In 1917, Li Wenzhen wrote in "Reading the Feelings of Uncle Yue Man": "The sky has not lost Swen, or it is not a secret basket." "Fudan University Modern Chinese History Young Scholars Reading Class No. 2, 2022, that is, around the yueman hall master - Li Ciming.
At 19:00 on April 8th, the reading class was officially held online, presided over by Professor Dai Haibin of the Department of History of Fudan University, and invited by Zhang Guili, a researcher at the Institute of Ancient Book Collation of Fudan University, entitled "Diary of a Hundred Years and Ten Thousand Oral Transmissions": Li Ciming's Travel and Reading". The reviewers were Ma Zhongwen, a researcher at the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Xie Dongrong, deputy director of the Ancient Books Library of the National Library of China, Shi Xiang, a researcher at the Institute of Ancient Books Collation of Fudan University, and Pan Jingru, an assistant researcher at the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. This article is a compilation of the main speaker's speech, and the commentator's speech is attached at the end.
Zhang Guili (Researcher, Institute of Ancient Books Collation, Fudan University)
I come from a background in classical Chinese philology, and in the process of compiling Li Ciming's "Reading the Secretary of Yuemantang", I have some feelings. Today, I will focus on his diary, social travels, and reading activities, and share with you his daily life as a scholar.
Li Ciming, Zhang Guili, Edited by Yuemantang Reading Secretary, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2021
I. The Spread and Influence of Li Ciming's Diary
The title of today's lecture, "Diary of a Hundred Years and Ten Thousand Oral Transmissions", is from Zeng Pu's "Flowers of the Sea of Iniquity". This historical novel is based on actual characters, shaping a group portrait of a group of characters in the late Qing Dynasty, the first six times written by Jin Songcen, the description of Li Zhimin is: "Fill in the words with poems, the articles are elegant, and li Zhimin is a masterpiece of the moment." After the seventh time, it was all written by Zeng Pu. Zeng wrote in the final reply: "Modern poetry, except for Li Chunlao's "Baihua Daijue Pavilion", which traces back to Duling from Wen and Li, is worthy of a generation of lexicography. The beginning and end echoed, completely supporting Jin Songcen's character design for Li Zhimin.
Because of his father and his friendship with Li Ciming, Zeng Pu wrote that Li Shi had a profound foundation in life and was also exceptionally brilliant. The twentieth time in the novel, Li Zhimin's birthday party is described in large ink, at the "Yun wo Yuan" of the Manchu official Sheng Yu. At that time, Sheng Yu invited the celebrities of the Beijing Division to discuss the learning and draw lots:
In the Yun Wo Garden, the Qiong Feast (薆云), the Group Immortals come to ShouSheng Extreme Immortals (Su Yun). Huashan stele stone hanging for a thousand years (Li Wentian), "Zhou Guan" jinglian Northern Song Dynasty engraving (Wang Mingluan). Through the hundreds of billions of prayers (Ye Changzhi), cultivating smoke hundreds of flying cloud smoke (Zhang Que zheng). The remnants of "Ran Fat" are left in Jin Tsuen (Wang Yirong), and Ma Xiang paints Lan Feng Bone Yan (Jiang Biao). Han stele Qin Shi Luo I Qian (Duan Fang), Green Turtle Fu Agate Spring (Miao Quan Sun). Diary of a hundred years of oral transmission (Li Ciming), continuing the history and art of the North and South (Wenting style). Chen Mao's ancient stele I BaoXu (Shen Zengzhi), the lord of yingmei nunnery came to FeiYi (Sheng Yu). The black-headed Zai Xiang Gong (Lin Xu), the Long Tu Wanli Gull Dejian (Hong Jun). Bing wished my father-in-law Qiao Yu (Yi Yun).
This improvisational work is a request for everyone to "show off the treasure". It's a lot of things, and any one of them is worth a lot. Li Zhimin, because of his poverty and illness, had to chant a realistic sentence "Diary of a Hundred Years and Ten Thousand Oral Transmissions", but he also won the applause of the whole hall. I think this sentence should stem from Zeng Pu's understanding of Li Ciming and the circulation of the diary.
The "Diary of Yuemantang" ranks first among the "Four Great Diaries of the Late Qing Dynasty", which has accumulated for forty years of effort. When Li Ciming was twenty-four years old, he stipulated the main contents of the diary, including major events of the country, reading notes, friendships and friends, and personal poetry works. After the photocopy of the Republic of China diary was published, it became all the rage and almost became a bestseller like "The Flower of the Sea of Iniquity". However, the diary did not receive unanimous praise. Mr. Lu Xun was quite dissatisfied with the diary of this country sage, saying:
The Diary has become popular lately. I watched it but I always felt that he had to leave me a little uncomfortable every time, why? The first is the edict on the banknote, probably influenced by the story of He Qi, who was wary of one day being 'imperially watched'. The second is a lot of ink coating. If you have written it and scribbled it, how many should not write it? The third is to show people money early, thinking that it is a work. I don't think I can see Li Ciming's heart from it, but I see some contrivance from time to time, as if I have been deceived.
"Thinking of myself as a work" precisely points out the characteristics of Li Ciming's diary as a book. Because Li Ciming broke the privacy of the diary, when writing carefully, it is inevitable that there is a suspicion of pretense.
