Ming Dynasty Moya stone carving "Wuling Mountain Qingliangjie" stele
1.
Wuling Mountain, the main peak of Yanshan Mountain, is 2118 meters high, 573 meters higher than Mount Tai, the head of the Five Peaks. Because the altitude is too high, every spring, when the flowers are full of flowers at the bottom of the mountain, the top of the mountain is still ice and snow. The beauty of Wuling Mountain at four o'clock is a good place, and it has long become a place of admiration for tourists.
At an altitude of 1050 meters on the north side of Wuling Mountain, there is a huge stone, 28.4 meters high, 30.8 meters wide and 29 meters thick, and the middle of the boulder is vertically engraved with six big characters of "Wuling Mountain Cool Boundary", each word is 4 square meters, the pen is vigorous, huge and majestic, and the legend is Liu Bowen's handwriting, so it is also called "big character stone".
There are medium characters on both sides of the large characters, each word is 45 cm square, which is a record of the two visits of Ming Dynasty officials to Wuling Mountain.
Left:
Bingbu Shangshu Tan Lun, Fenshou Guerrilla Ren Liangxiang Looked at The Attendant Wang Daokun, Fenshou Guerrilla Li Rujie, Governor Lang Liu Yingjie, Inspector Du Yushi Yang Zhaojizhen General Qi Jiguang, Bingbu LangZhongzuo Xinghubu Lang Zhonghou Guozhi, Bingbu Deputy Envoy Wang Yilu, Assistant Shou Du Governor Zhang Min, Wanli Yihai On the fifth day of the first month of May, Cao Jia Road Li Fengshi carved stones.
Right:
Chongzhen Yihai Jichun Jidan, Yang Jiamu, commander-in-chief of the town guarding Jizhou, Gao Douguang, Wang Zhengjun of the Miyun Household Department, Zhang Sheng, who monitored the western alliance military affairs, Zhang Pengyun, who was supervising the western allied army, Deng Xizhao, who was monitoring the western allied army, Ding Kuichu, the governor of Jiliao, the governor of Jiliao, the commander-in-chief of the jiliao army, the caojia road of the jijiazhuang garrison, and the guerrilla yuan.
"Wanli Yihai" is the third year of the Ming Wanli (1575),
"Chongzhen Yihai" is the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635).
In the third year of the Wanli Calendar (1575), when Tan Lun, Liu Yingjie, Qi Jiguang and others inspected and accepted the construction project of the Great Wall nearby, they came to visit Wuling Mountain to commemorate the occasion, at this time the Ming Dynasty had such a tiger and wolf master as Qi Jiajun, who was full of pride, not only Qi Jiguang, Tan Lun, or Zhang Juzheng, who controlled the government, would think that the Ming Dynasty would live long live long live.
However, only sixty years later, in the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), the Ming Dynasty was in turmoil, internal and external troubles, and it was already the end of the crossbow, and in another nine years, the Chongzhen Emperor was hanged on the crooked neck tree of coal mountain.
The Ming Dynasty has entered the countdown, and the Chongzhen Emperor, the "model worker" of the Ming Dynasty, was still spending time building the Great Wall when his financial resources were stretched, and if he knew that these efforts were all useless, how desolate his heart would be.
A stone stele, two paragraphs of text, two very different realms, the "Wuling Mountain Cool Boundary" stele, at this time, should be three points cool and seven points desolate.
2.
The eighth year of Chongzhen (1635) was definitely a year of heartbreak for the Chongzhen Emperor.
In the first month of that year, the Ming government ordered the governor Hong Chengyu to leave Tongguan and suppress the Henan rebel army together with Zhu Dadian, the governor of Shandong. The rebel army was assembled in Xingyang, Lao Hui, Cao Cao, Ge Liyan, Zuo Jin Wang, The Re-incarnate King, Shooting Collapse Heaven, Heng TianWang, Chao 100,000, Guo Tianxing, Jiu Tiaolong, Shun Tianwang, and Gao Yingxiang and Zhang Xianzhong, a total of thirteen families and seventy-two battalions.
