the iron mesh coral has no branches.
Examine the scene with the Shenfang Sect and collect the phoenix paper to write acacia.
Emperor Wu's internal transmission is clear, and Mo Dao's people always don't know it.
When Tanabata comes, there is a period first, and the story of Tanabata is known to everyone, that is, the cowherd weaver girl Tanabata meets, indicating that the day when the two meet can be expected, and this day can be counted before the meeting.
The curtain of the cave room is still hanging, and this poem is that the curtain of the cave room is still hanging, indicating that the two people have not yet met, so the curtain on the door has not been opened.
From these two poems, it can be seen that in the heart of the poet Li Shangyin, Yin Yin has the idea of meeting with the bicheng fairy, and the more the poet writes the bicheng freely and detachedly, the more he writes the fairy as delicate and elegant, and the more he implies that he is also a transcendent and elegant person.
Yulun Gutu was born in the first place, and the first birth was from the Shangshu Kangxuan: "Only in March, Zhaoshengluo, Zhou Gongchuji made a new dayi in Dongguoluo, and the Four-Square People's Yamato Association." It means that on the evening of the third day of the first year, the moon has just revealed a trace of light of thin eyebrows, which is the same as the "Zhou Yishan Tongqi": "Three sunrises are cool, and zhen Geng is affected by the West." It's all the same thing.
This poem means that the poet wants to date the bicheng fairy, which has just begun, and it is still early before the official meeting.
The iron mesh coral does not have branches, and the iron mesh coral comes from the Northern Song Dynasty Su Song's "Bencao Tu Jing": "According to the "Sea Classic": 'Take the coral, first make the iron net sink to the bottom of the water, the coral is born throughout, three or two feet tall, there are branches and leaves, because the twisted net comes out, all are destroyed in the net, so it is rare to be intact. I wonder if the taker of the present is Gol? This passage was also included in the book "Evidence Class Materia Medica" by the Northern Song Dynasty Tang Shenwei of the same period.
According to the "Bencao TuJing", the "Haizhong Jing" quoted in it is likely to be a lost one in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas", which can be seen that in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a "Haizhong Jing" that recorded the ancient method of taking corals, and As Li Shangyin of the Tang Dynasty, he undoubtedly knew this method.
The meaning of this poem is that the coral on the iron net has not yet grown, and it also means that the poet wants to date the bicheng fairy, which has just begun, and is still far from the real meeting.
The poet's poem should come from Nanliang Shen Yue's "Suburban Residence Endowment": "Refers to the salty pond and a breath, looking at the Yaotai and high." Bandits speak to themselves, and they hope that the gods can be invited. ”
Because the poet's desire to date the Bicheng fairy is too far away, if you want to wait for such a long time, people will die of old age, so the poet hopes to find an immortal fang that can make himself immortal.
On the one hand, the poet looks for immortals to hope that he will not grow old; on the other hand, he also writes his own acacia on the phoenix paper used to pray to the gods, hoping to meet the fairies of Bicheng as soon as possible.
The Internal Biography of Emperor Wu is clearly distinguished, and the "Inner Biography of Emperor Wu" obviously refers to the "Internal Biography of Emperor Wu of Han" in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the author of the book is unknown, but the description of the western queen mother descending to the human world and meeting with Emperor Wu of Han is quite detailed.
The meaning of Li Shangyin's writing of this poem is to say that fairies can descend to the human world to meet mortals.
Mo Dao people always do not know that the last sentence of this "Three Songs of Bicheng" is still relatively simple, that is, it is clearly recorded in the "Internal Biography of Emperor Wu of Han" that mortals can meet fairies, and this kind of thing is known to everyone and is true.
These last two verses mean that Emperor Wu of Han can meet with the Queen Mother of the West, then I Li Shangyin can also meet the fairies in the Bicheng City!
It turned out that li Shangyin's purpose in writing this "Three Songs of Bicheng" was to fantasize about meeting the fairy, which was the real thought in Li Shangyin's heart!
Why did Li Shangyin fantasize about meeting the fairies? This is probably what men all over the world think, right? If a man can meet and fall in love with a fairy, then no purpose can be achieved!
Of course, the reverse can also be said, it is precisely because the poet Li Shangyin did not achieve the purpose he wanted in real life, so he fantasized about realizing his wish by writing poetry, and in Li Shangyin's "Holy Daughter Shrine • Song Huang Tai Dian Hui Xiang Wei", the same idea is expressed.
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