Li Ciming's small portrait and the book shadow of "Yue Man Tang Diary"
Yu Dafu and Zhou Zuoren liked to read the leisurely and spiritual texts in the diary, while Hu Shi believed that the content of this book was documentary, the reading notes, and current affairs were of high value, and he inscribed nine poems for it, two of which were cloudy: "Forty years ago, good people should not laugh at future generations", which can reflect the attitude of some scholars to Li Ciming. Because Li Ciming's diary would write about the contents of mixing with Ge Lang and playing fake plays with prostitutes, and secretly poking at the selfishness of friends, cursing incompetent officials, writing straight books without fear.
At the same time, some readers believe that the diary has smeared or hidden parts, which is difficult to call a history of faith. Or li ciming and gelang mixed, and did not pay attention to the image of scholars. Or criticize him for his temper, love to scold people, and be mean to people at the same time, which can be described as poisonous tongue. If you pay too much attention to these negative images, you will naturally not be so sure of Li Ciming's diary and learning. For example, Qian Zhongshu said: "Li Shu is a good slanderer, a vain person, and a sage." Zhang Shunhui also said: "In his lifetime, the Gai Li clan was a good slanderer, nitpicking, blind to the world, and more than fifty years old, and still trapped in the field house, with resentment as a speech, no going rather than ridicule." "The rhetoric is excessive, almost offensive, and no longer belongs to the academic realm of discussion.
Zhou Zuoren (1885-1967) and Hu Shi (1891-1962)
It has now been a hundred years since the diary was published. Li Ciming's self-proclaimed "diary for a hundred years orally" before his death has really come true. However, this famous artist of a hundred years ago, everyone himself, has not been fully understood by future generations. Those who read his diaries are not lacking in curiosity and privacy, or those who only extract historical materials. It is rare to be able to hold a sympathetic understanding, with a little warmth and respect. In his article "The Long Day Is Coming to An End, Typical Dreams:Qianjia Feelings and Their Significance Seen in Li Ciming's Academic Criticism", Taiwanese scholar Cai Changlin deeply analyzed Li Ciming's academic feelings and spiritual sustenance with a sympathetic and respectful attitude, which I think is very pertinent and in place.
Teacher Ma Zhongwen said that reading diaries is the best way to cultivate a sense of history. As a non-history major, my slight understanding of the history of the late Qing Dynasty was accumulated through more than ten years of reading and clicking on Li Ciming's diary.
Second, exchanges and discussions with Zhang Xingjian and Gui Wencan
At the height of Qianjia Sinology, the prosperity of famous teachers and disciples passing on their one-time learning and passing on their family learning for several generations abounded. After Daoguang, the world situation was changeable, wars and natural disasters were frequent, and the living environment of scholars was greatly challenged. Classics declined, but there was still no shortage of scribes, such as Shao Yichen, who wrote the "Concise Catalogue Annotation of the Four Libraries", who returned to his hometown in the early years of Xianfeng and wrote books behind closed doors in Hangzhou. During this period, Li Ciming twice went to the provincial capital of Hangzhou to take the examination, and also went to play, and was close to this learned and famous villager at the time, but he lost his hand. Because he was not here at that time.
In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Li Ciming and yue Chinese young people set up a speech society, immersed in singing beautiful vanilla, even with scholars of the same age and living in the same city, Pingbu Qing and Fu Yili, there was no contact. In the face of Tan Xian's visit, he only used poetry to discuss. In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), due to the unsuccessful examination of the imperial examination, Li Ciming donated funds to the Beijing officials. After arriving in Beijing, he continued to sing and write poems with Chen Shouqi, Zhou Xingyu and Zhou Xing of the Yan Society. Later, because of his break with the Zhou brothers, he broke away from the circle of communication maintained by nostalgia and literary activities, and turned to the study of learning.
Li Ciming did not really know about the famous Confucian masters in various places, but as long as his friends were in a certain place, his focus touched a certain place. In addition to borrowing the wind and the poetry and wine of the journey, he would ask his friends who had entered Beijing for advice on scientific expeditions and debriefing, and he also corresponded with them attentively, asking for information such as the local scholarly forest palms, the engraving and compilation of books, and the academic atmosphere.
I recently compiled a collection of Li Ciming's letters, about 800 of which were written in length, many of which exchanged local study styles and visited Su Ru's writings. Communicators such as Zhejiang Xuezheng Qu Hongyu, Jiangsu Xuezheng Wang Xianqian, Sichuan Xuezheng Zhu Chao, Hunan Xuezheng Tao Fangqi, Zhejiang Bookstore School Survey Chen Hao, and so on. These letters cannot simply be regarded as a means for Li Ciming to maintain social interaction, and it is his intention to understand the dynamics of the academic community. For example, Ping Buqing served as an official in Jiangxi, and mailed him a large number of books such as the Ming Tongjian and the Records of the State Dynasty in Jiangxi. Because Miao Quansun was in the shogunate of Zhangzhidong in Chengdu, he could also consult at any time about the collection, engraving and scholarship of Sichuan and Shu. And because the doorman Wu Lifu was in Shanghai, the newly printed books in Shanghai could often be delivered to him. In addition, Li Ciming also learned about Zheng Zhen through the Yunnan scholar Mo Youzhi and Zou Hanxun, a Scholar in Hunan, through Wang Xianqian.