At the meeting, Li Zicheng put forward the operational policy of "dividing up troops and setting the direction," which was accepted by everyone. Soon, the rebel army Ke huoqiu took Yingzhou, And Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong led the rebel army to conquer Fengyang, burned the imperial mausoleum, and stayed behind to defend Zhu Xiangguo and die in battle.
When the Chongzhen Emperor heard this, he wept and sent officials to the temple. Capturing the capital of Caoyun, Yushi Yang Yipeng, abandoned the city, replaced it with Zhu Dadian and recruited soldiers to beg thieves.
The thief is the Emperor of the Ancient Yuan Zhenlong, and he is drinking heavily.
In October, Emperor Mingsizong issued an edict.
This year, the whole country became a pot of porridge, and many rebel armies galloped across the country, opening up and closing in, and attacking the city strategically. The Chongzhen Emperor also mobilized all military forces and encircled and suppressed them with all his might.
The two sides fought until Li Zicheng entered the capital and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself.
3.
They all say that there are some years of quiet good,
That's because someone carries the weight for you.
But when there are people in the whole country who are carrying the weight forward, he comes here to enjoy the quiet years.
This person is Xu Xiake, who is still respected until now.
In the second year of Chongzhen, the Chongzhen Emperor dismissed the post station and li Zicheng, an unemployed postman, joined the rebel army. This year, Xu Xiake came to Wuling Mountain for the first time.
In the sixth year of Chongzhen, Li Zicheng broke away from Gao Yingxiang and became an army of his own, Xu Xiake came to Wuling Mountain for the second time, and at this time, the Great Wall of dagou in Xinglong County was under construction, and two years later, in the eighth year of Chongzhen, the names of Yang Jiamo, Gao Douguang and others who came to inspect the project were engraved on the large stone of Qingliangjie.
At Wuling Mountain, Xu Xiake wrote this verse:
Seven laws
The mountains are clustered with misty spirit mountains, and the cliffs are unattainable.
Now I know that the ancients are empty here.
Han'erling is steep and windy, simatai high road is difficult,
There are still acres of land, and the border people are also happy and idle.
He could not have been unaware that Qi Jiguang had built the Great Wall here, and that his troops from the south would be transferred to the north to resist foreign invasions. It is impossible not to know that at the same time that Xu Xiake was playing in the mountains and rivers, soldiers and craftsmen were still bleeding and sweating here to build the Great Wall.
The country is bleeding, but in his eyes, it has become "the border people are also happy and idle."
What a ridiculous person this is.
What a politically unconcerned person this must be.
And all this is due to his origin and family.
4.
After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, some people said that the Chongzhen Emperor was carrying a black cauldron, that is, the so-called "Ming Dynasty did not die from the loss of morality of Chongzhen, but died from the laziness of Wanli." ”
In fact, the rise and fall of any dynasty has very complicated reasons, according to the perception of the history of the old sheep shovel, every change of dynasties is the result of natural selection, under the action of nature, a variety of factors inside and outside the imperial court are intertwined, from the beginning of the founding of the country, to the rule of Zhongxing, and then the beginning of the reverse, and finally most of them have completed the change of dynasties in the situation of war.
Huang Renyu chose the turning point of the Ming Dynasty in the Fifteenth Year of the Wanli Calendar, the year in which Qi Jiguang died two years after being deposed, and before he was deposed, his biggest patrons Zhang Juzheng and Tan Lun had died.
This year, this was also the case on the northern border:
The Governor of Liaodong noticed that a Jianzhou chief was gradually expanding his territory and annexing nearby tribes. He sensed that the tiger breeding was about to suffer, so he sent troops to recruit, but the division was unfavorable. He believed that the reason for the failure was that his subordinate Kaiyuan Dao participated in politics and did not follow the orders, but insisted on his personal idea of changing the suppression to a fu. As soon as the inspectors came to Beijing, the participants instead gained the sympathy of the inspectors in Central Beijing, and they came out to impeach the chief inspector. Shen Shixing believed that this was a trivial matter and was not worth causing discord among internal and external civil officials; so he again mediated as a peacemaker, suggesting that the emperor should regard the mutual impeachment between the two sides as having already eliminated each other, and would no longer pursue the right and wrong. Thus the chief was able to do whatever he wanted in the future, and he was able to continue to exploit the discord between officials inside and outside the dynasty to develop his own great cause, and this chief was no one else, according to the records of the day, his name was Nurhaci. A few years later, his temple name was Qing Taizu.
