The authentic nest of the old waist drum
In the distant north of Shaanxi, there is a well-known village called "Zhang Cun youdi Village". The village is located west of the Wuding River and east of the Ming Great Wall, and administratively belongs to Nanta Township in Hengshan District, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province. Aside from the strange name, the village is at least superficially indistinguishable from the ordinary mountain villages of northern Shaanxi.
Because in northern Shaanxi, the name of the general village is mostly three characters, of which the first word is the surname of the vast majority of the residents in the village, and the last word is often a noun that summarizes the geographical characteristics of the village, such as mountains, ditches, valleys, beams, cliffs, banks, stones, and mounds, etc., and the middle is connected with the word "home", which constitutes a complete and clear village name. There is not a single family with the surname Zhang in Zhangcun village, and there are more than 700 people in the village, except for one door-to-door son-in-law surnamed "Bu", the rest are all surnamed Li. So much so that some people speculate that before the arrival of the Li people, this place was once the world of the Zhang family. But for an unknown reason, the Zhang people were forced to leave the village where they had lived for generations, and before leaving, they told the Li family that there was our land here, and we could come back at any time. In this way, the name of the village became an IOU made by the Li family to the Zhang family, similar to the current "demand deposit". As long as the name of this village is there, the Li family will never dare to say straightly: "My territory, I am the master!" "Fortunately, the Zhang family has not returned.
There is also a more magical theory, saying that the name of this village is not so simple, and here implies a major historical secret: after the defeat of Li Zicheng in Hubei Jiugong Mountain, he actually did not die, but used the method of golden cicada shelling, exchanged for his real body, and then took Lady Gao and secretly returned to northern Shaanxi, hiding in Zhang Cunyoudi Village, which was less than twenty kilometers away from his hometown Changyao. "There is land" means "there is an emperor", and the purpose of "Zhang Cun" is only to "Zhang Guan Li Dai" and cover people's eyes and ears. Some people have also carefully examined that the murals of the Hidden Dragon Temple in the village have the pattern of the Hongmen Heaven and Earth Society founded by Li Zicheng, and the deity dedicated to li Zicheng is Li Jingkai, the ninth grandson of Li Zicheng. Although the current Li family does not have a family tree, they say that the second ancestor Li Zisheng and Li Ziding are Li Zicheng's cousins. Li Zicheng secretly sneaked back to northern Shaanxi and lived in seclusion in Zhang's place of existence in order to oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty.
Whether these claims are true or not, the name "Zhang Cun Youdi" is still spread in the mouths of the local people; and the reason why it is famous is not because of these absurd legends, but because of a folk art that has been passed down for hundreds of years - Hengshan Old Waist Drum.
How old is the old waist drum
The old waist drum was not originally called the old waist drum, let alone "Hengshan old waist drum". In the eyes of the local people, the waist drum is the waist drum, where there is no new and old distinction. The reason why the word "old" was added to the front was that the local literary and art workers wanted to distinguish the "new waist drum" that appeared after the "Speech at the Yan'an Literary and Art Forum" in 1942. The addition of "Hengshan" in front of it is due to the fact that when the county government declared the "National Intangible Cultural Heritage", the "Ansai Waist Drum" had already taken the lead and become a "National Intangible Cultural Heritage Project".
In fact, the "Anse waist drum" comes from the "Hengshan old waist drum". "Yokoyama Old Waist Drum" is the originator of "Anse Waist Drum". The reason is not complicated: most of the Current Ansai people are immigrants from Yokoyama, so the Ansai accent is basically indistinguishable from the Yokoyama accent. According to the "Chronicle of Hengshan County", there have been many waves of immigration in the county in history, and the local name is "taking the south road". The largest of these occurred in the 18th year of the Republic of China. In the year of the severe drought in the whole county, the crops were cut off, and the people dragged their families and mouths to Yan'an in order to survive, of which Ansai was an important settlement point. Among the thousands of migrants, of course, are some refugees who can beat their waists. But later, due to historical and political reasons, the Ansai waist drum became famous, far surpassing the Hengshan waist drum. So much so that when people mention the northern Shaanxi waist drum, they only know the Ansai waist drum and do not know the Hengshan waist drum. This corresponds to a folk proverb: "Teach the disciple, starve the master."
