For us Han Chinese, the Han Dynasty is a dynasty that we Han people are proud of, and the establishment of the Han Dynasty has also left a sense of belonging for our Han people. The Han Dynasty was established for more than 400 years, divided into the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties, with a total of 29 generations of emperors. At the same time, the Shu Han Dynasty was somewhere in between, with a different history from the Han Dynasty. The Shu Han Jiangshan laid down by Liu Bei is also praiseworthy, but the demise of Shu Han has always been regretted by people, so why did Shu Han perish?
(1) In the dispute between the three kingdoms, the status of the Shu Han Dynasty was unstable and the national situation was turbulent
At the time of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei recruited righteous soldiers everywhere on the grounds that he was a descendant of the Han Dynasty and revived his own Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty stood out among the Three Kingdoms, liu Bei fought everywhere, experienced many hardships, and finally established the Han Dynasty and completed the unified situation. And there were many talents left, Liu Bei wanted to consolidate the Han industry, hoping that his son Liu Chan could also take care of his country.
After Liu Bei's son, Liu Chan, the Emperor of Hanhuai, ascended to the throne, he did not have a single day of peace. There were many rebellions within the Shu state, among which Mu Mu Commandery was too defensive of Zhu Bao, Yi Wang Gao Ding, all rebelled one after another, and then there were enemy foreign prisoners, the Wei state attacked, other countries looked at the tiger, causing national turmoil, the people were displaced, there was no real national peace and security, living and working in peace and contentment.
After Liu Bei's death, he left his military master Zhuge Liang behind, hoping that Zhuge Liang would continue to assist Liu Chan and, like assisting him, did everything in detail, and made Zhuge Liang a chancellor. Zhuge Liang gave the affairs of the country full authority to deal with, and Zhuge Liang did his best to deal with the internal affairs of the country, but he died of a serious illness, and from then on, the Shu state really fell into a crisis of survival.
(2) Liu Chan was faint and incompetent, only knew how to covet pleasure and did not know how to govern the country
Although Liu Chan was Liu Bei's son, he did not inherit Liu Bei's talents. Liu Bei was good at using people during the conquest, and there were several generals under his command, but when Liu Chan succeeded, only Zhuge Liang was left, Zhuge Liang remembered Liu Bei's instructions and single-mindedly helped Liu Chan to govern Shu Han, but in the end he was no more incompetent than Liu Chan himself.
Liu Chan was called "Liu Adou", and the reason why he was called "Adou" was because Liu Chan was greedy and afraid of death, even if he took over his father's great cause, but he did not achieve anything. When the State of Wei was crusading against the State of Shu, the ministers of the court reminded Liu Chan that preparations should be made, but he was timid as a rat, unwilling to fight, and only wanted to surrender and seek peace, and Liu Chen, the king of the Northern Lands, asked for a battle against the water, but was rejected by Liu Chan, who was greedy for life and afraid of death, resulting in the eventual demise of Shu Han, while Liu Chan left a life and went to Luoyang to spend his life in peace, without ambition, without ability to govern the country, without any pride and ambition.
(3) After Zhuge Liang's death, Liu Chan listened to the eunuchs' rumors, leading to the destruction of the country
Since the ancient eunuch dictatorship of the dynasty did not have a good end, there are also many eunuchs in Chinese history, such as Zhao Gao, Wei Zhongxian, Gao Weishi, Zhang Rang, Li Lianying, etc., these eunuchs are based on their own interests, in front of the emperor to deceive the public, the demise of many dynasties is given by these eunuchs.
At the time of the Shu Han Dynasty, Liu Chan also listened to the rumors of the eunuchs, and even favored the eunuchs, which eventually led to the demise of his own country, and this eunuch was Huang Hao. Huang Hao's heart is very heavy, flattering, his rhetoric is valued by Liu Chan, he painstakingly climbs to a high place, and his status rises all the way. When Zhuge Liang was still alive, Huang Hao's status was not much higher, but after Zhuge Liang's death, because no one suppressed Huang Hao, his status became higher and higher.
After the death of the general Chen Yuan, Huang Hao began to take sole control of the government, Huang Hao's status and official position also became extremely high, and soon he was promoted two levels in a row, and after reaching the capital of Fengche, he began to provoke the relationship between Liu Chan and his brother Liu Yong, and Liu Chan's trust in Huang Hao had reached a very high level, so Liu Chan demoted Liu Yong to a small Padang Taishou according to Huang Hao's will. In addition to Liu Yong, Huang Hao also framed many sages, and Liu Chan believed and did it one by one, completely a puppet emperor controlled by eunuchs.
In the long river of history, it is common for countries to change dynasties, and whether an emperor is famous in history or notorious depends on his own talents and achievements. And liu chan, who had such a good foundation as Shu Han and many talented courtiers, but they did not make good use of it, but they were deceived by sinister eunuchs and became a veritable puppet emperor, which led to the final collapse of the country.
For a country, long-term peace and stability require not only the efforts of rulers, but also the help of officials and people. The eventual demise of the Shu Han can be seen from Liu Chan's actions when he ascended to the throne. As a monarch, we must first have a clear and discerning attitude toward the world; second, we must understand the sufferings of the world and conform to the needs of the people; and finally, we must have the ruler's fear of danger.
Reference: "Three Kingdoms"
Zizhi Tongjian
Book of the Later Han Dynasty