Ping Buqing: "Qiao Yin Xi Yue"; Miao Quansun: "Diary of an Old Man with Art Style"
With regard to the origin of the literature in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, he always paid attention to the library buildings, famous scholars, the circulation of manuscripts of famous works, and the preservation of engravings. When the Taiping Army occupied Zhejiang, he inquired from friends in Jiangnan about the current situation of Wenlan Pavilion's "Four Libraries and Complete Books", Tianyi Pavilion, Zhenqi Hall, and 8,000 Volumes Building. When he learned that the scribe Chen Yi died of illness in the chaos, he could not help but sigh that "the Jiangnan Classics are exhausted." Hearing that Gu Hezhi died in the military rebellion, he also lamented for Gu Qianli's death for a long time.
Li Ciming paid great attention to ancient books and scholars outside the region. The Japanese scholar Oka Qianyu came to visit China and visited him several times in person, and gave him the history books of various countries he had written. Japanese books such as "Difficult Scriptures", "Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty", "Ancient Yi Series", "Japan's New Jade Chapters" and so on, Li Ciming has also read and commented. He also borrowed "Essays on the Mushroom Garden" from Shen Zengzhi and books such as the "Great Tibetan Scripture Yinyi" from Xu Jingcheng. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), Yang Shoujing accompanied the minister in Japan, He Ruzhang, to Japan, and wrote a letter to Li Ciming, telling him in detail about the circulation of ancient Chinese books in Japan. Fu Yunlong, the diplomatic envoy, returned from Japan and also presented him with the books he had written and engraved. At the same time, he also had contacts with North Korean scholars. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872), Jang Zhi-dong, Together with Zhou Shouchang, Dong Wenhuan, Wu Dae-yun and others, invited the Korean envoys Min Zhiyu and Park Fengbin, and Li Ciming asked him about the number and name of the 28th Emperor lee, so as to record it as the "Records of the King of Joseon" and return it with the "Three Subsets of Yue".
Although it was inconvenient to convey information at that time, Li Ciming, with his broad academic vision and strong circle of friends, timely grasped the major events and trends of xuelin. Most importantly, he recorded all the academic information he learned in his diary. In addition to paying attention to the publication and circulation of ancient books, he also pays attention to the collection of gold and stone tablets and utensils, the survival of scholars, the trend of learning wind, and foreign Chinese books and scholars. These contents are inadvertently or intentionally ignored in the macro narrative of traditional academic history, but they reflect the real details and are extremely valuable historical materials for understanding and analyzing complex academic fields. Li Ciming's interactions with Zhang Xingjian and Gui Wencan also illustrate this point very well.
In the Xianfeng Decade (1860), Li Ciming officially became acquainted with Zhang Xingjian. Zhang Shi once gave it to liu libu and borrowed various books. The two are close in age, experience, and academic interest, so they can feel sorry for each other. In the second year of Tongzhi (1863), Zhang Xingjian ding's father was worried, Li Ciming wrote a family biography for his father, and Zhang shi gave Kong's microwave Xie "Chinese Sound" and "Spring and Autumn Grain Liang ChuanShi Yue Day Calligraphy Interpretation". Later, Zhang Xingjian wrote the "Confucian Records of the Classics of the State Dynasty", headed by Gu Yanwu, which included one hundred and thirty people. Li Ciming also began to compile the "Xiaozhi of the Confucian Classics of the State Dynasty", also with Gu Yanwu as the beginning, including a total of 165 people. It can be speculated that they must have had exchanges in the process of compiling the second book.
Zhang Xingjian: The Confucian Chronicle of the Classics of the State Dynasty
Li Ciming: Manuscript of the "Small Chronicles of the Confucian Classics of the National Dynasty"
Zhang Xingjian paid attention to Gui Wencan, collected Gui's "Poetry Notes and Notes on different meanings", and shared it with Li Ciming. After Gui Wencan's "Series of Classics" was submitted, Pan Zuyin once forwarded the "Collected Evidences of Filial Piety" and "Supplementary Correction of the Qunjing" to Li Ciming for review. Li Ciming was rewarded for this, saying that Gui Wencan "inherited sinology and wrote praise." Reading the title of his book, he was already fascinated, not a world, but still had this person. Unfortunately, it is not worth it, and I am afraid that I will not be able to hear it. ”
At that time, Li Ciming was sitting in the house of Zhou Zupei, the Shangshu of the Rebbe. Near the water tower, Li Ciming has a better understanding of the direction of the stroke and the interest. In the early years of the Tongzhi Dynasty, there were Zeng Guofan, a feudal governor, and Wu Ren, a scholar of wenyuange University, who was known as a famous minister of science. Within the academic circles, Fang Dongshu and Yao Yingzhi attacked Sinology. Choosing Sinology at this time means counter-current, isolation, and loneliness. Therefore, he asserted that Gui Wencan could not be appreciated, and the consequences were verified. It can be seen that at the beginning of the Tongzhi Dynasty, the rule of law of Qianjia Sinology could not be officially recognized and praised.
