At the beginning of the new year, followed by our "Shuowen Jiezi" course, this lesson talks about a Chinese character "and", "and" in modern Chinese and "Shuowen Jiezi • Spoon Department" and "merged into simplified characters" and ", "and" is a common word in modern Chinese, included in the "List of Common Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988, the usage is very complicated, and "and" is mostly used as a virtual word, so the content of this lesson is relatively boring. Details are as follows:
And (and, for convenience, the text uses the abbreviation "and"unless necessary). There are four pronunciations:
(i) yǔ. This is the pronunciation of the Zhonghua Book Company's Zhuyin edition of the Shuowen Jiezi, and the explanation given is: "And, the party and also." From scoop, from with. Xu Shen believes that it is a word of meaning. The original meaning is the party and the group. Duan Yujie's "Notes on the Interpretation of The Text": "Will be intentional, and also with it." In its glyphs, "舁" is a co-lift, "and" is a give, and together they will mean to lift together and also with it. Zhu Junsheng believes that "and" is a shape sound word, and the "Saying Of The Text" is "with the sound". It is believed that "and" also expresses the voice, and "舁" means to be a common move, and by extension there is a "crowd" meaning, so the party is trained. Li Xueqin edited "Etymology" Li Shoukui believes that it is a "two-tone character". Because "舁" and "with" both sound. In fact, "and" and "with" were differentiated in the Warring States glyphs, and eventually in the Han Dynasty, they were divided into "and" and "and". Modern Chinese simplified and merged into one character, "and".
(The differentiation of harmony and harmony in Etymology)
We think that Xu Shen's explanation is more reasonable, believing that "and" is a ideographic word, and the original meaning is the party and the group. Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text: "The 'party' is regarded as 'grab'. '攩', Pengqun also ("Sayings"). 'and' as 'with'. 'And', 賜予也. Wang Yun's "Reading of Sayings and Sentences": "Borrowing the party as a proponent is also common according to the classics." According to Duan Yujue, "party" is a false loan word for "grab." "History of Zhang Er Chen Yu Lie": "If the enemy is many, the strength is divided, and the army is strong with the many." "The more enemies it (the Qin state) is, the more dispersed its forces will be, and the more our friends (henchmen) are, the stronger the troops will be." The Book of Han and the Biography of wu wuzi: "Qunchen Lian and Chengpeng." Yan Shigu's note: "And, the party and also." "But the group of courtiers made friends and formed friends.
(The plague of "friends" in ancient times)
In addition to the original meaning, there are many more uses of "and":
(1) Allies; friendly countries. "Xunzi Kingship": "The king seizes the man, the hegemony of the he, the land of the robbery." Yang Liang's note: "And, with the country." "Those who want to claim the throne of the world compete with other countries for the people, those who want to dominate the princes compete with other countries for allies, and only those who want to be strong compete with other countries for land." Also referred to as friendly; allied. "Warring States Policy And Qi Ce II": "Han Qi is with the country." "South Korea and the State of Qi are allied countries.
(Panoramic situation map of the main princely states of the Spring and Autumn Warring States)
(2) Retinue; "Huainanzi Terrain": "Clams, crabs, beads, turtles, and the rise and fall of the moon." High temptation: "And, Judas." "Clams, crabs, beads, and turtles can rise and fall with the moon.
(3) Closeness. "Guan Zi Da Kuang": "The public first hides his soldiers with the people." "You should first draw near to the people and then rein in your armaments. "The Biography of Sima Guang of the Song Dynasty": "The name of the light is entrusted to the outside, and the truth of the attachment is attached to the inside, and the things that are said are harmful to the government, and the people who harm the government are all." The and here is the meaning of "closeness."
(4) Praise. The Analects of ShuEr: "The Son: 'Instead of advancing, not retreating from it.'" Zhu Xi's Commentary on the Analects: "And, Xu Ye." Confucius said, "I am praising his progress, not (affirming) his regression."
(Approved)
(5) Assist; support. Lao Tzu Chapter Seventy-Nine: "The Heavenly Dao has no relatives and is always with good people." Ma Sulun's "Lao Tzu School Recitation": "And, reading and helping." "The Way of Heaven has no preference for anyone, and always helps virtuous and good people."
(6) Class; homogeneous. "Chinese Zhou Yuxia": "The founder of the Fu Li is a feast, and the Great Festival is only a big festival, and there are few songs and Yan." Wei Zhao's note: "And, class also." "The princes stood and feasted and drank, and mainly showed great moderation, and there were not many music of the same kind.
(7) than, compared. "Mozi Jingxia": "The appearance of a Dharma is also the same." Gao Heng's "Interpretation of the Ink Classics": "All those who have produced a law are similar in comparison." Again, it refers to the comparison. "Hanshu Chao's Erroneous Biography": "Up and down the mountain, in and out of the stream, the Chinese Mafu and Ye." "Up and down the slopes, in and out of the streams, the war horses of the Central Plains are inferior to the war horses of the Xiongnu.
