Speaking of Liu Bei's son Liu Chan, many people will think of such a sentence, that is, "Adou who can't be supported"; there is also "Happy not to think about Shu".
But no matter which one it is, you can see that it is not a good word, and they are all saying that Liu Chan is a person with a stupid brain and has no chance. In the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the character of Liu Chan seems to be the representative of The Emperor, why?
We know that when Zhuge Liang was alive, he also carried out the Northern Expedition five times over and over again. However, after Zhuge Liang's death, when the State of Wei came to attack, he actually led the Wen and Wu officials to surrender.
Later, Sima Zhao asked him if he wanted the Shu Kingdom, and he replied, "This place is so good, why go back?" Therefore, later people used "happy not to think" to satirize him for forgetting his roots!
So you see, Liu Chan seems to be really a dimwitted!
But is that really the case? Is the historical Liu Chan really a "unsupportable Ah Dou"?
Of course not, the historical Liu Chan, in fact, is not simple!
First of all, many of us attribute the demise of the Shu state to Liu Chan, after all, he surrendered. But in fact, the demise of the Shu kingdom had little to do with Liu Chan!
We know that after Zhuge Liang's death, the State of Shu was gradually defeated and retreated in the war with the State of Wei, and within the State of Shu, three opinions were gradually formed: moving south, uniting with Wu to resist Wei, and surrendering.
It turns out that Liu Chan chose the last one. And in the eyes of many people, it is also the most nestful one, how can their own country easily give it to people? But when we think about it, the price paid is minimal!
If the State of Shu adopted the first plan, that is, to move south, then it could only temporarily protect itself, not a long-term solution, and in the end it could not escape the conquest of the State of Wei. As for the alliance with Wu to resist Wei, it only applied to Liu Bei's period, because at this time the power of the State of Wu was far below the State of Wei.
In the time of Liu Chan, the national strength of the Shu state was obviously inferior to that of the State of Wei, and its gap can be seen from Pei Songzhi's "Notes on the Three Kingdoms" quoting the Wu state Zhang Yu's "Memoirs": only from the comparison of territory and population, the national strength of the Shu state and the State of Wei is about 1:9.
In ancient times, territory and population determined the economic and military strength of the country, and the gap between Shu and Wei was clear at a glance!
Therefore, in the face of the Attack of the State of Wei, Liu Chan pondered, thinking that instead of being humiliated repeatedly, it was better to surrender directly, so that the people of Shuzhong would be spared from the pain of war!
Liu Chan's "inability to support" is mainly manifested in his obedience to the words of Zhuge Liang after the death of his father Liu Bei, which seems to outsiders to be very unassailable.
But it's not! Liu Chan was still very assertive, for example, Zhuge Liang proposed the Northern Expedition, and Liu Chan was opposed. Because he knew that the GDP of the Shu state at that time was far lower than that of the State of Wei, not only could not fight, but also labored and hurt the people.
But Zhuge Liang insisted on fighting, and Liu Chan couldn't do anything! After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan immediately stopped the Northern Expedition, so it can be seen that he also had a time to understand.
Of course, you may say: As the king of a country, how could Liu Chan not stop Zhuge Liang?
Zhuge Liang, as an old minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, was prestigious and powerful, and the safety and security of the Shu state were basically all in his hands, not to mention That Liu Beituo was alone, so although Liu Chan was an emperor, he sometimes had to bow to him.
In fact, if this question is extended, there are many places that can be discussed, such as the relationship between imperial power and phase power, the relationship between the bureaucracy and imperial power, and so on.
But we will not discuss too much here, as long as we know that Liu Chan still listens to Zhuge Liang's words.
After Liu Chan surrendered, the State of Wei was relatively polite to him, not only naming him the "Duke of Anle", but also arranging for him to live in Luoyang, the capital of the State of Wei, which was more considered to take care of Liu Chan's face.
However, Liu Chan, who was good at observing the color of speech, soon saw that although this Wei state was named the Cao family's world, it had already been occupied by the Sima family, and the power was basically in the hands of the powerful minister Sima Zhao. Not only that, Liu Chan also deeply felt that Sima Zhao was not at all at ease with him.
Once, Sima Zhao specially invited Liu Chan to dinner, and deliberately let the performers perform the program of the Shu Kingdom, and specially arranged it in secret, so that some Shu Generals would touch the scene, in order to test Liu Chan's reaction.
"Sima Zhao's heart is well known to passers-by", Liu Chan was even more familiar with this reason, so he raised his vigilance and deliberately pretended to be enjoying himself with a giggle.
