At that time
As mentioned in the previous issue, Cai Yong, a young man of the Eastern Han Dynasty hall-level slash, accompanied the burial of the great warlord Dong Zhuo, and Zhang Zhi, the "Grass Saint", also died in the same year. In 192 AD, two pivotal big Vs in the Chinese book world were taken.
After Dong Zhuo's death, his generals Li Dai and Guo Feng attacked Chang'an, killing and looting, and the powerful Han Empire had survived in name only after four hundred years of ups and downs.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and various warlords were divided and confused, and the chaotic world had begun. I'd rather be a peaceful dog than a chaotic world, and come to see what is the tragedy of literature and art.
This was one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", the circle of friends of the number one Wenqing Wang Yuefa at that time.
This is the micro-headline of Wang Yue's boss, the famous Cao Mengde.
Note that these are not the exaggerated brushwork of the abstract freehand school, but all the realistic narrative.
Today's protagonist lives in that era of constant war and heroes, he is Zhong Xuan.
Its people
Zhong Xuan (钟繇), courtesy name Yuanchang, was a native of Yingchuan Changshe (present-day Xuchang, Henan). People usually call it Zhong Xuan (yóu), but from various historical sources, the "繇" of Zhong Xuan should actually be pronounced "yáo".
Zhong Xuan was well-behaved and intelligent from an early age, his grandfather Zhong Hao was a scholar of scriptures, and his father died earlier and was raised by his uncle Zhong Yu.
Once, Zhong Xuan and his uncle went to Luoyang and met a person who looked at him. He said to Zhong Yu, "This child looks very rich and noble, but he will have the misfortune of being flooded." ”
Not far from a bridge, Zhong Xuan's horse was suddenly frightened, throwing him into the water and almost drowning. The words of the meeting teacher were reliable, and Zhong Yu liked Zhong Xuan more from then on and concentrated on cultivating him.
Later it turned out that the face master did not blow blindly. Zhong Xuan first assisted Emperor Xian of Han and conferred the title of Marquis of Wuting in Eastern China, and was later compared to Xiao He by Cao Cao, and was deeply trusted and promoted all the way.
Cao Pi Jianwei was called empress dowager to taiwei, equivalent to today's chairman of the Central Military Commission and minister of national defense. Later, he moved to Taifu(太傅), so the world called him Zhong Taifu (钟太傅), and after his death, he was known as "Cheng".
It's worth saying about the nickname.
Originating from the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was a title given by the imperial court after the death of the imperial concubines and concubines. Therefore, the nickname is not something that any cat or dog can have, it represents an identity status.
The evaluation of the name shall be based on the standard of the law of the name. According to the law, there are more than a hundred of them, and they are divided into three categories: beauty, evil, and peace.
There are fourteen categories of praise, including Wen, Wu, Zhao, and Yuan. For example, the nickname "Wen" indicates that he has the ability to be worldly and the earth or the character of diligence and inquisition, representing the figure King Wen of Zhou.
Needless to say, evil is a criticism category, roughly there are four kinds of spirit, li, hot, and you, and the brother Who lit the most expensive fire in history for the sister, Ji Gong ne, is the "You".
Ping Yu expressed sympathy for many categories, such as mourning, mourning, Huai, mourning, etc., and the representative figures were the two fools who were deceived by the Qin state and finally died in a foreign land.
I say this because at the beginning of this issue, the characters who appeared have nicknames. Understanding the common sense of the nickname, when we see it in the future, we can get some basic information at the first time, whether it is a hundred generations or a stink for thousands of years.
Zhong Xuan's nickname "Cheng", which means the meaning of An Min's establishment of the government, is undoubtedly a beautiful name. Later, Zhong Xuan was also worthy of the Cao Cao Ting Temple, which was even worse, and very few people could receive this honor. It means that the big boss not only lets you enjoy the same incense sacrifice as him here, but also does not forget you after going over there, leaving you a good place and still trusting you to cover you.