In February of the second year of Tongzhi, Gui Wencan entered Beijing to take the exam and visit. Because god had been friends for a long time, the two were able to talk for a long time. Unfortunately, The Gui clan fell in the first place. After returning to Guangzhou, he wrote a letter to Li Ciming, sent Xu Hao's book "Tongjietang Jingshu", and told his friend about the publication of the "Xuehaitang Series". In his reply, Li Ciming reviewed his own academic journey, but also expressed his reverence for Gui and Xu Hao, and asked him to pay attention to the writings of Chen Guanlou, the first scholar of Guangdong in Qianjiajian. This kind of interaction and exchange between Guangdong and Beijing is very important for scholars.
Gui Wencan: "The Erudition of Scripture"
As early as the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Gui Wencan compiled a book called "The Collected Records of Classics", which included the famous scholars of the Four Dynasties of Qian, Jia, Dao, and Xian, starting with HuiDong and ending with Gu Qianli and Chen Shuhua. I once had a preliminary idea, that is, starting from the fact that Gui, Zhang, and Li summed up the classics of the dynasty at the same time, and merged the "Records of the Classics of the Classics of the State Dynasty" and the "Little Chronicle of the Confucian Classics of the State Dynasty" into one compilation, and took the exchanges and exchanges between the three of them during the Tongzhi period as an appendix. In addition, Zhao Zhiqian also wrote the "Continuation of the Sinology Teachers of the State Dynasty", which was specially recorded according to the style of Jiang Fan. From the perspective of academic history, these four kinds of books that are the transmission of scribes can be regarded as a response to the tongzhi dynasty's policy of deposing the Han dynasty and honoring the Song dynasty, and a counterattack against the light Han and anti-sinology styles.
Reading: From scribe to scholar
Zhang Xingjian studied under Chen Wan. Chen Yi was a high-footed Duan Yujue, proficient in Mao poetry, and wrote "Mao Poetry Transmission". Gui Wencan studied under Chen Li (Commander of Jupo's Lecture House). Chen Li advocated both han and Song dynasties, and wrote the "Reading Secretary of Dongshu" and "Han Ru Tongyi". Zhang and Gui, because of their masters of classics, set the goal of governing their studies earlier. In contrast, Li Ciming has no teacher. In his early years of study, he was centered on liberal arts and broad knowledge, and he was good at words, not only did he not specialize in one classic and one history, but he did not read the "Commentaries" and "Thirteen Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics" before he was thirty years old, and his study started very late.
After the donation officials went north, Li Ciming saw and heard more and more widely, and often went to Liulichang to read and visit books, which was immersed in a strong academic atmosphere. At the same time, he also came into contact with Gui Wencan's classics, and began to concentrate on studying with Ping Buqing, Zhang Xingjian, and Huang Yizhou. But this choice is fraught with hardships.
First of all, in the context of the decline of Sinology, still using the Method of Qianjia Han Confucian to study the history of the scriptures means to reverse the current, which is itself extremely challenging. Li Ciming also realized: "Sinology cannot be unconcealed, and it is very difficult to do so, and its concealment is not mechanical, and it is especially not the ear of deep thinking and discernment." Yu is not a Scholar of Chinese, but he knows its difficulties well, and he likes its compactness and preciousness." Secondly, Li Ciming began the practice of governance at a time when his personal path was at the end of his life. Reading and studying in a time of material scarcity is particularly admirable. On the second day of the first lunar month of the fourth year of Tongzhi (January 28, 1865), he concentrated on Khao Suo's "Sayings", so that he did not see all the friends who came to visit the New Year, and wrote in his diary: "Today's weather is warm, such as in the early spring of Jiangnan, the furnace is closed, and the camp is full of scriptures, which is quite fruitful. On the occasion of the dedication of the year, the carriages and horses are like clouds, and doing this life, clumsy and pedantic, The soft red dust of Jinghua should have no second person. ”
Mr. Zhang Shunhui repeatedly read Li Ciming's diary and believed that his concentration and effort were far from meeting the standards of scholars, and he wrote in the "Notes of the Qing Dynasty" volume 9 clouds:
When Li Shi was young, he walked into the countryside and used words in vain. As for the Jingshi, Yi Yisheng sounded, with a weak body, one by one, the land of song and dance, and the scrolls were pro-scrolled, so there were not many days, so the Simple Scholar was hard and lonely, and he was incompetent, and the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty" was placed at the end of the "Biography of Wenyuan", which was actually peaceful.
Zhang Shunhui: Notes from the Qing Dynasty, Wuhan: Central China Normal University Press, 2004.
When he was young, he was famous for his words, "And to the Capital, to the master, to benefit the sound and color, with the weak body, to the place of song and dance" these sentences are in line with the facts. As for indulging in wine, there is no need to deny it, but it is only more than a year. The phrase "pro-scroll, for the day is not much" is not in line with the facts. Mr. Zhang once affirmed Li Ciming's reading in his later years: "I know that in his later years, his learning is flat, and his argument is very different from the past. However, I probably did not see Li Ciming's diary for the last four years, when his academic views were more sophisticated. Overall, Mr. Zhang's comments on Li Ciming are certainly less and more critical. Teacher Dai Haibin previously deeply analyzed Mr. Li Ciming's academic evaluation, which was objective and allowable, and I personally believed it.
