The special background of the times has created a special historical group.
The Republic of China is an era of awakening, but also the era of fierce collision between Chinese and Western ideological trends, the accumulation of national strength, the unprecedented strength of the West, the first impact is China's thousands of years of traditional education model - private school education, in the private school education was replaced, and the new way of running schools is not mature, the lack of teachers, the Republic of China's illiteracy rate soared, reaching a staggering 80%.
Private school education in ancient China
As a result, the vast majority of soldiers recruited in the army are illiterate. This is true of the Kuomintang army, and it is also true of the Communist army. But the Kuomintang and the Communist Party's understanding of this phenomenon is heaven and earth. In the kuomintang's view, the army is a mercenary, paid monthly; but in the view of the Communist Party, the army is a school, fighting is not all, and in his spare time, he must improve the cultural level of soldiers.
"An army without culture is a stupid army, and a stupid army cannot defeat the enemy."
Mao Zedong gave a report in Yan'an
This famous saying was put forward by Mao Zedong during a speech at a meeting of cultural and educational workers in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region during the crucial period of striving for the final victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.
Maybe everyone has watched "Bright Sword" and feels that people like Li Yunlong who don't know a basket of big characters can become regimental commanders, but in fact, such a situation is very rare, the backbone of the early Days of the Red Army were educated, but later because of the losses of the Long March, there were very few cadres with strong combat command ability but low cultural quality.
In order to implement cultural education in the military, a special role has emerged, that is, cultural teachers. Since then, cultural teachers have become a major feature of our army and have played different roles in different revolutionary periods.
During the period of the Agrarian Revolutionary War: the soldiers had a low level of education, and the cultural education was mainly literacy and literacy, and the competent were hired as teachers;
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation: The company set up full-time cultural instructors to assist the instructors in managing the company's cultural education work;
The founding of New China: Part-time and full-time teaching staff, part-time work is mainly for cadres and soldiers with high level of education in the army, full-time setting up courses such as mathematics, physics and chemistry, formulating teaching plans, and conducting special education.
In this way, groups of enthusiastic young people joined the team and became cultural teachers. Cultural instructors, although they also participate in general military training, do not participate in combat in the vast majority of cases, because many of them are not of high combat quality, and in the army with a high illiteracy rate, these cultural instructors are precious knots.
In addition to the war, the cultural teachers also teach their fellow villagers to read
On October 19, 1950, the Chinese Volunteer Army entered the Korean People's Liberation Army, and many cultural teachers joined the DPRK, some of whom had been enlisted for a few years or who had just joined the army. After entering the DPRK, due to the influence of factors such as the hardship of the battle, the cultural education of the volunteer soldiers could not be effectively carried out, and in extreme cases, they had to join the battle, and many cultural instructors staged heroic deeds that could be sung and wept on the Korean battlefield.
In the Battle of the Han River from January to February 1951, a tragic scene was staged on the defensive positions of the 38th Army. The 38th Army withdrew to the north bank of the Han River and then fought alone on the south bank of the Han River for several days, suffering heavy casualties.
On the morning of February 16, the 335th Regiment led by Fan Tianen had been guarding the 580 high ground on the south bank of the Han River for many days and nights, and Fan Tianen was worried about how to hold his position, because the soldiers who had crossed the ranks to find Liang Xingchu were almost exhausted, and the company on the 580 heights was only a few dozen people, and the task was to hold out at least until dark.
Signal soldiers, cultural instructors together! It is not a last resort, who will make this decision, ah, the cultural teachers of the 335 regiment staged a heroic and tragic scene. These cultural instructors, who were not very good at shooting guns and throwing grenades, were taught by the hand of the regimental commander Fan Tian'en, and used them while learning, and guarded the 580 heights until dark!
That night, the 335th Regiment received orders from the division headquarters to withdraw from its position, because the counterattack on the Eastern Front was victorious! But many cultural teachers never had the opportunity to take it down again, some didn't even know their names, and they used their lives to compose heroic songs!
Remember that popular volunteer meme family letter? The author of the family letter is a cultural teacher named Li Zhengming, whose life is frozen in June 1953, only a month before the end of the war, when he was only 23 years old!
Li Zhengming, born in 1930 in Lixu Village, Shiling Township, Lailong District, Suqian County, Jiangsu Province (now Shiling Town, Suyu District, Suqian City), his father Li Xiaoyan was a teacher at a local primary school, he studied with his father since childhood, industrious and simple, intelligent and superhuman, often praised as a teacher and neighbor.