Zhong Xuan was an official all his life, deeply trusted by several big bosses, and was a very popular courtier before his death, and enjoyed the glory of mourning after his advanced age. What makes people even more envious and jealous is that Zhong Xuan not only did the official achieve the extreme, but also wrote the extreme.
Its word
There are many stories about Zhong Xuan's calligraphy, some of which have even spread to the gods. It is said that when Zhong Xuan was a child, he followed Liu Desheng, the originator of xingshu, to Baoli Mountain to learn calligraphy for three years. Later, he learned from Cao Xi and others, but the one who had the greatest influence on Zhong Xuan was Cai Yong.
In the writings of Zhang Yanyuan in the Tang Dynasty, Cai Yong's teacher was a divine man (which is mysterious), and then Cai Yong passed it on to Cui Yan and his daughter Cai Wenji, who passed it on to Zhong Xuan and then on. For this reason, I made a picture for everyone to feel.
Unlike Zhang Zhi, Zhong Xuan's main business is to be an official, and practicing calligraphy is not a proper job; the same is that they are obsessed with calligraphy, and zhong Xuan will grasp the study as soon as he has free time.
According to Zhong Xuan himself, he spent more than thirty years practicing calligraphy, mainly learning Cai Yong, practicing whenever he had time or place. When sitting on the ground to practice, when sleeping on the quilt with the fingers to practice, often the quilt out of the hole, go to the toilet are forgotten out (this has not been understood), the original words "I think about learning books for thirty years, with people, painting a few steps widely, lying down to be worn, going to the toilet all day long."
The more widely circulated story is that Zhong Xuan borrowed Cai Yong's book on penmanship from another calligrapher, Wei Shi, who did not borrow it. Zhong Xuan slammed his chest in anger, vomiting three liters of blood and almost losing his life, but fortunately Cao Cao saved his life with the Five Spirit Elixirs. Later, after Wei Tian's death, Zhong Xuan went to dig up other people's graves, and finally got this copy of cai yong penmanship, which greatly increased his level.
The second half of the story obviously bullied the ancients will not Baidu, but anyone who checks the Internet will know that Zhong Xuan died before Wei Sheng, a dead man went to rob the tomb, and the "Tomb Robber Notes" did not dare to write like this.
Before his death, Zhong Xuan passed on Cai Yong's penmanship to his younger son Zhong Hui, zhong hui calligraphy is good, father and son are called "big and small bells", but his fate is too far worse than his father, and later because of rebellion, he was defeated by Wei Qi's son Wei Wan and died.
The Wei father and son were also great calligraphers, the sons of one great calligrapher, and killed the son of another great calligrapher.
Zhong Xuan was the founder of the Kaishu (小楷) and is revered as the "Originator of the Kaishu". At that time, lishu was still popular, and he was the first person to write the chapter in the then fashionable script, which also prompted the script to become the official script.
The "Five Tables" are his representative works, namely "He Jie Table", "Declaration Table", "Recommendation Season Straight Table", "Adjustment Table", and "Force Life Table", but none of them are authentic.
《He Jie Watch》
"He Jie Watch", also known as "Rong Lu Watch", was written by Zhong Xuan at the age of sixty-eight, which is a good report congratulating the famous Guan Yu on his murder, and is said to be the first table written in small letters in history.
The full text of the "Declaration Table" is 18 lines and 299 words, the content is to persuade Emperor Wei to agree to Sun Quan's request for peace, and it is a fine work of Zhong Xuan's calligraphy. The original "Declaration Table" was led by Wang to hide from the rebellion of the Eight Kings, sewn in clothes and taken across the Yangtze River.
Declaration Form
Wang Dao was the cousin of Shusheng Wang Xizhi and a heavy minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wang Dao later gave wang Xizhi the cherished Declaration Table, who in turn lent it to his friend Wang Xiu.
This Wang Xiu is not simple, at the age of 13, he wrote an amazing article "On the Theory of Xianling", and the calligraphy made Wang Xianzhi look at it and say "aggressive", but unfortunately he died at the age of 24.
