"History" Yun: "Lao Tzu, Chu Ku County Li Xiang Qu Ren Li people also." The surname Li (李氏), the name of the ear, the character 聃, the history of the Zhou Shou Tibetan Room. "Lao Tzu was a historian of the Zhou Dynasty and was in charge of the history of the Zhou Dynasty.
In 551 BC, Lao Tzu entered the Zhou royal family as the shouzang chamber history. Before being recommended to enter the Zhou Chamber, Lao Tzu studied with Chang Feng (Shang Rong). In 535 BC, Lao Tzu was ostracized by the powerful and deposed by Duke Ganjian from his post of keeping the history of the Tibetan Chamber and traveled to the state of Lu. In Luguo Lane, the party presided over the funeral of a friend, and Confucius assisted in the funeral. When Kong Qiu was seventeen years old, he greeted the old man. In 530 BC, Lao Tzu was recalled by Duke Gan Ping to remain in charge of the history of the Tibetan Chamber. In 526 BC, Confucius visited LaoZi during the weekly sightseeing. In 516 BC, Lao Tzu was taken captive to the Chu state by the prince dynasty because of the Shouzang Room classics, and was deposed from the post of Shouzang Room History and returned to his hometown to live.
Why was Lao Tzu deposed from his post of keeping Tibetan history?
According to historical sources, Prince Chao, surnamed Ji and given the name Chao, was the eldest son of Ji Gui, the King of Zhou Jing. King Jing of Zhou's crown prince was clever but died early. In 520 BC, King Jing of Zhou, because of his favor for prince Chao, wanted to make him crown prince. On April 18 of the same year, King Jing of Zhou died at the Rong clan before he could make prince. Prince Ji Zha competed with the Prince Dynasty for the throne, and the people of the country supported the eldest son of King Jing of Zhou as king, Prince Ji Meng, and the Prince Dynasty attacked and killed Ji Meng, and the people of the country gave Ji Meng the title of King of Mourning. The prince dynasty occupied the royal city of Luoyang for several years, and the second son of King Jing of Zhou, Prince Zhao, avoided living in Zeyi. In the autumn and winter of 516 BC, the Duke of Jin sent troops to support the restoration of Prince Zhao, and after the defeat of the prince, he took the Zhou Dynasty classics and ceremonial instruments, and followed by the four major families of Zhao, Mao, Yi, and Nangong, he left Luoyang City, along the Wanluo Ancient Road, and cut a short road straight to the capital of the Chu State to seek refuge. Nine years later, Wang Zichao was assassinated by someone sent by King Jing of Zhou. The mysterious disappearance of a large number of ZhouDians he carried with him has formed a cliff since then, leaving many mysteries in Chinese history that have not yet been solved.
The Zhou Dynasty classics had already been scattered, and this time the only remaining classics had mysteriously disappeared, and the harm to ancient Chinese culture was immeasurable.
Why is it said that the Zhou Dynasty classics have been scattered? During the reign of King You of Zhou, the state of Western Zhou was already in decline, Rong Di was strong, and repeatedly invaded Wang Qi, and the situation of military struggle was grim; all three rivers were shaken, the river was exhausted, the Qishan landslides were serious, and the natural disasters were serious; the King of You, a distant gentleman, a villain, appointed a person who was skillful and good at good profits, such as ruling the country with Father Yu Shi as a secretary, and the people of the country complained; and the king of You also loved and praised him, drank and enjoyed himself all day, and abused adultery. The Zhou royal family is in crisis.
The King of You, who favored Herun and wanted to make her queen, made her son Bofu (伯番 or 伯番) the crown prince. However, The queen consort of King You was originally Empress Shen, and Empress Shen's son Yi Usu had already been made crown prince. King You, on the other hand, wanted to abolish Shen Hou and Yi Usu and replace them with Chu Ji and Bo Fu, but was strongly opposed by his ministers. However, king You, bent on going his own way, made Bofu, the son of King You, crown prince in the eighth year of King You, and queen of Yu. After she gained power, she even colluded with a group of treacherous and evil villains to confuse the government and persecute Zhongliang.
Shen Hou's father was the monarch of the State of Shen, an important fief in the upper reaches of the Han River Valley divided by the Zhou Dynasty, and the state was strong. Shen Hou was persecuted in the palace, and the crown prince Yi Usu fled to Shen Guo to avoid disaster. When King You heard that Yi Usu had fled to Shen Guo, he raised an army to attack Shen Guo. Unable to bear it, Hou Shen joined forces with The Kingdom of Yu and Inuyasha in the eleventh year of The King of You, and sent an army to attack HoJing. The Inuyasha army and the Shen Dynasty army killed the hokage from the west and east respectively, and the King of You urgently ordered the lishan beacon to be lit, but because he had once played with the princes, the princes did not send troops to serve the king. Inuyasha and The Shen and Jiao armies invaded Hokkei, youwang and Chuyi fled to the foot of Mount Lishan with the treasure, inuyasha's army pursued Youwang, Youwang and Bofu were killed by Inuyasha, and Yuji was captured.