Looking at the academic history of the Qing Dynasty, it can be found that many scholars were keen on composing poetry and lyrics in their youth, and then they concentrated on their studies. Scholars, especially when the Qianlong Dynasty opened the Sikuguan, received higher recognition and more opportunities than poets. Although he established his identity as a poet earlier, Li Ciming had a strong self-presupposition. Although he is keen on the eunuch path, reading and governing learning is the ultimate goal of his founding of the world, which is called "talents without learning in ancient and modern times, and there is no cause outside reading in the world". Because he changed his career to study after middle age, he was well aware of the hardships of going from scribe to scholar, so he did not like Yao Nai very much, and once criticized "Ji Chuan wen shi and vainly thought about teaching", nor did he like Yuan Ming, Weng Fanggang, and his friend Tan Xian, who were scribes and scholars. However, his criticism of them is quite deeply rooted in their illness.
Li Ciming was in deep pain about the late study of Xiang. In fact, for him, who adheres to the principle that "the words and chapters are the entertainment of scholars", the diligent seeker lies in the history of the scriptures, and he also expects to enter the Confucian tradition. Still, he didn't have absolute confidence. As he said in "Sixty-one-Year-Old Little Statue Self-Praise": "Is it Rulinye? Wen Yuanye? Listen to the hereafter with me. ”
Zhao Erxun et al., Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing: Zhonghua Bookstore, 1977.
The "Qing History Manuscript Wenyuan Biography" contains a total of 354 people, and the main biography contains 105 people. Li Ciming is located in the "Wenyuan III", and the text is transmitted from the hands of Miao Quansun. Being able to enter the Wenyuan is already rare and valuable, but it is always difficult to be satisfied. Because in the era of heavy Confucianism and light literature, it was higher to enter the Confucian forest. At the same time, the "Wenyuan" cannot accurately locate their actual identities, which probably only indicates that each person is better at literary creation.
Li Ciming worked the Shuowen, but did not write a book; he also devoted himself to historiography, and once discussed the Book of Han with Wang Xianqian, and also made judgments on the History of Song and the History of Ming. However, the historical records of his approval were scattered on hundreds of books and were not organized until later, when they were compiled into books by Wang Chongmin. According to the strict criteria for being selected for "Rulin" on that day, he really did not meet it. Despite this, Li Ciming's fame is not insignificant. During the Republic of China, due to the photocopy and publication of the diary, the reading notes and reading notes were published one after another, he was always within the research field of scholars. After the table of contents" style="width:600px; " src="https://imagecloud.thepaper.cn/thepaper/image/190/41/315.png" />
Wang Chongmin: After the Book Catalogue
After carefully and carefully examining Li Ciming's academic process and academic achievements, we can say that he has achieved the academic pursuit from a scribe to a scholar. In commenting on the scholarship of the dynasties, he was familiar with it, sharp in his writing, and extremely confident, showing not only the diligence of reading, the breadth of his knowledge, and the essence of his insight, but also his talent for criticism exceeded that of his generation. In the process of criticism, he paid attention to editions, proofreading, and examination, adhering to the interests of sinologists. Judging from his appraisal and opinion, he vigorously defended Sinology, but he could also stand on the standpoint of sinology, deeply review the abuses of sinology, criticize sinologists for being knowledgeable, have different cuts, and lack the pursuit of the ages.
This "Yue Man Tang Reading Secretary" mainly examines the merits and demerits of scholars and monographs and their current significance, and its internal rationale is "distinguishing the academic chapters, examining the source of the mirror", praising and depreciating the objects of comment, and being able to be fair and affirm the academic achievements of the dynasty. At the same time, Li Ciming's emphasis on the talent of scholars' articles reflects his scribe nature. And being able to single-handedly complete the commentary on many subsets of the history of the scriptures, Li Ciming is indeed a scholar who has never ceased to emerge.
In addition, I have an interesting discovery that when Li Ciming repeatedly criticizes scholars, he is actually unconsciously deeply influenced by him in a certain aspect. For example, Yao Nai and Zhang Xuecheng were the objects of his profound criticism. However, Yao Nai's advocacy of the pursuit of articles integrating righteousness, evidence, and words and chapters, and Zhang Xuecheng's criticism principle of "distinguishing chapters and academics, examining the source of the mirror", are very much in line with his interest in governing learning. These influences are also reflected in the reading notes.
In the process of compiling Li Ciming's reading notes, I first established the style of chronicle. Because the reading notes of the diary body have the characteristics of impressionism, immediacy, and originality, the four-part category really cannot reflect his reading process. Li Ciming's reading is open-ended, reading and remembering. According to its original diary or chronicle style, it best reflects its reading world. At the same time, his reading notes are different from the comments written intensively in the face of a large collection of books, and the summaries written like the librarians. Secondly, after historical precipitation, the content that was not used as academic notes at that time, such as the writings of recorded friends, were mostly manuscripts or only single poems. Although their academic achievements are not so remarkable, if they are ignored, it is inevitable that they will be regretted. Third, the daily accumulation of notes, learning from the forest, and famous objects into the diary is also one of the academic activities, and it can even be said that it is a precious historical fragment. At the time of its previous publication, for historical reasons, the book omitted comments on the works of officials and scholars who suppressed the Taiping Army, such as Zeng Guofan, Hu Linyi, Zuo Zongtang, and others. In the current environment, nature cannot repeat the mistakes of the past.