Anse waist drum scene
This phenomenon has been noticed in the past when we inspected the Anse paper cuts. Ansai paper-cut is beautiful, the shearing is excellent, the style is pure and condensed, the meaning is simple and simple, and it has always been known as "cultural relics on the ground". As early as 1993, it was named "The Hometown of National Paper-cutting" by the Ministry of Culture. But a closer look at the resumes of the county's famous paper-cutting artists, such as Chang Zhenfang, Cao Youxiang and others, will reveal that most of their maiden families are Hengshan people. We know that girls in northern Shaanxi began practicing female red from childhood. This means that they have mastered the art of paper-cutting before they leave the cabinet or flee. Their artistic lives were accomplished in Yokoyama, not in Anse.
So, how old is the old waist drum? This question has been asked by many scholars who have come to Zhang Cunyou to collect style and visit, but most of the people in the village are vague. Or to describe the late generation, or to describe the middle of the generation, and so on. Some people will tell you directly: can't solve it! Their own old people can't be filial piety, care about those ancients hundreds of years ago, top li!
In 1981, on a hillside called "Tomb Collapse" in Liangcun Township, Yan'an City (now Baota District), farmers found an ancient tomb while cultivating land. Among them, two waist drum portrait bricks with the same shape and character shape were unearthed, which were fired after being turned over and molded. Identified by archaeologists, it is a song dynasty creation. The drummer portrayed on the portrait brick, waist shoulder thin waist drum, sideways, head raised to the left, left foot to the ground, right leg forward to step out, hands high and low as a hammer drum, the left side of the person as a hi-hat, feet jump up, suck the left leg, look at the left side, hands in front of the chest as a cymbals. Drummers are shirtless, wearing bloomers and ribbons around their waists, floating to the front and bottom. The picture of these two portrait tiles is clear and beautiful, vividly showing the waist drum performance in northern Shaanxi during the Song Dynasty of China. Later, in Huaziping Town, Ansai County, and Liqu Town, Baota District, some Portrait Bricks of the Waist Inspiration Figure of the Song Dynasty were unearthed one after another, which provided valuable information for the study of the historical origin and development of the waist drum in northern Shaanxi. However, due to the fragmentation and obscurity of these excavated materials, coupled with the lack of clear and detailed documentary evidence, it is difficult to become conclusive evidence of the existing sources of waist drums in northern Shaanxi. Therefore, the origin of the waist drum in northern Shaanxi is still in the exploratory stage.
How did the old waist drum come about
Roughly speaking, there are three theories about the origin of the old waist drum in Yokoyama:
The first is the war theory. Hengshan is located in the border, adjacent to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the west, the Wuding River meanders through the north of the county, and the Ming Great Wall runs through the northwest of the county for up to 85 kilometers, which has always been a place for northern nomads and the flying soldiers of the Central Plains Dynasty to compete for deer. Most of the residents are military households guarding the border pass, carrying waist drums all year round, and whenever they encounter an enemy situation, they beat the drum as a trumpet, and use one pass ten to sound the alarm against the enemy. When the cavalry charged, the rest of the soldiers also cheered with waist drums to stimulate morale. After the victory, the soldiers lit a bonfire, sat around and rejoiced, and beat drums to celebrate. Later, as the war subsided, the waist drum gradually spread from the military to the people, becoming a pure entertainment folk art.
This is the most common claim about the origin of the old waist drum. Of course, it is not completely unfounded. At present, many of the field maps of the old waist drum are named after the war array, such as "Ma Fang Trapped City", "Qin Wang Chaos Soldiers", "Drawing Four Doors", "Rolling Mats", "Cabbage", etc.; the fields that are walked, such as "Four Doors of The Great Slip", "Black Donkey Rolling Day", "Turning Nine Curves", and "Twelve Lotus Lanterns" are also evolved according to the wartime array map. The costumes worn by the actors, carrying drums (male horns) with black cloth on their heads, wearing topless straw hats, hooked cloud cloth shirts on top, money maps on their backs, wearing lantern pants underneath, black cloth shoes on their feet, and taking off the attire of a soldier on the edge. On January 15, 2019, I watched the performance of the old waist drum of Yuanzhuang In Hengshan Wuzhen with Mr. Tian Qing, Wang Keming and Li Jianjun, and when I saw the costume of the drummer, I was happy, which was too similar to the shape of Li Zicheng on the New Year painting! Without makeup, there is no problem in directly letting these old waist drummers play Li Zicheng's peasant rebel army.