Qi Jiguang died, Nurhaci was released, and the Wanli Emperor began to strike.
At this time, the Wanli Emperor was competing with the civil officials over the matter of establishing the crown prince, and the result of the competition was that the emperor was sluggish, and one slack was twenty years.
After that, the ministers have also seen through that the center no longer has the ability to lead the overall situation, and the passive perfunctory is like the epidemic, which quickly spread throughout the country.
The increasingly serious problem of land annexation in the country has not been paid attention to, so that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.
5.
Later generations analyzed the reason for Li Zicheng's success because he put forward two slogans: "Noble and Lowly, Equal Fields, and Free Money and Grain," which were put forward in response to the two most fierce contradictions in society.
The problem of land annexation, which arose at the beginning of the founding of the Ming Dynasty, has since intensified.
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the king of the clan did not give Zhuang Tian, but could use the name of "retiring the beach and abandoning the land" to negotiate the land and build a manor. In addition to the land, the royal palace also took advantage of the plunder, and by the end of the Ming Dynasty, the palace had hundreds of thousands of hectares of land.
As soon as the atmosphere opened, the powerful did everything possible to annex land, and even the eunuch Zhang Cheng owned hundreds of zhuangtian and shops all over the city. The sons of Xu Jie, a university scholar, ran rampant in the townships and occupied the people's land, covering an area of 240,000 mu and no less than 10,000 tenants.
And ordinary farmers, tithes those who have land, those who have no land, Yang Sichang summed up the situation in the country: "Recently, the fields have returned to powerful families, and those who are not squires are rich ... ... If the people are poor, there is no place to stand."
After land annexation, the direct problem is the heavy and uneven burden of enlistment. Landlords who owned a large amount of land either took advantage of the situation, or flew and sent tricks, and in the end, the burden of servitude fell on the peasants.
——The above land issue is from the "Ming and Qing History Materials" edited by Zheng Tianting
Xu Xiake's ancestor Xu Jing was a huge rich man in Jiangyin, how rich was he? No one can say for sure. Later, Xu Jing and Tang Yin were imprisoned together for "trying to cheat", and then died of depression. The family was in decline, and there were six brothers in Xu Xiake's father's generation, absolutely still a big family, and Xu Xiake had three brothers, and when the family was separated, they were given 200 acres of land.
In the forty-fifth year of the Wanli Calendar, Xu Xiake died of illness and continued to be fierce, so Xu Xiake ran away from home and began to travel to the great rivers and mountains of the motherland.
Therefore, every successful man should have a fierce woman behind him.
Many people are asking, Xu Xiake's lifelong travel, what supports his expenses? Knowing the land annexation situation at that time, everyone should have some understanding, liu grandma said that Wang Xifeng", "thin and dead camels are bigger than horses", this is what it means.
Every time Xu Xiake travels, there are always child servants to follow, responsible for eating and living. There is also a long porter who is responsible for heavy work. "You Tiandu" of "Xu Xia's Travels" mentions that when he climbed the Tiandu Peak of Huangshan Mountain, "after the husband and servant obstructed the dangerous journey", "the slaves were suitable". You see, he climbed the mountain alone in front of him to enjoy the scenery, and the slaves carried things behind the "obstruction", which was really a bit leisurely.
The Ming Dynasty set up a number of post stations in each county to provide transportation and accommodation services for officials who traveled. Xu Xiake was not an official, but with the prestige and financial resources of the family, she could often get all kinds of convenience provided by the post station or the township.
Xu Xiake wrote in the "Diary of the Journey to the West of Guangdong" that he sat in a palanquin carried by the servants, "from the southeast of the dock two miles, the more one south comes to the small water, and the north and the northwest come to the small water, and a village leans on the east mountain." Who knew that the servants "went on strike" because they could not bear the long-distance labor... After Xu Xiake entered the village, an old man who received the reception asked the next person to "put on the shelf meal" and then arrange accommodation. The next afternoon, the old man recruited a servant and a sedan for Xu Xiake, "Three miles up the mountain, and then a little lower..."