While examining the scholar's rational academic commentary, we should also understand his perceptual world. Li Ciming has a talent for reading, which is beyond doubt. Although he is sick, he is energetic, extremely self-disciplined, sincere in his dealings with the world, warm in the ancient way, and a good old man. Influenced by the internal and external troubles of the Three Dynasties of Xian, Tong, and Guang, the literati who stumbled in the fortunes of the world gradually became paranoid and harsh because of the unhappiness of the science field and the official field, and the betrayal of their friends. This is also the spiritual characteristics of the scholars of Zhejiang and eastern Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty in history, such as Mao Qiling and Zhang Xuecheng, who have a mean and abusive side. Therefore, the arrogance and inaccurate evaluation that occasionally appear in Li Ciming's reading notes are mistakes with a small probability and should not be labeled.
In general, Li Ciming is not too far away from us. Our understanding of him is not so sufficient, it is easy to be in the hands of the old, curious evaluation and cognition, easy to be left and right by the existing theories, lack of in-depth and intensive reading of his writings, failed to broaden the academic horizon, and thus it is difficult to explore new historical significance. Therefore, in today's superior environment of resource sharing, in addition to further investigation and excavation in historical documents, our academic vision and vision should also match new documents and new hot spots, and strive to carry out immersive reading to capture more details. I believe that using first-hand information as the object of study, the conclusions drawn will be more in line with the historical context.
Statue of Li Ciming by the lake
The reviewers made statements
MA Zhongwen (Research Fellow, Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Teacher Zhang's report today is very comprehensive and profound, which is directly related to the energy and effort she has invested in more than ten years. I have gained a lot personally, and I would like to share two main points of impression here. The first is how to judge and analyze the historical value of Li Ciming's diary; the second is to talk about the arrangement of the new edition of "Reading Secretaries".
First of all, this diary is different from ordinary and other diaries, and Li Ciming not only writes it as a diary, but also writes it as a creative work. The most crucial thing is that from the very beginning or in the early days, he consciously or unconsciously spread the diary for everyone to copy. This is different from the impression that the diary is very private in our general understanding. For comparison, people like Weng Tonggong and Hu Shi may have the idea of passing on the diary to the world, but before they died, they probably rarely showed the diary to outsiders, especially those who were not familiar with it (Hu Shi only published the "Study Abroad Diary" before his death). Li Ciming was just the opposite.
Li Ciming's doing so has a lot to do with his personal experience and situation. He entered the capital in the form of an official donation, and it was very difficult for him to float lang cao. In Beijing, it is not only necessary to live, but also to actively prepare for the examination of the imperial examination and solve the two difficulties of raising people and entering the army. Therefore, he has a heavier burden and greater psychological pressure than those who have won the promotion of people, entered the army, and then come to Beijing to become officials. I think these experiences have an impact on his personality and life, and the cynical and cunning personality is formed. Therefore, he used the Zang negation character in the diary to express his feelings and opinions, and the diary rarely had "forgiveness" for others.
In this way, we will find a problem, Li Ciming's diary actually participated in and intervened in real life at that time. This kind of diary, after becoming the material for research, can be called "intentional" historical material, according to the French annals historian Bloch. In other words, Li Ciming wrote a diary, which had a very clear purpose at that time. Therefore, if we want to understand the historical value of Li Ciming's diary more completely and comprehensively, we cannot regard this diary as a flat, black-and-white document, but should look at it as a three-dimensional thing, return to the historical scene at that time, and examine the process of diary formation. When we study historical figures, we often talk about knowing people and talking about the world. Therefore, while paying attention to Li Ciming's diary, we must also pay attention to his life and see what impact his life has had on the writing of the diary.
Previously, Mr. Zhang Shunhui thought that Li Ciming did not read deeply enough. It seems that this question can be seen with an understanding attitude. Li Ciming was not a specialized scholar, just an ordinary Beijing official. Unlike those scholars in the Qianjia period who broke away from the downtown area and hid in the study hall, although Li Ciming was diligent, he was only very knowledgeable in reading, and it was not appropriate to measure him by the requirements of sinologists.
As we all know, Li Ciming scolded people very badly, and everyone was afraid of him. After he was an imperial historian in the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), he also participated in the powerful people such as Sun Yuwen, and the words were very sharp. This reminds me of the early years of Guangxu, when Li Hongzhang invited him to serve as the head of the Qingjin Academy. This incident gave me a feeling, perhaps Li Hongzhang did not want or dare not offend Li Ciming, invited him to teach, but also took the opportunity to envelop the purpose (of course, the specific reasons can be examined in detail). Another example is Weng Tonggong's only meeting with Kang Youwei in May of the twenty-first year of Guangxu (1895), and later he tampered with the diary, replaced Kang Youwei with Li Ciming, and wrote an evaluation that "the eyes of the whole world are crazy". Why didn't Weng choose li ciming for someone else? It just shows that in his eyes, Li Ciming's arrogance is well known to everyone, and even represents the basic evaluation of Li by the dignitaries of the dynasty.