In February 1950, Li Zhengming joined the army in Xuzhou, where the Huaihai Campaign is located, initially served in the art team of the 24th Army Cultural and Industrial Troupe of the Third Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, doing stage design work, he abandoned the old name after joining the army, taking the "Zhengming", which means the pursuit of progress and light, after the outbreak of the Korean War, in September 1952, that is, before the outbreak of the Battle of Shangganling, he entered the DPRK with the teaching team of the 201st Regiment of the 70th Division of the 24th Army of the Volunteer Army, and was stationed in the shangganling front.
Although the 24th Army did not participate in the Battle of Shangganling, it participated in the cold gun and cold artillery campaign after the Battle of Shangganling, and Although Li Zhengming was a cultural instructor in the army, in the daily contact with the soldiers, the seeds of killing the enemy and repaying the country in his heart were growing day by day. In a letter to his family, he said:
I'm all right in Shangganling, don't worry about it. I want to study hard, work actively, resolutely kill American devils, and strive to put on a big red flower for meritorious service, so that the whole family can be glorious. Now that I have put on the medal given by the people of the motherland, I am afraid that you are very happy to see it! I am also trying to put on my military merit badge and go back to see Chairman Mao.
From time to time, Li Zhengming, who was in the Korean battlefield, would write letters to his family, some to his parents, some to his younger siblings, and his words were guilty of the family and his concern for his younger siblings, but all this came to an abrupt end after April 3, 1953!
When Li Zhengming's mother saw the messenger, she asked if there was a letter from the Korean battlefield, but she was always disappointed, and even went to the county post office to see it, but there was no news, a premonition lingered in Li Zhengming's mother's heart, was the child sacrificed?
Not long after, bad news came - Li Zhengming died in the front line, sacrificed his life for the country, only 23 years old, Li Zhengming's family was confused, fell into infinite grief, when they did not know anything about Li Zhengming's situation in the Korean battlefield, because Li Zhengming always reported good news and not worry.
It was not until a letter from Li Zhengming's comrade-in-arms that Li Zhengming's family learned of Li Zhengming's heroic deeds in the Shangganling Battlefield.
The fiercest battle on Shangganling was over, but the battle on Shangganling was not over. As the front line of the enemy and us, shangganling will occasionally have some small-scale battles.
Li Zhengming's company was on a defensive mission in a certain forward position, only about six hundred meters away from the enemy, living in a tunnel to fight a cold war with the enemy... Comrade Zhengming was brave and tenacious, maneuvering and flexible to complete the tasks of protection and cold gun battle, and later the company accepted the task of counterattack. In the counterattack mission, Li Zhengming was injured twice, and after the first injury, he was slightly injured and did not fall into the line of fire, participated in the active rescue of the wounded, and finally after the second injury, he was too badly injured and never rescued again!
In 1999, Li Zhengming's mother died at the age of 96, and on her deathbed, she instructed:
"Be sure to find your second brother's burial place!"
Over the years, Li Zhengming's brothers and sisters are still working hard to find Li Zhengming's burial place!
There are still many deeds of such cultural teachers on the Korean battlefield, but there are also scum among cultural teachers! Many of the cultural teachers are selected from the school students, who have not systematically received political education, military education, and have not yet formed mature values, so it is inevitable that there are some speculative people, such as the cultural instructor of the 38th Army, Tanaka Jiao!
Yanaka Jiao, a cultural instructor of the 7th Company of the 340th Regiment of the 38th Army, surrendered to the enemy on October 2, 1952, and it is rumored that he did not wear winter clothes at the first time, but the deep-seated reasons are no longer available.
When the former Communist leader Xiang Zhongfa rebelled, Zhou En' said, 'Xiang Zhongfa is not as good as a prostitute', and the same applies to Yanzhong Jiao, who only heard that he was going to participate in the battle with the company, so he retreated, and before he went to the front, he took the initiative to surrender, and even the head of the South Korean army was shocked and lost his teeth!
Although Yan Zhongjiao is not a senior cadre of the 38th Army, because of the tradition of Zhuge Lianghui in our army, cadres and soldiers at the grass-roots level can get relatively sufficient combat information. After Yan Zhongjiao surrendered, he revealed to the South Korean Army the news that the 38th Army was going to attack Mount Hakuba, although the specific battle layout was not known, but this news was enough to make the South Korean army prepare!
The Battle of White Horse Mountain was not canceled because Ofani Jiao surrendered to the enemy, and the 38th Army fought fiercely at White Horse Mountain for 10 days, losing more than 6,000 troops!
The Volunteers fought bloody Battle at White Horse Mountain
Of course, many cultural teachers like Tanaka Jiao are infected by the heroic style of volunteer soldiers on the front line and serve the battlefield, and many cultural teachers return to China to become teachers after witnessing the cruelty of the Korean battlefield, and teach the children the heroic deeds of the Korean battlefield, so that the children know from an early age that peaceful life is not easy to come by! And the stream of jiao in the valley will eventually be spurned by history and disappear into the long river of history!