Mr. Wang Keming, an expert in northern Shaanxi dialects, and an old waist drum artist
But this can still only be a speculation. Just imagine, since the waist drum is carried by a soldier, it is impossible to be too big, and when encountering an enemy situation, it is impossible to spread too far when the drum is beaten. And the border area is windy, the land is sparsely populated, the beams are separated, the road is obstructed and long, unless a long wall of people is arranged on the long national border; otherwise, how can it be possible to transmit sound information through drumming? If drumming can really convey enemy information, why do you want to use the beacon on the Great Wall? Therefore, I believe it when it comes to beating drums to cheer in a war; I believe in beating drums to celebrate after victory; but I do not believe in the use of a small waist drum to convey the enemy's feelings.
The second is the sacrifice theory. An important carrier of the old waist drum is the drum, and the drum, as a long-established musical instrument, was given many mysterious cultural information by the ancients. They believed that "the drum can communicate with the gods", so the drum, as an important medium for man to communicate with God, was often used in some major religious sacrifices. Legend has it that after the Yellow Emperor's great victory over Xuan You, in order to celebrate the victory, the members of the tribe carried a waist drum and danced in disguise. The "Lü's Spring and Autumn Season and Winter Chronicle" also says: "When the year is one day, beating the drum to drive away the ghosts of the plague is called the harm of elimination, also known as the evil." It can be seen that the ancients used the drum as a sharp weapon to exorcise demons. Why did the ancients have this concept? Because the sound of the drum is very similar to the sound of thunder, and the thunder can scare off enemies and demons. Therefore, drums are often used in some major witchcraft activities such as exorcising demons, exorcising ghosts, eliminating disasters, and curing diseases. Especially in the arid and rainy northern Shaanxi region, drums are often used in religious activities to pray for rain ("louzi" is a small palanquin made of wooden planks with the tablets of the gods and immortals in it). Because only the sound of drums can simulate thunder, when hundreds of drums are struck at the same time, making a deafening sound, it can create the illusion of "thunder ringing" for the villagers. They felt that as soon as the thunder sounded, the rain would not be far away. The movie "Yellow Land" vividly reproduced this tragic scene.
Later, although the waist drum was secularized, it was still used in some religious or semi-religious activities with a strong sense of ritual. For example, during the Spring Festival every year, the Gurudwara Temple, along the door, and the selection of stewards, are indispensable to the waist drum performance.
Gurudwara activities are held on the first day of the first lunar month of the lunar calendar every year, a few days earlier than in other places, but the basic procedures are similar. In the early morning of the first day of the first month, the waist drum team set off from the "Shejia" (the person in charge of managing the props and costumes of the song) and marched all the way to the temple in the form of a "road drum" performance, and then the president prostrated to the gods and burned incense in the temple courtyard, and after the sacrifice was completed, the umbrella head sang the song of worshiping the gods, and at the last sentence, the rest of the team members responded and answered (the northern Shaanxi dialect is called "receiving the back sound"). After each singing, the team members prostrate their heads once. After three visits and three prayers, all the team members performed a waist drum performance for the gods under the leadership of the umbrella head.
Although it is not a religious practice, it is associated with a long-standing custom, so that the villagers still regard it as a sacred ritual. The general procedure is that after the end of the gurudwara, the waist drum team chooses a fixed direction and goes door to door to pay homage to the villagers. At that time, the umbrella head will send blessing lyrics according to the actual situation of the family, and the content is nothing more than promotion and wealth, peace and health. At first glance, out-of-town tourists sound very unaccustomed, and even think that this is "sneaking around" and "flattery", but they should understand that this kind of praise is dedicated to grass people, not officials. This is the most essential difference from "sneaking pat horse" and "flattery". These laborers from the lowest level, who rose early in the morning and were greedy and dark for a year, braved the wind and rain, carried the sun of the Eastern Mountains to the Western Mountains, and suffered the double violence of officials and nature. Now that everything is over, they need these blessings and encouragement from their neighbors to strengthen their confidence in life. Similar to the Buddhist "blessing". Therefore, this kind of song is most taboo to "fall to the ground". The so-called "falling to the ground" means that the umbrella head sings to the middle and forgets the words, gets stuck, and the drummers and other team members are overwhelmed. In this case, the owner will think that it is very unlucky, and even feel that "this year will be very unlucky"; the light is evil to the Yangge team, and the heavy stick is driven out. Therefore, the experienced umbrella head along the door, the principle is "rather called the knot than called the fall". "Pimple" is not rhyming, it sounds awkward, but it is better than "falling to the ground" to make people hit a meal, right?