"Diary of a Journey to the West of Guangdong III": "After the morning meal on the twenty-sixth day of October, Ding Ugly got two shoulders and ten husbands"; "On the second day of the first day of November, after the meal, the husband arrived, two less, and the woman took the burden"; "The husband waited for a long time, and the two women replaced the public opinion"; "In the first March, the village had fewer husbands, and half replaced the public opinion with children"; "On the twenty-first day... The men rushed away, and Yu Zhizhi was alone... See Yu Qifu, an old man is out of the saying ... Yu is a hypnotist; the second chicken is lost... Still hanging on to her ex-husband. After a long time, the people of the two villages summoned chickens and Shifu went."
Xu Xiake, a disciple of a rich family, was a scoundrel at this time.
If there are two sedans, they will use women to carry them, and let the children carry them, because the two chickens will have a big fight with the people.
Xu Xiake, who has no position, is still like this, how will those who have official titles become worse in the past?
Li Zicheng saw such people in the caravan every day, could he not rebel?
6.
It's over.
Earlier than Li Zicheng was a natural disaster.
The Chronicle of the Continuation of Hannan County records, "In the first year of Chongzhen, the whole Shaanxi sky was as red as blood. Five years of famine, six years of water, seven years of autumn locusts, famine, eight years of September Xixiang drought, slightly yang waterlogging, all the houses are gone. Nine years of drought locusts, ten years of autumn grass, eleven years of summer flying locusts covering the sky... Thirteen years of drought... Fourteen years of drought".
Since the Chongzhen Dynasty, Shaanxi has had a major drought every year, and many people have been displaced. In May of the second year of Chongzhen, the northern Shaanxi post was officially approved, and the soldier Li Zicheng was unemployed. In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Shaanxi was again starving, and Ma Maocai, the inspector of Shaanxi, said in the "Beichen Great Famine" that the people competed to eat the grass in the mountains, and the grass was eaten, the bark was peeled, the bark was eaten, and only the Guanyin soil could be eaten, and finally bloated and died, and for six years, "the whole Shaanxi drought locust, Yaozhou, Chengcheng County, the people died more than half."
In the seventh year of Chongzhen, Lu Weiqi, a former soldier who lived in Henan, wrote to the imperial court: "For several years, the subjects and towns have not been bitter and desolate, no months and no soldiers, and no days have been bitter to save. Gengwu (Chongzhen three years) drought; Xin Wei drought; Nongshen drought. Wild grass, ten rooms and nine empty. ...... There are no barking dogs in the village, and there are still knocks on the door of the conscription; the trees have crows, and they sprinkle the blood of the whip. Yellow and red land, the countryside is a few people; white bones are green, and the night seems to smell ghosts crying. If the poor are not turned into thieves, they cannot be obtained." Drought in turn caused a plague of locusts, which made the plague even more extensive.
In the 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th years of Chongzhen, Henan had a locust drought, "people cannibalize each other, grass and trees were exhausted, and the soil and kow rose up at the same time", and most of its starving people were from the "king of chuang" Li Zicheng.
Chongzhen thirteen or fourteen years, "the great wilderness of the north and the south ... Dead people abandon their children, and the River is blocked. ”
Chongzhen's heart was fragmented.
Misty Spirit Mountain sunrise
7.
In the eighth year of Chongzhen, just when Yang Jiamu, Gao Douguang and others were carving words in the large stone of the Qingliang Realm of Wuling Mountain, Emperor Taiji changed the Jurchen to Manchu and unified the various departments. In the same year, when Dorgon attacked the Mongol Chahar Department, he was given the national jade seal, "The treasure of heaven, the Ruiye of this unification of ten thousand years" (Dorgon)
Thus, on April 21 of the following year, Emperor Taiji was proclaimed emperor and the founding name was "Great Qing".
A new round of tossing and turning began.
The history of the old sheep shovel, has always paid attention to the local history, welcome to pay attention.