After the performance was over, Sima Zhao asked Liu Chan, "Do you want to go back to the Shu Kingdom?" Liu Chan immediately replied, "This place is so good, what else do you want from the Shu Kingdom?" ”
In the first round, Liu Chan passed the pass smoothly, but Liu Chan's answer also made some of the Shu generals and old ministers feel very uncomfortable, so he suggested to Liu Chan that if Sima Zhao asked him if he wanted to shu again, he would behave a little sad, and it was best to shed a little tears.
A few days later, Sima Zhao did ask about it, and Liu Chan followed the instructions of those people. When Sima Zhao heard this, he felt very strange and asked him why his answer was so similar to those people.
In fact, from this point, it can be seen that the words that those people taught Liu Chan were most likely instructed by Sima Zhao. So what did Liu Chan do?
He simply calculated and told Sima Zhao, "This is exactly what they told me!" ”
Although Liu Chan's performance did not look like a pretense, Sima Zhao, a man of caution and caution, never let down his guard against Liu Chan.
It was not until one time, when Sima Zhao saw that Liu Chan named his residence "Zhongshan Village", that Sima Zhao completely relaxed his mind and spared him death.
However, everyone was puzzled by this, thinking: What does this cottage mean?
In fact, the "Zhongshan" here refers to the "King of Zhongshan Jing", which is the banner played by his father Liu Bei in the early days of entrepreneurship.
The real King Jing of Zhongshan is a full hedonist, who has eaten, drank, sang and danced all his life, and has not made more than half an inch of merit. Liu Chan just wanted to use this to show that he also wanted to eat, drink and have fun for a lifetime.
Seeing that everyone was puzzled, Sima Zhao asked him to read it backwards, that is, "in the (zhai) mountain", which is metaphorically "reclusive and does not ask about the world".
At this time, Sima Zhao had already seen through Liu Chan's thoughts, so he was no longer embarrassed by him!
Although Liu Chan's actions have saved the safety of the people of the Shu kingdom and himself, it is inevitable that people will feel that he is a spineless emperor, but let us think carefully, if not, what can he do?
At the time of Liu Bei's death, the Shu state was already unstable, and everyone who had read the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" knew that the comprehensive strength of the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu at that time was the weakest. Therefore, the responsibility for the subjugation of the country cannot be counted on him.
Secondly, as a subjugated monarch, Liu Chan's treatment directly affected the policy of the victorious state towards the people of Shuzhong.
Liu Chan pretending to be crazy and selling stupidity is the best strategy for saving the people of Shuzhong. Even Mr. Zhou Shouchang, a historian of the Qing Dynasty, said: "The numbness and weakness that Liu Chan showed were just a means of self-preservation."
And when we carefully look at Liu Chan's life, we will find that in his life, in fact, many times he is involuntary, and his infancy has been extremely miserable.
He was separated from his father since he was a child, and he was displaced everywhere, and later he was not allowed to become an emperor, and he met the powerful Zhuge Liang at the worst time of the Fortunes of the Shu Kingdom, and the Shu State, which was not strong at all, became more difficult under zhuge Liang's repeated tosses.
Therefore, there was no way, in the face of the attack of the State of Wei, he had to choose to surrender, because only in this way could he preserve every grass and tree in Shu.
In addition, we can also look at it in reverse, among all the kings of the fallen kingdom, Liu Chan's end was the best, and the people of the Shu kingdom were not greatly affected by the subjugation of the country.
Therefore, this cannot but be said to be the credit of their emperor and Liu Chan relying on their own ingenuity to make correct responses to different environments.
Of course, for Liu Chan's evaluation, it can be said that the benevolent see the benevolent, the wise see the wise, and everyone looks at the problem from different angles, and the conclusions obtained are different.
However, no matter what kind of evaluation, the author believes that it should be analyzed in combination with the real historical data, and cannot be limited to the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and some literary works.
What kind of person Liu Chan is, I think we still have to start from the real historical data and draw our own conclusions.
So, is there a rigorous history book that can help us to get a good understanding of Liu Chan, and even many of the characters and events of the Three Kingdoms period?
Of course, Chen Shou's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a good choice!
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, known as one of the highest-rated "First Four Histories" in the "Twenty-Four Histories", has a high degree of authenticity in content, which can help us better and more comprehensively understand the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, and the Western Jin Dynasty.
Of course, you may say: This "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is all in chinese and language, and you can't read it, so what to do?
In fact, this is not to worry at all, you can take a look at the author's recommended version of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
This is a full set of uncut, contrasting editions, a total of 4 volumes, rich in content, bound firmly, exquisitely, and heavy in the hand.
In addition to the basic translations, there are also supplements and examinations made by the famous historian Pei Songzhi, striving to fill in the gaps, correctness and reservism.
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