(Hun horse)
(8) Wait. "Analects of Yang Goods": "The sun and the moon are gone, and the years are not with me." Xing Fushu: "The years have passed, and I will no longer stay with me." ”
(9) Number (shǔ), calculated. "Li Ji Qu Li Shang": "Born and come, death and past." Zheng Xuan's note: "And, Judah also." The number of days of birth is called the scepter of obedience, and the number of days of death is also counted. The number of deaths used to be the number of funeral days with the number of days of death. "To the effect that: (the rules governing funerals) of the living shall be counted from the day after the death of the deceased (e.g., the completion of the garment and the holding of the funeral stick) and from the day of the deceased's death (e.g., funeral and burial) of the deceased.
(10) Enemy, deal with. "Twenty-five Years of Zuo Chuan Xianggong": "One and one, who can be afraid of me." "One-on-one, who can make us afraid? "History of the Marquis of Huaiyin": "I know han xin as a person, easy to be with the ear. (Long Ji said: " I have always known Han Xin as a person, and it is easy to deal with him." ”
(One vs. One)
(11) Fight, fight. "Zuo Chuan , Nine Years of Lamentation": "Song Fangji, not with you." Du pre-note: "Do not fight with." "When the Song Kingdom is in good fortune, it cannot be used as an enemy.
(12) Interaction. "Han Feizi Rape and Robbery": "The appearance of the monarch and the subject is not the father and son of the relatives." "The interaction between kings and subjects is not as intimate as the relationship between father and son.
(13) Yes. Zhang Xiang's Poetry, Song and Phrases, Volume IV: "And, Jude also." Bai Juyi's "Sending Song Guests": "Jun to Songyang chanted this sentence, and taught the Thirty-Six Peaks to know." Su Shi's "Folding Branches Painted by the Master Book of the Book King": "The poetry and painting book are one, and the heavenly work is fresh and fresh." ”
(Portrait of Su Shi)
(14) Send, send. Du Fu's "Jiang Yu Has Huai Zheng Dian Shi": "Spoil the leaf and dobby, and dot the peach blossom Shu Xiaohong." ”
(15) Use. "Poetry Tang Feng Cai Ling": "What people say, there is nothing to do with it." Mao Chuan: "Nothing, don't use it." "Even don't participate, don't believe.
(16) Manipulation. This is dialect usage. Dialects, Book XII: And, also. Guo Pu's note: "It is also said to be manipulated." ”
(17) Make. Bai Juyi's "Huichang Second Year Spring Title Chi Xi Xiao Lou": "Although there is no harm in being poor at the moment, there is no sorrow from the heart of the disease." ”
(Baiju Yicaolu)
(18) Add. Chen Shidao's "Reply to Li Book": "There is no talk with sin, and there is new merit in words and poems." It also refers to the addition of sin. Tang Xianzu's "Peony Pavilion Dream Hunting": "(Madame) took a moment to have a fight with Chunxiang." "After blaming the young lady, I want to add to the sin of Chunxiang."
(Kunqu opera "Peony Pavilion" stills)
(19) Give. Lao Tzu chapter 63: "If you want to take it, you will fix it with it." "If you want to take some of him, you have to give him some first." Mencius Ten Thousand Chapters: "The Son of Heaven cannot be with man under the heavens." "The Son of Heaven cannot give the world to others.
(20) Such as; elephant. Guangya Commentary: "And, such as also." The Book of Han and Sima Xiangru are as follows: "The hunt of the king of Chu, who is the widow?" "Can the king of Chu hunt in the wild like me?"
(21) Used as a preposition. There are eight ways to use it:
1. Indicates passivity. The active person who introduces the action behavior is equivalent to "being". "Warring States Policy, Western Zhou Ce": "If Qin and the world are gone, then the order is not rampant in Zhou Yi." "If the State of Qin is exhausted by the princes of the world, it naturally cannot give orders to them."
2, it means that the object is disposed of, which is equivalent to "put" and "will". Wang Anshi's "Title Zhengjue Xiangren Zhenlongxuan": "There is no need to beg rice for Gaoshi, but to make a winning tour with Kaixuan." ”
3. Indicates the trend, which is equivalent to "direction" and "pair". "Mencius Gongsun Ugly": "The Qi people are incomparable to benevolence and righteousness and the king's words." "None of the Qi people talked about the way of benevolence and righteousness to the king.
(Statue of Mencius)
4. It is equivalent to "to". "History of Cargo Colonization": "It is because of his lack of wisdom and power, and his courage is not enough to make decisions." "If a person's wisdom is not enough to adapt to changes, courage is not enough to be decisive.
5, equivalent to "for", "for". "Mozi Order": "The official goes to the inner door, and the official who opens the door is the official." "The minister patrolled to his divided place, to the entrance and exit, and Li was opening the door for the minister.
6. Indicates the object related to the action, which is equivalent to "with" and "same". "Ceremonies and Ceremonies for Meeting the Soldiers": "Speak with the king, and speak to the subject." "When he talks to the king, his words focus on the courtesy of the king's envoys.