When it comes to the historical value of Li's diary, we must pay attention not only to those "intentional" historical materials, but also to those things that Li Ciming inadvertently wrote down, because there is no need to add his own personal tendencies, and now it seems to be a very objective historical material. For example, their income, the situation that their fellow beijing officials live on printing and silver, and the restaurants and restaurants where they often go to drink and listen to plays with their friends, the names and addresses of restaurants, etc., are all first-hand excellent materials for studying the history of life in Beijing at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Li Ciming is a super fan of opera, and the large amount of opera materials left in his diary is of great help for the current study of changes in some repertoire of Peking Opera or Kunqu Opera, the roles of repertoire characters, and even the intergenerational transmission between actors.
The second issue is the arrangement of the Yuemantang Reading Secretary published this time. We know that the earliest reading secretary was edited by Mr. Yunlong by category, and he put together all the records of a certain book, and then added the reading date below each record, which inevitably diluted the chronological characteristics of the diary, which was actually flawed. Diaries are edited separately by category, not by Yunlong. Now we can see the more typical Wu Rulun diary. His journal is excerpted, has no time, shows a flat color, and is completely in the form of a compilation of materials. There is also the recently published "Diary of Yuan Chang", some of which is also classified according to type. This arrangement completely loses or departs from the most essential chronological properties of the diary material, and scholars often bring a lot of inconvenience when citing and analyzing it. This time, Teacher Zhang completely restored the reading secretary to the chronological arrangement format, and used the index attached to the end of the article to solve the similar search of the reading bibliography. This way is very good, restoring the time and context of Li Ciming's reading of certain books, which helps us to find some internal connections from them. This is also the biggest feature of Teacher Zhang's book.
Xie Dongrong (Deputy Director of the Ancient Books Library of the National Library of China)
Regarding the evaluation of Li Ciming by posterity, Teacher Zhang mentioned a variety of statements, positive, negative and so on. During this time, I was paying attention to Lu Xun's younger brother Zhou Zuoren, and found that he had a very high evaluation of Li Ciming, saying that he was the most respected among many village sages. Then, the brothers do not have the same view of the same person, which also makes people feel that Li Ciming is indeed a very interesting figure and can provide a larger space for our research.
After listening to the lecture, I mainly had three aspects of my thoughts. One is that for Li Ciming's diary, everyone may pay more attention to the original. It should be noted that because everyone often copied together at that time, multiple versions were produced. Then, when we study Li Ciming's own diary, we also need to pay attention to the situation of the manuscript. The latter was also very helpful in the study of Li Ciming's diary. Because Li Ciming made many deletions and modifications to many contents of the diary, especially the early diary. Some friends may have copied the diary before deleting it. From this point of view, various manuscripts help to restore the original appearance of Li Ciming's diary, or the appearance before the revision.
The second is the Republic of China period, when the Beiping Library purchased Li Ciming's collection in 1928. In Li Ciming's books, there are many proofreadings, including the inscriptions of the collections. At that time, Mr. Wang Chongmin sorted out the contents of the collection of inscriptions, proofreading, and reading history notes, and wrote special books and articles. The follow-up is more concerned about Mr. Wang Liqi, who wrote "Yuemantang Reading Concise End Record" and "Continuation", recording what kind of criticism Li Ciming did in whose books. These can actually reflect some of Li Ciming's thoughts in the process of reading, but I feel that there are not many people who pay attention to it. Perhaps we can take this as the next focus, pay attention to Li Ciming's evaluation of a certain book, his criticism and opinion of these books, or what contributions he has made to it.
The third aspect is that some scholars have studied diaries from the perspective of reading history, discussing what books these people have read, why they read them, and how he is different from the reading concepts of people at that time. I think that after Teacher Zhang finishes sorting out the reading secretaries, we can dig up Li Ciming's diary from the perspective of reading history, pay attention to what books Li Ciming has read, why he read them, and then evaluate what they are.
Shi Xiang (Researcher, Institute of Ancient Book Collation, Fudan University)
First of all, my feeling about the diary is that it is a very important source of historical material. There are two similar objects, one is a book, and the other is more related to versionology, that is, a collection of inscriptions written on ancient books.
The situation of the book and inscription is similar to that of a diary. One is that when the author writes, he is not too interested and does not want to show people. Letters may also have a fixed recipient, and sometimes the finished inscription is really not intended to be shown to people. The other is that there are some letters and inscriptions, which are specially shown. For example, after some authors have written the Treatise on Studies, they will immediately find a carver to quickly get it out and then distribute it, which is a common situation. As for the inscription, the ancients sometimes liked to dry books, or find a few friends to enjoy, then you will inevitably see the inscription on the book, which is also a form of communication. Of course, some of it may be true and some of it is a lie. I personally feel that there is another kind of inscription, that is, to ask an expert in versionology or an authoritative figure to write it. The purpose behind it is obvious, either to add color, or to make a profit, and so on. When they write, they probably don't know it. Therefore, when using historical materials, how to deal with so many different situations is very critical.