When King You died, "First, Shen Hou, Lu Hou, and Xu Wen gong lied to King Ping, Yu Shen, the eldest son of Ben, so he was called the Heavenly King", in order to worship Zhou. Duke Yu also appointed prince Yu Chenyu (余臣) as the Prince of Carrying, known as the King of Carrying. "It is not suitable for the original, so it is called the king." On Tuesday the kings stood side by side. In order to avoid inuyasha, Yi Usu moved the capital to Luoyi, which was established for the King of Zhou Ping and Eastern Zhou. Yu Chen was killed by Marquis Wen of Jin in the eleventh year of King Ping, that is, in the twenty-first year of the Reign of Marquis Wen of Jin (760 BC), ending a decade-long situation in which the two kings were established.
The "Inuyasha Rebellion" was the first cultural catastrophe in Chinese history, and the ancient history books of King Zhou You's previous officials were scattered. One possibility is that incineration was incinerated to ashes by Inuyasha. The third time in the Chronicle of the States of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: "King Ping said: 'Now that Inuyasha is approaching Hojing, misfortune and misfortune, why should he move the capital to Luo?' 'The present palace is burned down, it is not easy to build, the people are hurting their wealth, and the people are resentful. "Rong Di did not know etiquette and righteousness, and destroyed the palace and burned books, which was not surprising.
One possibility is to loot the inuyasha. History? Zhou Benji: "Shen Hou was angry, and attacked the Youwang with the Jiao and Xiyi dogs, and the Youwang raised a beacon to recruit troops. Then he killed the Youwang Lishan, and the Yu King Lishan, and the Yu King Lishan, and took Zhou Zhen and left. Some scholars believe that the "Book of Xia", "Book of Shang", "Zhou Ji" and books that record the history of the princely states are also "Zhou Bribes", that is, property, "taking all the Zhou Bribes", and the history books will not exist alone.
After the defeat of the prince in the war, he fled with the Zhou Dynasty classics and ceremonial instruments, and the classics collected by the Zhou Room were probably gone. Everyone knows that as a Lao Tzu who guards the history of Tibet, even if he fights his life, he cannot protect the classics, but for such a large cultural loss, someone must always be responsible. As a result, Lao Tzu was deposed from his post of shou tibetan history.
Why did Lao Tzu ride a green bull out of the customs?
Han Liu Xiang said of Lao Tzu in the Biography of Liexian: "After the decline of Zhou De, he went by green ox cart. Enter Great Qin and pass through Xiguan. Guan Ling Yin was happy to welcome him, and Zhi Zhenren was also there. Nai Qiang wrote a book and wrote two volumes of the Tao Te Ching. Liu Xiang said that Lao Tzu rode out of the customs on a green bull.
The late Ming Dynasty Zhuge Xi further proved that Lao Tzu rode a green bull out of the customs as a historical fact. Zhuge Xi, the 36th grandson of Zhuge Liang, chongzhen in the first year of the jinshi, he wrote at the beginning of the "Record of the Old Tree of Qingniu": "Lao Tzu entered the HanguGuan, wrote a book for Yin Xiqiang, thousands of words of morality, passed down to this day, the tree of the duqing cattle, the rare legend of the world." Yu Chu passed through Huayin and entered the Xiyue Temple. The rain is very heavy, in the rain, I don't know if there are green cow trees... (The year I was admitted to the Jinshi) and then Huayin... There are Taoists who refer to the tree. The tree is on the left side of the Drum Pavilion, tall and tall, and the wheel is trapped in knots, which is not similar to his tree. Legend has it that Lao Tzu was a green cow. Bald without branches, zeruo zizhi, the wall standing like a stone claw skin, the color of the gaze is still pale. Since the beginning of the week, more than a thousand years. How many thousands of years have passed since then? "It is believed that Lao Tzu rode a green bull out of the customs, as evidenced by the green cow tree." It can also be seen that Lao Tzu rode a green bull out of the customs, which has been popular in the local area for a long time, and it is not empty.
Why did Lao Tzu ride a green bull out of the customs? The green bull, the black buffalo. This is related to Lao Tzu's opposition to the fast-paced agricultural life of the enterprising, he did not ride a boat but rode a green bull to find the ideal "utopia" in his heart, which was practicing his own thoughts, showing his obedience to the simple and indisputable slow-paced fishing and hunting civilization and the reactionary agricultural civilization. The 5,000-word Tao Te Ching left by Lao Tzu unmistakably stated his anti-writing, anti-conquest, anti-technology, anti-communication, and anti-intellectual propositions, and was his most "fierce political manifesto", full of warnings and predictions about the intensive farming and wealthy agricultural society.
