On November 22, 1925, Guo Songling, a senior general under Zhang Xueliang of the Third Army, led 70,000 people to rebel against Feng in Luanzhou, and only a month later, on December 25, Guo Songling was hunted down and killed by the Feng army, exposing his body to Fengtiancheng.
The "Guo Songling Rebellion Incident" is at a lesser extent a rebellion within the Fengjun Army and at a larger extent has influenced the course of Chinese history.
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the 1981 "918" incident, Zhang Xueliang said in Taipei: "If Guo Songling succeeds in his rebellion, Chinese history will be rewritten, and there may not have been the 918 Incident of the 20th year of the Republic of China... If Guo Songling had been there at that time, Japan would not have dared to launch the 918 Incident. ”
Guo Songling
Born in Fengtian (present-day Shenyang) in 1883, Guo Songling (24 years old) went south to Guangzhou to join Sun Yat-sen's nationalist military government in 1883, and then returned to Fengtian and joined the Fengjun army on the recommendation of Zhang Xueliang.
From joining the Feng army in 1919 to starting to rebel against The Feng army in 1925, in 6 years, Guo Songling was deeply appreciated by Zhang Xueliang, and it was a friend of Mo Rebellion, and the Third Army, where the two were located, was the most powerful of the 6 legions of the Feng warlords.
It is reasonable to say that as long as Guo Songling leads the troops to fight in a step-by-step manner, with Zhang Xueliang's trust, he is waiting for the peace and clouds, why should he raise troops to rebel?
In my opinion, the reasons are manifold.
The ostensible reason was that after the Second Zhifeng War, Zhang Zuolin was unevenly divided, and Guo Songling's military achievements were outstanding, but he did not fish for anything.
At that time, several other corps generals, Li Jinglin as the direct subordinate inspector, Zhang Zongchang as the shandong supervisor, Yang Yuting as the jiangsu supervisor, Jiang Dengxuan as the anhui inspector, Zhang Xueliang and Guo Songling's Third Army were excluded.
This made Guo Songling greatly dissatisfied, and asked Zhang Zuolin to inquire, but Zhang said perfunctorily: "You are still under my command, and you will contribute to the training of troops!" In this regard, Guo Songling once said to his subordinates:
"It's really ridiculous, the military division that shook the feather fan ran to the front line to block the front line, and I don't know what arrangement this is."
The deep reason is that between Guo Songling and Zhang Zuolin, there are different political views and a long-term estrangement.
As mentioned above, Guo Songling was once influenced by Sun Yat-sen's "Three People's Principles", and the purpose of joining the army was also due to his inner desire to "transform the three eastern provinces", which was the basis of Guo Songling's military thinking.
Zhang Zuolin, on the other hand, is a militarist, pursuing "unification by force" and advocating "chasing deer from the Central Plains." Guo Songling had advised many times that the opposition soldiers had entered the customs, believing that it was a loss of money for the people, and he made a point of view to Zhang Zuolin:
"We have such a big place in the northeast, the economy is rich, the population is more than thirty million, enough for us to do." This time, when they entered Guannei, they defeated Cao and Wu, and they were already ashamed of their previous years; if they drove the troops south again, victory would become the target of public criticism, and defeat would damage the prestige of veteran generals. ”
This is obviously very different from Zhang Zuolin's thinking, and the opinion has not been adopted.
In addition, on March 12, 1925, Sun Yat-sen died of illness in Beijing, and a few months later Guo Songling rebelled and changed his name to the Northeast Nationalist Army, which must be said that Sun Yat-sen's death also had a certain psychological stimulus for Guo Songling.
Sun Yat-sen's Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in the Feng'an Ceremony
The most direct cause of Guo Songling's decision to rebel was that in October 1925, when Guo Songling was in Japan at the "Guan Qiu Exercise" (the Japanese Army Exercise), he accidentally learned that Zhang Zuolin wanted to sign a secret treaty with Japan on the condition of recognizing the "Twenty-One Articles" in exchange for a large amount of Japanese arms to attack Feng Yuxiang's Nationalist army.