7. Indicates the starting point and basis, which is equivalent to "from" and "by". "Book of Shangjun Shenfa": "The upper one is with the people, and the people are doubled in the lord's position and have personal relations." "When the monarch promotes such a person from among the people, the subjects betray the monarch and favor personal relations.
8, indicating treatment, comparison, equivalent to "yu". "History of yue wang gou jian shi family": "Wu has a disease of the heart of Yue, Qi and Wu, scabies also." May the king release Qi first. "The state of Wu has yue, which is a problem for the heart, and Qi is only like a piece of scabies to Wu." It is hoped that the king will abandon the attack and first conquer the country.
(22) Used as a conjunction. There are three usages:
1. It represents a juxtaposition relationship, which is equivalent to "and" and "same". "Analects of Gongyechang": "The nature of the Master's words and the Heavenly Dao cannot be obtained and heard." "We cannot hear the Master's remarks about nature and the Heavenly Dao.
(Statue of Confucius)
2. Indicates comparison. Equivalent to "with it". "History of Lu Zhonglian Zou Yang Lie": "With the people to blade me, Ning self-blade." "Instead of letting someone kill me, I would kill myself."
3. Indicates a hypothetical relationship, equivalent to "if". "Hanshu Yiwenzhi": "With the last resort, Lu is the closest." Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine": "Yu is like a person." Yan Sanjia said that the "poems" are not their original meaning, and if they must seek their original meaning, then Lu is the closest. "If you have to use "poetry" as a last resort, only Lu's "poetry" is the closest to the original meaning of "poetry".
(23) Pass "lifting (lifting)". (Glyphs are close, meanings are close, so they are common), there are two uses:
1. Used as an adverb. Both; "Yi Wu Delusion": "The world is thunderous, things and non-delusions." The thunder of the world vibrates, symbolizing that all things are in awe and "do not act arbitrarily."
2. Selection. "Etiquette and Fortune": "Choose the wise and the able, preach faith and cultivate harmony." "Everyone elects morally talented people to govern the country, to be honest with each other, and to live in harmony with each other.
In addition, "and" is still a surname. "Orthographic Tong Usubu": "And, surname." ”
(ii) yú. The pronunciation is from the "Guangyun" and "歟" (欤). Mood words. There are three usages:
(1) Use the end-of-sentence table to question. "Ji Yun Fish Rhyme": "And, words, tongzuo." "The Book of Han and the Biography of Gong Yu": "I have some hatred and hatred." Yan Shigu's ancient note: "And, read Yue Qi." "Is there something wrong with the gentleman?"
(2) Use the name ending table to sigh. History · Confucius Family: "Return and return!" "Go back, go back!"
(3) Used in sentences to indicate pauses. Analects of Gongyechang: "Yu Yu and He Jie? "For Zaiyu, it is not worth blaming."
(iii) yù. It is pronounced from Guangyun. There are six usages:
(1) Participation. "Guangyun Yuyun": "And, participate also." The Analects of the Eight Nobles: "I do not sacrifice with me, as if I do not sacrifice." "If I cannot participate in the sacrifice myself, I will not ask someone else to represent me.
(2) Intervention. "Chinese Lu": "It is the son of heaven... Examination of government affairs in Japan and China, and the affairs of the hundred officials. Therefore, the Son of Heaven wears a multicolored dress to worship the sun god at the spring equinox every year, and together with the three princes and nine secretaries, he learns and understands the growth of the five grains; at noon, he must intervene (investigate) the gains and losses of the government and the diligence of the hundred officials.
(3) Coherence; relationship. "History of General Wei's Biography of the Horse Riders": "People obey the law and obey their duties, why should they recruit soldiers?" "What does the minister have to do well in accordance with the law and does his job, and what does it have to do with the matter of recruiting the Magi?"
(Sima Qian)
(4) Send. "Li Ji Shoot Righteousness": "With the people of the latter, do not enter, the rest of the entry." Zheng Xuan's note: "And, Yu Ji also." ”
(5) Pass "Yu". Two uses: 1. Happiness. "Lü Shi Chunqiu Repentance": "Widows and soldiers, stealing for the big country to worry about, the day has nothing to do with it." "Our monarchs and soldiers worry privately for your army, and every day they are unhappy about it; 2. Hesitate; doubt. Chapter 15 of Lao Tzu: "Wading into the river with Xi Ruodong, he is afraid of his neighbors." "He is as cautious as he is when he crosses the river barefoot in winter; his vigilance is as if he were surrounded by strong neighbors, and he has to be vigilant at all times
(6) Pass "pre". beforehand. "History of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng Lie": "Heaven must not be worried, and the Tao cannot be conspired with." "The heavenly path is unpredictable, and mortals are difficult to calculate.
(Jia Yi Commemorative Stamp)
The small seal of "and" is written as shown in the figure:
(with the small seal notation)
([Explanation of words] no. 507, some pictures from the Internet)