It is said that xi'an underground is full of cultural relics, and a large number of Yuan Dynasty cultural relics have recently been found underground in the original Qujiang International Convention and Exhibition Center, which Xi'an people often visit. On January 24, the Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology released the latest archaeological discoveries, in the original Qujiang International Convention and Exhibition Center underground found more than 250 relics of various periods, of which 9 tombs for a Yuan Dynasty Zhao family cemetery, the burial site arrangement is not very regular, the use time is basically throughout the Yuan Dynasty, unearthed a large number of various types of cultural relics, both for burial pottery Mingware, but also practical porcelain, gold, jade, etc., a total of more than 500 pieces (groups) of various types of burial utensils have been unearthed.
The picture shows the distribution of 9 Tombs of Zhao In the Yuan Dynasty discovered this time
From April to November 2021, in order to cooperate with the capital construction of the original Qujiang International Convention and Exhibition Center, the Xi'an Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology conducted archaeological excavations within the scope of the land. "There are only two well-preserved Yuan family cemeteries in Shaanxi, and the Zhao family tombs discovered this time are another major discovery of the Yuan Dynasty family cemeteries in Shaanxi after the Yuan Liu Heima family tomb excavated in 2009." Zhu Lianhua, the person in charge of the excavation project, said, "The nine tombs of the Zhao family run through the Yuan Dynasty, the sequence is complete, the burial sites are clearly arranged, the burial products are rich and most of them have not been stolen in situ, which is a precious material for studying the layout, burial customs and history and culture of the Yuan Dynasty family cemetery." The excavation of this cemetery has helped us open a cross-door to chang'an city in the Yuan Dynasty, through which we see not only the rise and fall of the Zhao clan, but also the thoughts, lives and hobbies of the middle and lower-level officials of the Han nationality at that time. ”
The picture shows that the excavated antique pottery ritual vessels include imitation Shang Zhou bronze vessels such as square pots decorated with cloud and thunder patterns, gui, mounds, and incense burners
The excavated relics excavated from the Zhao family tomb include black pottery figurines and black pottery ceremonial vessels commonly found in the Shaanxi Yuan Tomb, and more than 30 pieces of porcelain have been rarely unearthed, with a variety of utensils, and the porcelain kiln mouth involves longquan kiln, Jingdezhen kiln, Jun kiln, Shanxi Huozhou kiln, Yaozhou kiln and other famous kilns in the north and south, which is the largest number of porcelain excavated from the Shaanxi Yuan tomb since the 1950s and the richest batch of kiln mouths. "The thickness and quantity of porcelain in each kiln are the same as the porcelain excavated from the Yuan Dynasty site, reflecting the combined characteristics of Shaanxi porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty and the development of the north-south porcelain trade, and the age definition of the epitaph and land purchase coupon makes this batch of porcelain have a more accurate standard significance." The excavation of the tomb is rigorous, the collection of information is comprehensive, and the collation and research of multidisciplinary integration will also achieve fruitful scientific research results. Zhu Lianhua said.
The picture shows various types of vivid male and female attendants unearthed
At the same time, the tombs in this family cemetery excavated this time are neatly arranged, there are three kinds of step-type brick chamber tombs, step tombs and vertical tombs, all of which are southeast-oriented, the first two are larger, mainly located in the west of the cemetery, consisting of ladder tombs, caves, patios, brick sealed doors, earthen caves or brick burial chambers and left, right and back three niches and other structures, the latter is relatively small, mainly located in the east of the cemetery, composed of vertical cave tombs, earthen cave burial chambers, and some have back niches on the back wall of the tomb.
The picture shows chickens, dogs, sheep, camels, horses and other animal figurines unearthed
Located in the far northwest of the cemetery, M45 (tomb number) unearthed a piece of Zhushu buy land coupon, the text records that the owner of the tomb is Zhulu proton Qianhu Zhao Bojie, buried in the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1267). Located in the middle of the cemetery, the M44 excavated epitaph is a combination, which is inscribed "Yuan Gu Xingping Wei Zhao Cemetery Inscription", according to the epitaph, the tomb owner's name is Zhao Hao, a Xingping County Lieutenant, died in Yanyou Geng Shenxia (1320), his grandfather Zhao Bojie, father Zhao Zhongrong, son Zhao Rui. According to the chronological text materials excavated from the above two tombs, it can be determined that the cemetery is the tomb of the Zhao family in the Yuan Dynasty. Located in the northwest of the cemetery, the M45 era is the earliest, and the southeast era is gradually late, and the cemetery is used from the Yuan Dynasty to the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty, and it is speculated in the order of arrangement that the cemetery should be buried for the 4th to 5th generations of the Zhao family, and the duration of the tomb is basically through the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Lianhua said.
The picture shows the discovery of pottery excavated from the north niche of one of the tombs and the remaining murals on the north wall
According to another introduction, the Yuan Dynasty family cemetery composed of these 9 tombs was found this time, which was clearly arranged and orderly, which was popular in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, reflecting the burial order of tombs under the influence of the Wuyin surname Li theory. The tombs found this time are rich in connotation, including a variety of burial customs and a large number of types of funerary products, which not only reflect the history of the rise and fall of the Zhao family in Xi'an City in the Yuan Dynasty, but also provide a reliable reference for the study of the ideological culture and funerary customs of the middle and lower-class officials in the Guanzhong region of the Yuan Dynasty. The porcelain excavated from the tomb is rich in variety, clear in time, and long in duration, which provides physical information for the study of the characteristics of the vessel type of Yuan Dynasty porcelain, the exchange and trade between the Yuan and the Southern Song Dynasty, and so on. Reporter Wei Jianjun
Responsible Editor: Anxin Review: Yang Yong