Guo Songling was very indignant about this, and immediately informed the representatives of the Nationalist Army who were also in Japan, and said:
"Zhang Zuolin, for the sake of personal rights, desperately, betrayed the country I am a soldier, I promise the country by myself, not a personal lackey, I cannot obey chaotic orders with my conscience. If he fights the Nationalists, I will beat him. ”
Guo Songling then returned to China and formed an "anti-Feng Triangle Alliance" with Feng Yuxiang and Li Jinglin, and launched an anti-Feng war on November 22.
Guo Songling's rebellion against Fenggong was defeated for many reasons, the most important of which was because Japan sent troops to intervene.
At that time, after the outbreak of the "Battle of Guofeng", the Japanese government immediately held an emergency meeting and decided to "temporarily not adopt an active policy of aiding Zhang." However, at that time, the Japanese also knew in their hearts that between Zhang Zuolin and Guo Songling, they could only choose Zhang Zuolin, because Guo Songling had no intention of defecting to Japan, and there was no "good colt" in the northeast for the time being, so they "went against their will" to help Zhang.
In order to obtain Japanese aid, Zhang Zuolin had to sign a new "Secret Covenant of Japanese Feng" with the Japanese side, and agreed to many unreasonable demands of the Japanese side:
“... Recognize that the Japanese enjoy the right to lease land, the right of miscellaneous residence, and the right to industrial and commercial management in Manchuria and Mongolia, cede the administrative power of The Island to Japan, extend the Keedun Railway, connect with the Korean Railway east of the Tumen River, and allow the establishment of consulates at the hubs of Dongbian Road and Taochang Province..."
It was also because of Japan's direct intervention in the war that the nature of the war changed suddenly, and the anti-Bong war rose to a war against Japanese aggression, and the fierce enemy faced by the Guo army was no longer the Feng army, but the Japanese-Bong coalition army under the control of the Japanese Kwantung Army and the Manchurian Dispatch Army.
At 6:00 a.m. on December 23, 1925, the two sides fought at Baiqi Fort, and the main force of the Guo army was attacked on three sides, and was surrounded by the Japanese and Feng coalition forces on the west bank of the Liao River, and the remnants of Yingkou could not be saved and fell into an embattled situation.
At about 8 p.m. on the 23rd, Guo Songling sent a representative to the Japanese consulate to mediate a ceasefire, and was replied: "The time has passed. ”
At about 4:00 a.m. on the 24th, Guo and his wife fled south along the Liao River, and on the 25th, they were hunted down and killed by the Feng army, exposing the body of Fengtian city. At this point, Zhang Zuolin relied on the comprehensive intervention of the Japanese army to finally get rid of the crisis and regain control of the Manchu-Mongolian situation.
After quelling Guo Songling's rebellion, Zhang Zuolin was remorseful about the secret treaty signed with Japan before, after all, once it was fulfilled, zhang Zuolin was a sinner for eternity, so Zhang refused to perform the treaty, and the Japanese military was furious.
After the Huanggutun Incident, Zhang Zuolin was assassinated by the Japanese, which was inseparable from this matter.
In addition, after experiencing the rebellion of Guo Songling, fengjun was seriously injured, the "five tigers of the Fengjun army" lost three generals (Jiang Dengxuan and Guo Songling were killed, and Li Jinglin ran away), Zhang Zuolin lost trust in the new generals in the army, and removed many middle and senior generals who had previously supported Guo Songling from the army, which also led to the decline in the combat effectiveness of the Feng army.
At the same time, Zhang Xueliang's prestige in the Fengjun also declined, and the elders in the army were originally dissatisfied with him, and then the Internal Turmoil in the Fengjun was unstable.
It can be said that the Fengjun died in December 1925, and the later Fengjun (Northeast Army), although on the surface, is still a powerful force and is still operating, but in fact, it has no soul and cannot be called a whole.