The agricultural life that Lao Tzu opposed is, in the eyes of modern people, an extremely precious historical memory. Xu Jialu said: "In the process of the development of human society, agricultural life is an extremely precious period, and the cultural core it produces and develops is most suitable for living, reproducing and continuing on this earth as a spiritual animal. Some of the ideas produced by industrialization and post-industrialization often violate nature and violate laws in order to achieve the purpose of profit. The people-oriented farming culture has always taught future generations to cherish others, cherish materials, and cherish nature. But it is such an agrarian society that modern people think is more reasonable, but Lao Tzu, with his extraordinary insight, foreshadows the serious problems that will arise in the development of human society.
Why is Lao Tzu popular with the West?
History? Lao Tzu's biography of Han Fei lie says: "Lao Tzu cultivated morality, and his learning was self-concealed and nameless; he lived in Zhou Jiuzhi and saw the decline of Zhou, but he went away." At the end of the pass, Guan Ling Yin Xi said: "The son will be hidden, and he will write a book for me." So Lao Tzu wrote the first and second chapters of the book, saying more than 5,000 words of morality and morality, and he did not know the end. ”
Lao Tzu lived in the Zhou Dynasty for a long time, and he was also a shou tibetan history, knew the development history of the Zhou Dynasty very well, and had a profound understanding of the decline and decline of the Zhou Dynasty. Sima Qian's saying that "his learning is self-concealed and unworthy", is Lao Tzu's reflection on the continuous decline of the Zhou Dynasty, the idea of ruling by his own inaction, and guiding the rulers to govern the country. If Lao Tzu had not thoroughly studied the history of the Zhou Dynasty and formed his own thoughts on governing the world, even if Guan Ling Yin Xiqiang had written a book, it would have been impossible for him to write the Tao Te Ching of more than 5,000 words in a short period of time.
Lao Tzu believed that the ever-evolving agricultural society encouraged people to compete for superiority, to be richer than poor, to distinguish between good and evil, not to be beautiful and ugly, and to judge wisdom and foolishness, and directly led the people to the war and chaos of thieves. The whole society is not ancient, the etiquette is broken, the princes are in strife, the killing and plundering of the land, such as the rivers and rivers falling day by day, cannot be stopped. He blamed the curse on the saints, the so-called "saints do not die, and the great thieves do not stop." He scolded in a very strong way: "The avenue is very bad, and the people are good." Towards the very elimination, the field is very wu, the warehouse is very empty. Serving Wencai, carrying a sword, tired of eating, having more than enough goods, is a thief, not a Tao. "Lao Tzu hopes to return from an agricultural society of wisdom and deceit, shangli, clever ornamentation, fame and profit to a natural, simple, less selfish, and widowed fishing and hunting society.
Lao Tzu painted a picture of the society he longed for: "A small country and a widow, so that there is a tool of Shibo and not used." Let the people die and not far away. Although there are boats and public opinions, there is nothing to take advantage of. Although there is nothing to be done with the armor. Let the people tie the rope and use it. Eat willingly, serve beautifully, live in peace, and enjoy its customs. Neighbors look at each other, chickens and dogs smell each other. The people do not interact with each other until they are old and dead. ”
Zhuangzi is the most important representative figure of Taoism after Lao tzu, and he is also a famous philosopher and writer in ancient China. Zhuang Zhou once worked as a lacquer garden official in Monte and was a minor official who managed the lacquer tree garden. Zhuangzi had always been relatively poor in his life, and he once wore patched coarse cloth clothes and tied torn shoes with straps to see the King of Wei. He believed that his poverty was caused by the incompetence of the rulers, and that it was impossible for a man of lofty ideals not to be poor in the midst of confusion, so he was not ashamed of his poverty.
But Zhuangzi's spiritual life is magnificent, he said that he is friends with the founders of the world, with the light and void as a bird, flying beyond the six poles, the land of nothing, the wilderness, and running freely in the imaginary world and the earth.