Mr. Wang Jianling, the inheritor of the national intangible cultural heritage "Shaanxi Northern Folk Proverb", once told me such a story: it is said that there is a song team in Mizhi County to give people a New Year's greeting, enter a courtyard door, but can not find the lyrics, because this family is really lackluster, but can not not sing, look up, see a bunch of sticks (corn stalks) on the wall, umbrella head cleverly moved, singing: "Enter your yard to look carefully, put a bunch of sticks on the wall," singing here, he has no words, but still hard to sing again: "Sticks and sticks, Sticks and sticks" - this is actually a wordless word; then there is the last sentence of the song, which is also the most critical sentence, but at this time the umbrella head has completely lost its memory, the brain is blank, only to see the family's door pasted with red couplets, and then continue to sing: "Who wrote the pair of your family?" The other team members laughed in their hearts, but no one dared to speak up, and could only drag a long tone of voice to respond: "Who wrote the pair of your family?" ”
This is called "it is better to call the knot than to call it to fall". It wants a ritual integrity, not a beautiful, well-organized lyrics.
"Electing the steward" is a tradition that has been continued for many years in Zhangcundi Village, mainly referring to the re-election of the president, the society, the corrector and other responsible persons who manage the temple on the second day of February every year. The specific procedure is that on the evening of the first day of February every year, the old waist drum, water boat, Taoist drama and other cultural performances are held in the previous session of the society. During the day of the second day of junior high school, the "selection of managers" was officially started. The villagers first lifted the building, and then the president knelt down, asked for the harvest, asked the gods, and then began to change the term. The selection covers male villagers in the village. The method is simple and intuitive, no voting, no speech, who the car pole of the building points to, who is the person in charge of the next session.
From the religious or semi-religious activities of the Gurudwara Temple, along the gate, and the election of stewards, you can see the remnants of the Yokoyama old waist drum as an important component in religious ritual activities. Although these activities still cannot prove that the Yokoyama Old Waist Drum evolved from religious sacrifices, at least it shows that the Yokoyama Old Waist Drum has a deep relationship with religious sacrifices.
Mr. Li Chengyuan, the national inheritor of the old waist drum in Hengshan
It is also worth noting that the "authentic nest" of the old waist drum in Yokoyama has no female team members so far. I have consulted Mr. Li Chengyuan, the inheritor of the national intangible cultural heritage "Hengshan Old Waist Drum", on this matter. He said: Hengshan old waist drum from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China years did not have women to participate, the reason is simple, at that time women were wrapped in their feet, there is no way to play. Later, there was a Bigfoot woman, but still no one wanted to join, which may have something to do with interests and ideas. I asked: If there were women who would join your team right now, would you be willing to accept them? He said: No problem, but they still can't go to the temple, lift the building, and be in charge, and they can go along the door. I asked why? He said no, "From the hands of the old generations, the gods see things that have to be clean." If a woman's menstruation happens to come, it is a great disrespect to God." You can certainly say that this is discrimination against women; but it is found in the laws of many religions around the world. Islamic sharia law stipulates that women are not allowed to fast, pray, enter the temple of worship, and recite or touch the Quran during menstruation. Because they think that women are unclean during menstruation. The same is true of Christianity, where the Old Testament of Leviticus clearly states: "A woman who walks through the scriptures will be defiled for seven days, and whoever touches her will not be clean until night." A woman is in filth, and everything she lies on is unclean, nor is she sitting. (Leviticus 15:19-20) During unclean periods, do not touch holy relics, and do not enter the sanctuary, "lest they defile my tabernacle."
From these aspects, you can see that the Hengshan old waist drum originated from religious sacrifices, but it should be admitted that the information we currently have is far from enough, and to prove that it originates from religious sacrifices, more underground excavations and aboveground literature are needed.
