"Dye the clouds for willow leaves, and cut the water to make pear blossoms." It's not a spring breeze, it's not a matter of years." At the beginning of the new year, the opening work of the series "Four Seasons and Objects in Huazhong": "Spring Harmony under the Sun" - The Series of Exhibitions of Seasonal Culture in beijing was launched at the Capital Museum. The cultural relics in the collection of 121 components take the spring (lunar first month, February, March) as the background of the festival, take the Spring Festival, Lichun, Huachao, Qingming and other festivals as the display objects, and show the audience the seasonal customs and cultural activities in the spring in Beijing and related ruins through the three parts of "Yanjing Shihua", "Xiangyuan Zhaonian" and "Ruiqi Chuntai".
Showroom scene
Yanjing's unique culture of the year
The exhibition opened from the "Yanjing Shihua", the passage of time and the rotation of the seasons not only brought about the colorful changes of the scenery of the four seasons, but also gave birth to people's seasonal consciousness of spring and summer, autumn harvest and winter Tibet, and the attitude of living in accordance with the times and the unity of nature and man. The culture of the years that has been enriched and developed shows the love of traditional Chinese for life, and forms a vivid and warm picture of the years in the long history passed down from generation to generation.
A Ming Dynasty Wu Bin's "Album of Years and Years" hidden in the National Palace Museum in Taipei cuts to the theme of "the years of the year", twelve paintings are divided into festivals in each month of the year, the scenery in the middle of the picture, more intentional deformation, the shape of the figure resembles a pottery doll; the painting tree is short and round, and the branches are flexible. The twelve-month iconic festivals are New Year's Eve, Swing, Silkworm Market, Buddha Bath, Duanyang, Jiexia, Zhongyuan, Moon Play, Ascending, Reading Exercises, Snow Appreciation, and DaQi, implying the concept of the unity of heaven and man Chinese. In the exhibition, the first work of the album, "Yuan Ye", is presented in the form of a light box, depicting the scene of the people stopping to admire the lanterns during the Lantern Festival in the first month.
Ming Wu Bin's "First Night" in the Album of Years and Years of Jisheng
In the social background based on agricultural production, the growth of crops and the needs of human beings themselves have prompted ancient ancestors to actively explore the universe and look for the laws of change in nature. "Observation and timing" is the ancient people through the observation of celestial phenomena and objects to determine the method of time, the application of natural laws in agricultural production, life, so that people have the original concept of seasonality, but also objectively formed a number of annual units of fixed "festivals", the exhibition of a number of exhibits show the ancestors in accordance with the order of life picture.
Eastern Han Dynasty Green glazed pottery well
Han Dynasty yellow glazed barn
A set of pastel weaving poems intends small plates in four plates. In the form of "one painting and one topic", the eight farming and weaving scenes of "rake", "big rise", "rake", "bath silkworm", "silk training", "irrigation", "sacrifice to the gods" and "ready-to-wear" are depicted in one plate, showing the characteristics of the Daoguang period cultivation and weaving theme porcelain or influenced by the style of woodblock new year paintings, and the atmosphere is warm. The body of the plate is outlined with gold edges, the outer wall of the plate is painted with three alum red bats, and the bottom of the plate is "Great Qingdao Light-Year System" six-character three-line seal book.
A set of pastel ploughing poems intended to plate small plates
The theme of "Fishing Tree Cultivation Reading" frequently appears in various cultural relics, a white ground green sleeved cigarette pot with white glass as a tire, with green glass ornaments on the outside, presenting the scene of "Fishing Tree Cultivation Reading". The front of the cigarette bottle is decorated with the pattern of a boy herding cattle and a farmhouse, and on the back is a fisherman fishing and a woodcutter.
White ground green set cigarette pot
The habits, cultural beliefs, aesthetic concepts and value systems that arise from agricultural life are also rooted in all aspects of the culture of the years and are passed down from generation to generation.
The "Eight Views of Yanjing" album painted by Qing Dynasty painter Wang Bing, in the form of calligraphy and painting, shows eight representative scenic spots in Beijing - "Qiongdao Chunmeng", "Tailiu Autumn Wind", "Yuquan Baotu", "Xishan Qingxue", "Jimen Tobacco Tree", "Lugou Xiaoyue", "Jintai Xizhao" and "Juyong Stacked Cui", and also shows the natural scenery of Beijing at four o'clock in different seasons but with the same beauty and salty meaning.
"Eight Views of Yanjing" painted by Wang Bing in the Qing Dynasty
"Hundred Birthday Reunion" character Multi-treasure bronze mirror
The regional attributes of the important towns in the north and the historical status of the national capital have endowed Beijing with profound historical accumulation and unique cultural composition. The integration of northern nomadic and fishing and hunting cultures constitutes the unique culture of the Yanjing region.
The Liao Dynasty sauce glazed stirrup pot evolved from the khitan tribe's leather bag pot
The bronze mirror of the Jin Dynasty is unique in the history of China's copper mirror culture. The fish-patterned copper mirror is an important part of the bronze mirror of the Jin Dynasty and is loved by the Jurchens, which is closely related to the living habits of the "Jurchens living in the white mountains and black waters" and near the water. The shape of the pisces pattern expresses the good will of many children and many blessings with the help of the reproductive and flourishing characteristics of fish.