Zhuangzi believed that everything that came from its natural state should be natural, such as the legs of a wild duck, although short, but not insufficient, and if they are hard to be long, they will inevitably bring sorrow; although the legs of the crane are long, they are not superfluous, and if they are cut short, they must bring pain; although the toes are even useless flesh, and although the branches of the hand have useless fingers, both are natural, so they should not cut open the toes of the same life, and they should not cut off the extra fingers. Horses in the natural environment, hooves can step on frost and snow, hair can withstand the wind and cold, grazing, drinking water, galloping, jumping, free, this is the natural nature of horses, wait until bole is good at managing horses, so give the horse mane, hot stamping, shoveling hooves, nailing palms, tripping, caged, wearing iron chewing, bolting into the manger, so that the horse is tortured to death two-thirds of the way, and then will encounter hunger and thirst, and be driven to run, or trained to march in and out, before there is iron chewing, and then there is a threat of whipping, so that half of the horses are tortured to death. Therefore, bole ruled the horse, which will harm the true nature of the horse, and the result of the ruler's rule over the world destroys the natural nature of man. The saints' promotion of benevolence and righteousness is not only not beneficial to the world, but is guilty of the world, not only is it not a good remedy for rectifying the evils of the times, but it is the source of all kinds of evils. Confucianism emphasizes liturgy and Taoism emphasizes nature; Confucianism emphasizes social harmony, and Taoism emphasizes natural harmony.
Zhuangzi wrote the reason and process of Lao Tzu's "seeing the decline of the Zhou" in the "Nature of The Nature": "The decline of the people and the Fuxi are the beginning of the world, so it is not the same. Virtue and decline, and Shennong and the Yellow Emperor began to be the world, which was the reason for peace and not smoothness. Virtue and decline, and Tang and Yu began to be the world, the flow of prosperity and governance, pouring out simplicity, deviating from the way to be good, dangerous virtue to act, and then de-sexual and subordinate to the heart. The heart and the heart know but are not enough to determine the world, and then attach it to the text, and benefit it with knowledge. The text is extinguished, the heart is drowned, and then the people begin to feel chaotic, and there is no way to reverse their temperament and return to their originality. "Finally get" the world? Tao, Tao? Worldly. The world and the Tao also mourn each other. Therefore, both Zhuangzi and Lao Tzu believed that it was necessary to "abandon wisdom in the absolute saint" in order to "multiply the people's interests."
Some Western scholars refer to Lao Tzu as a green Bible from the East, arguing that the non-human central point of Lao Tzu's philosophy is similar to contemporary deep ecology. Professors Wang Sufen and Ding Quanzhong pointed out in "A Study of Lao tzu's Philosophy in the Ecological Context" that at the level of social outlook, Lao Tzu opposed the many talents, wisdom and ingenuity, selfishness and narrowness, greedy desires, strong and competitive, rash moves, war wars, strong and strong, and noisy and flashy, advocating natural inaction, unintelligent ignorance, selfless balance, contentment and contentment, female softness, humility, good fighting, humility, and returning to the truth. It embodies the ecological thinking mode of natural inaction and the ecological political model of doing nothing.
Some Westerners believe that a rich agrarian society brings only "work, class, and war", while the so-called primitive and barbaric fishing and hunting society, as long as they work 21 to 35 hours a week, people have limited ability, little desire, little resources and property, but they are not poor and scarce, everyone gets along with each other and takes what they need, it is an ideal society, why barbarism?
In fact, Luo Qing said, this trend of thinking that promotes "barbarians" began with the Romantics in the nineteenth century. Since Watt invented the steam engine in 1765, the rise of rational cold, poor and crowded industrial cities has stimulated the emergence of romantic ideas that yearn for natural mountains and forests and pay attention to intuitive sensibility.
The greatest mistake of modernity is to reduce value rationality to instrumental rationality, to separate science and technology from humanities, resulting in the growth of extreme individualism and egoism, the rupture and disintegration of the family and community, the disorder of the value system and social anxiety, the intensification of the destruction and pollution of resources and the environment, and the competition of human beings to develop tools of self-destruction such as nuclear weapons and chemical weapons. Lao Tzu's ecological way of thinking and the ecological political model of doing nothing provide theoretical enlightenment for Westerners in the dilemma of modernity to solve the dilemma, so Lao Tzu is very popular in the West. Lao Tzu is the most translated text in the world outside the Bible, with more than 100 German translations since 1827.
Lao Zhuang takes nature and innocence as the highest standard and scale of beauty. Since the Industrial Revolution, mankind has faced the ecological crisis caused by the conflict between man and nature, the humanistic crisis caused by the conflict between man and society, the moral crisis caused by the conflict between man and man, the spiritual crisis caused by the conflict between man and the soul, the value crisis caused by the clash between civilizations, and modernity has almost become synonymous with suicide, which makes Westerners feel confused and helpless. Modern Western society is a society that occurs and develops according to the logic of capital, and the conflicts and confrontations between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and mind, and civilization seem to be difficult to avoid. The British historian Toynbee once said that the road to avoiding human suicide, in this regard, is now the most fully prepared of the Chinese nation, which has cultivated a unique way of thinking for two thousand years. "Lao Tzu" is undoubtedly the opening and foundation work of this unique thinking methodology.