The third is shepherd said. There is also a theory that the Old Waist Drum of Yokoyama originated from the invention of the shepherd. In ancient times, shepherds hollowed out tree roots, tied sheepskins at both ends, and then used wooden sticks to strike different sounds to direct the sheep forward or backward. This statement is very interesting, but it can only explain how the drum was invented, and it cannot explain that the art of the waist drum was born from this. We know that the waist drum is inseparable from the drum, but having a drum does not mean that there is a waist drum art. The art of going from drums to waist drums is a long process of derivation. In order to eliminate loneliness, generations of shepherds can continuously improve the production process of drums and create good drums that are durable, but by relying on the old man who stopped the sheep to invent different ways of playing in the lonely mountains and wilderness, creating a changeable formation, not to say that it is impossible, at least it is unimaginable.
Why does it appear in Yokoyama
On January 14, 2019, we had the privilege of watching an old waist drum performed by the Hengshan Youth Theater Troupe in Gaojiawa Village, Hengshan Town, which left an extremely unforgettable impression on experts from other places with its rugged and bold, simple and warm style. Mr. Tian Qing, an expert on "intangible cultural heritage protection", looked at it and said excitedly: "This is a kind of touching from ancient times. Men are like men, women are like women, especially the feminine, shy and smiling looks of female characters are rarely seen on the faces of urban women. But they also repeatedly asked the question: Why does such a folk dance art with a unique style, quaint shape and strong visual shock appear in Hengshan and not elsewhere? This is a question worth pondering.
First of all, Hengshan is located on the southern edge of the Maowusu Desert, bordering Mongolia, and when the entrance of the Wuding River is passed, the attack and defense are the most dangerous, and it has always been a place where the Han people and the northern nomadic peoples fought for it. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song and Xia Dynasties were bounded by the Hengshan Mountains in the south of the realm, and the battles were fierce and they were recovered by each other. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Jinxia was bounded by the Lu River and the Wuding River, the west of the Lu River and the north of the Wuding River belonged to the Western Xia, and the east of the Lu River and the south of the Wuding River belonged to the Golden Land, and there were mutual attacks. In the Ming Dynasty, yulin wei was the center of Yulin wei in Yansui Town, and the two forts of Boxiang and Qingping were placed along the Great Wall, and they were guarded by counselors. In the ninth year of Qing Yongzheng (1731), Hehuaiyuan, Polo, Xiangshui, Weiwu, and Qingping Wubaocheng County. It should be noted that at that time, Yansui Town built a total of 36 camp forts on the front line of the Great Wall, and Hengshan County accounted for 5. It can be said that Hengshan has been a large wall of the Central Plains Dynasty in the northwest since ancient times. When the wall fell, the northern aliens roared in and plundered away; at the height of the wall, the Han people in the Central Plains lay down on the wall and waited for dan. Most of the local residents are descendants of border guards, who have been accustomed to battle formations for a long time and are deeply influenced by military culture. Therefore, if the old waist drum is born from the drumming of the war, then it is not surprising that Yokoyama has become the first birthplace of the old waist drum. Because among the 25 districts and counties in northern Shaanxi at present, there is no place like Hengshan that is strategically located and has suffered from foreign conquests for a long time.
Secondly, there are many temples in Hengshan, and the number is so large that it is the crown of northern Shaanxi. According to incomplete statistics, although the Cultural Revolution destroyed a large number of people, there are still more than 2,000 existing temples. The large temples are Hongmen Temple, Jieyin Temple, Fayun Temple, Stone Buddha Temple, Baoshan Temple, Longfengshan Temple, WildCat Mountain Temple, Panlong Temple, Daqing Temple, etc., and the rest of the small mountain temples are almost all zhuangzhuang, which is innumerable. The "Cow King Society" of the Hengshan Party Fork, with its ancient ceremony and rigorous procedures, has continued for more than a thousand years. There is a small town in the north of the county, called "Polo", and the name of the town comes from the Buddhist scripture "Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra". "Paramita" is a Sanskrit word meaning transcendent mortals to the other shore. Some people have examined that such townships and towns directly named after the vocabulary of the scriptures are rare in the whole country.
The reason is also that Hengshan is located at a strategic juncture, and the northern ethnic groups and the Central Plains ethnic groups are still fighting frequently, and the war has led to the death of a large number of people, the separation of families, and often accompanied by plague, livestock deaths and many other secondary disasters, and the official has no relief channels, so the people have built temples and set up water and land dojos to save themselves.