Another feeling I have is that in addition to clarifying the author's intentions, it is also difficult to sort out the content itself. For example, Li Ciming will mention in his diary what books he read and which titles he wrote down. However, at that time, writing diaries, inscriptions, or letters did not follow the norms of volume ends and correct titles as in the current cataloging of ancient books. Probably write a letter as long as the other party can understand, as long as you can understand the inscription. As for keeping a diary, not to mention.
Just now several teachers have talked about the history of reading. Because I personally do versioning, I will think about which features or version information of the book can be seen in the diary, such as which versions of the features are mentioned in this text, which can be used for us to judge. In addition, some books may not have been written at the time, but may have been the works of predecessors, which have recently been re-engraved and circulated in the circle of friends. Such a record is very beneficial for us to understand the situation of the various versions and the speed of circulation.
In fact, a diary is also a good calibration tool. Like we sometimes do cataloging, we have to write a certain engraving of Qingdao Guang for three years, as if it is a fixed, unchanging time for writing. If we look at the diary, we will find that three years may be just one of the nodes, because it has dragged on for a long time, or the time marked is different from the actual time. I used to see Miao Tsuen Sun's diary also have such feelings. So the diary can bring us back to the historical scene and let us see these vivid details again.
Finally, be especially careful when using a diary. Unlike the standard academic papers we write now, diaries have a complete framework and a clear exposition. This requires attention to the unspoken, skipped or obscure words in the diary, which can be carefully considered. So I think that if you study diaries, letters, and inscriptions, there will really be a lot of small discoveries and interesting points.
Pan Jingru (Assistant Research Fellow, Institute of Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
My overall feeling is that In addition to his own research, Li Ciming's diary may also be used to discuss modern politics, society, economy, culture, qing dynasty academic history, and earlier literary history.
Taking the opportunity today, I also re-read the diary. The biggest feeling is the "public" and "private" aspects of the diary. Why? First of all, I agree with Mr. Zhang Shunhui's assertion that he is more than fifty years old and is still trapped in the field house, and there is a certain truth about knowing people and discussing the world, which is also from the aspect of "private". At the same time, I understand "private", which is not only personal prejudice and grievance, but also leads to the level of "public". That is to say, although "private" is definitely biased, it can also be understood to mean that I pay more attention to this point. Because a public affair, a national affair, it has countless points. If you're not in that position, you don't pay special attention. In this sense, I feel that diaries can provide us with many perspectives on the history of modern literary exchange.
The grudge between Li Ciming and Zhao Zhiqian mentioned by Teacher Zhang just now can probably be attributed to private right and wrong. But there are some private events that I think need to be discussed at the public level of modern history. In the past, when reading someone's poems, if possible, we would use materials such as diaries and letters to explain them. Then, in turn, the use of the words in the diary and the poems may also achieve the purpose of complementing each other. The example I give today is about the late Qingliu, which mainly refers to the former Qingliu, that is, the wave of Qingliu figures between the beginning of Guangxu and the ten years of Guangxu. From the perspective of private communication, Li Ciming's most familiar or relatively familiar pre-Qingliu is Zhang Zhidong. A record of Li Ciming's diary during this period reflects a lot of information:
Recently, the northerners sang peace inside and outside, and Zhang threatened Li to think that it was important, and Li baited Zhang for use, spying on the will of the DPRK, and forming a wide range of party aid. Eight levels of descendants, shortcuts suddenly advanced, do not learn no techniques, sick and heartless. Eager to talk about the road, with Bai Jian pain to cure the rats also.
Seeing this material, the first thing that comes to my mind is the personal experience of Li Ciming mentioned earlier. Combined with Guo Zefeng's record of Qingliu in the "Ten Dynasties Poetry Ride", it can be found that Qingliu had a potential deterrent to the ecology of the officialdom at that time, which was also a big environment in which Li Ciming was located. If we only read the diary, of course, we can think that Li Ciming has a certain utilitarian heart. However, after understanding the background of his argument, we can understand that this is not only a reflection of the change in the relationship between him and Zhang Zhidong from good to bad, but also reflects his lack of buying this kind of atmosphere.
In addition, Li Ciming also has many poems written in the early years of Guangxu, such as "Fang is young in the world, scratching his head and handing over the title of worker", "The white-faced teenager is tired of books, and the prohibition is quite praised", "The regular staff suddenly promoted the Gongqing, or the Chihu Festival and the Hundred Cities", etc., all point to the same wave of people, that is, the former Qingliu. Of course, the language of poetry is still relatively mysterious and cannot be confirmed one by one. However, his article "On The Theory of Ji Yan" clearly points to the Qingliu group, in which it is said that "those who are ignorant do not notice, and they take it as their duty to distinguish between evil and right, whether their knowledge is not necessarily refined, and things may not be fair, that is, they are all out of essence and justice, but they are afraid of the world's ignorance, and they are hanging on to the target of the public, and their misfortunes are invincible." "Judging from later history, Li Ciming can be described as unfortunate.
Therefore, after reading Li Ciming's diaries, poems, and articles as a bystander, it can be found that his views on Qingliu have a "private" side and a "public" side, showing a mixed state. This is of great benefit to our re-examination of the public and private concepts of recent history, or the group of late Qing scholars. In turn, it will also encourage us to sublimate his diary through poetry and writing.