Pisces pattern bronze mirror
"Queqiao Rendezvous" theme bronze mirror
The following figure depicts the style of the Guanghan Palace in people's imagination in the form of southern architecture in China, and the brilliant spiral tungsten shines with a black lacquer background, and the Moon Palace jumps in front of you: the pavilion with flying eaves, the swirling clouds and the densely branched sycamore dangui... The utensils are colorful, and the inlay method has achieved the artistic effect of soft screw "dividing the shell color, embellishing with the color, and the brilliance can be appreciated".
Fragments of lacquerware from the Yuan Dynasty inlaid snail Guanghan Palace
Zhang Hong burst into flames to welcome the New Year
The suburban shrine is a national festival. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the sacrifices to heaven, earth, sun, and moon were performed on the winter solstice, summer solstice, spring equinox, and autumn equinox of the year. In the selection of sacrificial vessels, the celestial offering is made of cyan, the ground is yellow, the day of the offering is red, and the moon is white. Through these sacrifices, on the one hand, the country is blessed with good winds and rains, and on the other hand, through such ceremonies, the "imperial power is granted by heaven".
Winter as for the Temple of Heaven festival
The Temple of the Sunset Moon is in the right place
The Spring Festival in the north of the lunar calendar begins almost at the beginning of the waxing moon, and people begin to buy, elaborately arrange and pray sincerely for the new spring early in the cold winter of the new year. Dust removal cloth new, Zhang Hong exploded, people through such a space purification and auspicious prayer ceremony to welcome the arrival of the New Year festival.
Qing painted door god
Qing carved dragon pattern dark eight immortals jasper round interstitial screen
In the transition from Chinese New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, people experience the most important year of the year through the ceremony - reunion and observance. Chinese's inherent clan concepts of "honoring the ancestors with great filial piety" and "being kind to one's relatives" were fully interpreted at this moment.
Emperor Qianlong began writing on New Year's Day
Shenzu Lou, a small room and small cabinet where ancestral tablets are placed. Ancestors are with their families, and on the occasion of the New Year, special worship is made, and the old offerings are made in front of the ancestral tablets, and the whole family is dressed and crowned to make a second worship.
Shen Zhao of the Ming Dynasty "Home Dynasty Map"
Clear congratulations chart
According to the custom of the Qing court, a pilgrimage ceremony was held in the early morning of New Year's Day. Princes and envoys from various vassal states were to come together with the ministers and wives of the dynasty to pay homage to the emperor. Among them, Wang, Belle, and Beizi gathered at the Taihe Gate, while the rest of the officials gathered at the Noon Gate to wait, and then entered the Taihe Hall to hold a great ceremony. The picture below shows the scene of officials stopping in front of the Qing Gate and getting out of the car to enter the palace.
Around the fifteenth day of the first month, the court of the Qing Dynasty displayed lanterns and set off fireworks in the Xiyuan Sanhai or Yuanmingyuan. The moonlight was covered by smoke, and the viewers located on the Jin'ao Yuzhen Bridge in the palace garden could only feel dazzled, shocked and shaken, and when the smoke dissipated, the lights of the Nine-Curved Yellow River were like stars.
"Ruiqi Chuntai": The Seasonal Culture of Spring
"The scenery belongs to the three springs, and the high platform chats and looks around. Thousands of miles in the eyes, mountains and rivers are strong", the capital of the spring of mid-twilight, birds and beasts are pregnant, all things are mighty, people go out of their homes and into nature. The Flower Dynasty in February, the Shangwei and Qingming in March, the daughters fluttering butterflies and enjoying the red, the scholars and people singing and singing, the relatives worship the ancestors, all kinds of seasonal activities that conform to the times, showing people's love for life.
A Guangxu pastel flower pattern bottle, the inner wall is glazed with white glaze, and the whole body is painted on the white ground with floral ornaments - begonia spit white, plum blossom powder, and there are colorful butterflies dotted on one side. The bottom of the bottle is red color "Yongqing Changchun" letter model.
Guangxu pastel floral pattern bottle
Plum blossom follow-up pen holder
In ancient times, the day of the early March of the late spring was called the "Shangmi Festival" Whenever people traveled with relatives and friends to the water's edge in the suburbs to perform ritual sacrifices, praying to drive away the dust and dirt and evil of the year, called "Zen Zen". Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people have designated March 3 of each year as the Shangwei Festival, and the ritual of repairing the Zen has gradually evolved into a collection of literati with the baptism of years and the progress of culture, and the time is no longer limited to the day of shang. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Beijing masters gathered humanities, and the spring festivals held with the origin of "Shangwei Zen" were endless and had a variety of themes.
Feast and drink picture interstitial screen
Sandalwood koji brand wine chips
Lacquer ear cups
Qiu Ying of the Ming Dynasty", "Spring Xiaotu of Han Palace", is an outstanding representative of the character painting of ancient historical stories in China, and has always been respected and imitated by later generations of painters. The Qing Dynasty colorless "Han Palace Spring Dawn Map" exhibited in the exhibition is similar to the "Han Palace Spring Dawn Map" now in the Cleveland Museum of Art in the United States in terms of picture content, layout and color, or is painted with it as the mother, depicting the amusement life of the Palace Lady in the Han Palace in the early morning of spring. The main activities from left to right include: swing play, sun fighting grass, burning incense Bogu, playing music and dancing, enjoying flowers and butterflies, and playing the piano.
Qing Dynasty colorless "Han Palace Spring Dawn Map" (partial)