What I want to say now is that the temples and straight people in Hengshan provide fertile soil for the survival and development of the old waist drum; on the other hand, the old waist drum should grow on this simple and warm fertile field. Because most of the folk art is accompanied by local rituals and rituals. As far as the old waist drum is concerned, as long as there is a temple, there will be a temple fair; as long as there is a temple fair, there will be an old waist drum. Because for the people of Hengshan, as long as the temple fair "entertains the gods" and "entertains people", the old waist drum is a kind of "just need". As mentioned earlier, if the old waist drum is really derived from religious sacrifices, then it is not difficult to understand that Yokoyama has become the "ancestral court" of the old waist drum. Because in the current 25 districts and counties in northern Shaanxi, there is no place with so many temples and such a straight believer as Hengshan.
The last point, and very important point, is the geographical closure. Scholars who have studied folk art in the past have sufficiently explored the laws of an art itself, but have paid far less attention to the environment in which it depends, especially the geographical environment. In fact, the geographical environment of an art, especially folk art, often plays a crucial, even decisive, role in it. The Frenchman Danner has a wonderful discussion of this in his famous book "Philosophy of Art". The old waist drum is no exception. Yokoyama is located in the border area, and there are many temples in the territory all year round, which only provides it with the soil for survival. If there is no relatively closed environment, the old waist drum cannot form a relatively independent and complete form. That is to say, war and religion are only the mothers that nurture it, and it has to grow up, thanks to the closed training of this high heaven and thick earth for generations.
Now let's look at the geographical environment of Hengshan: the north and west of Hengshan are the southern edge of the Maowusu Desert, the west of the Lu River and the north of the Wuding River are all aeolian sand and grass beach areas on the edge of the desert, and the West of the Lu River is crossed by the Great Wall. That is to say, even if the ancients risked their lives to cross the Great Wall and reach the mouth, they simply could not cross the vast Gobi of flying sand and stones alive. In this way, the road north and west of the county border was basically blocked. To the south of the county is the 100,000 Mountains, known as "Hengshan" (from which the county is named), which winds across northern Shaanxi for more than 1,500 miles and reaches the northern foothills of meridian ridge. The Confrontation between the Western Xia and the Song Dynasty depended on the fact that this mountain stretched for thousands of miles and was steep and steep. It is conceivable that a Hengshan man who lived hundreds of years ago would have been basically unable to make a living by trekking through the Hengshan Mountains and making a living in the Wuding River Basin or the Dali River. Then, there are only two exits left to go far away: one is through the Wuding River Basin to Suide and Mizhi; the other is to reach Suide and Mizhi through the Dali River to the east, and to the west to Sanbian and Ningxia. There are not many people living in these two rivers, so there are few opportunities to go to other places, unless they encounter a famine similar to the 18 years of the Republic of China, it is difficult for Hengshan people to get out of Hengshan.
Such a closed environment has created the character of hengshan people to relocate to the land, and has also created the relative independence of humanities and arts in this land. According to Mr. Li Chengyuan introduced to the author, the old waist drum has been passed to him for the 23rd generation, and his waist drum was learned from his father Li Yinghua, who in turn learned from his grandfather Li Shufang. Li Yinghua was the president of the Zhang Cundi Temple Fair for 55 years, and the umbrella head has been from young to old. Li Chengyuan took over Rizhao (umbrella) from his father for more than 20 years. Now that people are old and have a bad memory, they are afraid of giving people "falling to the ground" before handing it over to young people. He said: "In the past, the waist drum did not need to be passed on from other counties, and even the neighboring villages basically did not communicate, and each played its own. Unless people take the initiative to come to the door and ask you to teach; it is impossible to sit together and exchange skills with each other. The waist drums of each township and larger village are independent from rhythm to action, from field map to tune. This passage confirms the closedness of The Old Waist Drum of Yokoyama from the ground, but it changes when it reaches Ansai, because the geographical conditions of Ansai are much better than those of Yokoyama, and it is more convenient to communicate - otherwise, the people of Hengshan would not have been able to run to Ansai. So the Anse waist drum is now basically stylized, the commercial atmosphere is very strong, and it is impossible to maintain the original ecology.
Source: Magazine of All Walks of Life, Issue 3, 2022
Author: Dima