#为什么古代的农民起义几乎没有胜利的 #
From the last year of the Qin Dynasty, when Chen Sheng launched the Dazexiang Uprising and established the Zhang Chu regime, to the early years of the Republic of China, when the Bailang Rebellion was suppressed by Yuan Shikai's army, in the past two thousand years, there have been countless peasant uprisings in Chinese history. Even in many dynasties, peasant uprisings ran through almost from beginning to end - for example, in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the uprisings of Li Shun and Wang Xiaobo broke out. In the Ming Dynasty, not long after Zhu Yuanzhang sat in the world, small-scale peasant uprisings began to break out locally. However, in the early years of the dynasty, due to the strong national strength, the scale of the peasant revolt was always small. When a peasant army of the size of Fang La and Li Zicheng can be brewed, then the fortunes of the dynasty will only come to an end.
However, in the two thousand years of Chinese feudal social history, there are not many cases of peasant uprisings successfully establishing new dynasties. Even the Great Unification Dynasty, which was successfully established by the peasant revolt, consisted only of the Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. Proportionally, this success rate is almost negligible. Why, then, was there so little victory in peasant uprisings in ancient China? In fact, this problem is very complicated.
1. Management and operation issues
In fact, in ancient times, the difficulty coefficient of establishing a court was far greater than the difficulty coefficient of opening a company now. In modern society, what issues need to be considered to open a company? First of all, there is the problem of operation closed-loop - that is, the capital is transformed into products through production, and then the products are sold and exchanged for funds. Then continue to operate in a cyclical manner. In this process, any problem in any link may lead to the destruction of the company.
As the CEO of the company, you need to deal with the relationship with the heads of various departments. At the same time, it is also necessary to ensure that the heads of various departments can play a better role and avoid entrusting non-persons.
Third, there is also a need for the capacity to deal with emergencies. In the course of the company's operations, many things are sudden. How to deal with these problems is also very capable of testing the management ability of an enterprise operator.
Many modern people who open a company will feel anxious and anxious because of the company's operational problems. Can you imagine how great the difficulty coefficient of running a court in ancient times was?
In ancient times, in the process of operation, a court often recruited a large number of talents for itself through systems such as imperial examinations. Moreover, since the ancient imperial court was dominated by the elite class, a large amount of operational experience could also be accumulated in operation. Even if a dynasty reaches the late stage, its operation and management experience is very rich. It's just that there is a huge problem in terms of execution.
The embarrassment of the peasant uprising is that the leader of the peasant uprising or the unambitious reader — such as Huang Chao, Hong Xiuquan, or peasant origin. Even if the leaders of the peasant revolt had a certain insight, because most of the people under them were illiterate and did not have the ability to manage, the peasant army was never able to establish a mature imperial court. Therefore, in the process of fighting with the imperial court, although many peasant armies can gain advantages in the short term, but in the long run, the peasant army will often have problems due to poor management.
For example, Li Zicheng is typical. Not long after Li Zicheng established the Dashun Dynasty, the Dashun Dynasty fell into civil strife because it did not have the ability to manage and operate a court. Even if Wu Sangui had not brought in Qing dynasty troops to attack Li Zicheng at that time, it was highly probable that the fall of the Great Shun Dynasty would not be too far away.
2, trial and error cost problems
Of course, what makes the peasant army more passive is the problem of trial and error costs. In fact, this is also a problem that many entrepreneurs are troubled by - after all, many people face the difficulty of lack of experience in the early stage of entrepreneurship. And experience is not something that can be mastered by reading a few books, but needs to be practiced, or subtly cultivated in a long process.
In the process of fighting with the imperial court, it is difficult for the peasant army to bear the cost of trial and error - the so-called worm of a hundred feet, even in the late dynasty of the ancient imperial court, but the professional combat ability of its army and the professional operation ability of the bureaucratic group can find the best solution for the imperial court in a short period of time. The peasant army, on the other hand, needs constant trial and error. The peasant army was not equal to the imperial court in terms of strength, so one or two fatal mistakes might lead to the peasant army not being able to bear the cost of trial and error, and eventually falling into collapse.
Therefore, most of the ancient peasant uprisings ended in failure, because there was no administrative experience and no capital to accumulate such experience. This is the same as the failure of many small white companies in contemporary times.