Wang Xiu's favorite "Declaration Table" before he died, Wang Xizhi estimated that he was not embarrassed to ask for it again, and his mother's grief estimated that he did not think of borrowing and repaying, so he put this legendary masterpiece into the coffin with his son!
The most breathtaking thing is still "Recommended Season Straight Table". This small kai, which was praised by Lu Xingzhi in the Yuan Dynasty as "the supreme ancient law book, the first wonderful trace in the world", is a performance written by Zhong Xuan's recommendation of Hou Jizhi of Guannei, who is seventy years old.
"Straight Schedule of The Seasons" on ink paper, about 12.6 cm high and 40.4 cm long. Main book, 19 lines
This authentic manuscript was hidden in the palace during the Tang and Song dynasties, and was later collected by Xue Shaopeng, Lu Xingzhi and others, and the Qing Dynasty searched into the Inner Mansion and hid it in the Changchun Book House in the Yuanmingyuan.
In 1860, the Anglo-French army was snatched away by a British soldier while burning the Yuanmingyuan. In 1861, the British warship went south from Tianjin to anchor in Baietan, Guangzhou, and sold the treasures stolen from the Yuanmingyuan.
"Recommended Season Straight Table"
After Kong Guangtao, the owner of Yue Xuelou, heard about it, he took a sample of calligraphy and painting to ask if there was such a thing. A British soldier replied that there was a volume, and the next day he took it and looked at it as "Recommended Season Straight Table"! Kong Guangtao bought it back at a low price in ecstasy, and the news that Yue Xuelou had Zhong Xuan Fa Ti spread.
The insert on the outside of the volume of the "Recommended Season Straight Table" is made of jasper color Han seal, and it is engraved with a line of "Qianlong Imperial Reward Chung Recommended Season Straight Table AuthenticIty", which is the specification of the fine calligraphy and paintings of the Inner Province.
When the Yuanmingyuan was burned and robbed, the head of the bag was damaged, and the insert was lost to Debaozhai of The Liuli Factory in Beijing. In the summer of 1880, Pei Jingfu, the owner of zhuangtao Pavilion, bought this insert at Debaozhai and searched for its original.
Later, Pei Jingfu went to Guangdong to become an official, heard that Yue Xuelou had the authentic handwriting of Zhong Xuan, and asked for appreciation but was rejected. In 1900, Pei Jingfu went to the South China Sea to serve as an official. At this time, the Kong family's business was short, and they were forced to sell the family's calligraphy and paintings to pay off their debts, and Pei Jingfu decided to acquire the Yue Xuelou collection.
The first sale list sent by the Kong family did not have Zhong Xuan's. Pei Jingfu stated that there was no other zhong xuan and did not want it. The Kong family had no choice but to show Zhao Mengqian's letters to shizha the next day, the "Pure Land Words of WangjiangNan" and Zhong Xuan's "Direct Table of Recommendation Seasons", and immediately retracted them two hours later.
Pei Jingfu entrusted the Confucius family's relatives and friends to mediate, and finally bought these three volumes for 6,000 gold. From the glass factory to get the jasper insert of the "Recommended Season Straight Table" to the purchase of this ancient Law Post, it took a full twenty years.
It is a long sigh that in the thirteenth year of the Republic of China (1924), the "Recommendation Season Direct Table" was stolen by a servant of the Pei family. The Pei family found that the treasure of the town house was missing, and hurriedly reported to the officials to search around.
The servant was afraid, so he wrapped it in oil paper and buried it in the soil. The Pei family searched for more than a year without results, and painfully stated that they would no longer pursue the responsibility of the thieves, as long as they took out the real handiwork and rewarded it. By the time it was dug out, the whole volume was rotten beyond control.
A piece of art that has been handed down for 1,700 years, the greatest work of art in the history of Chinese calligraphy, filled with countless collectors and imperial seals of Tang Taizong, Song Huizong, Gaozong, Qianlong and other imperial seals, and survived countless natural and man-made disasters, was unfortunately destroyed forever in the hands of a stupid and greedy person!
Fast forward more than twenty years, Mr. Wang Zhuanghong bought a copy of the Pei family's old object "Zhuang Tao Ge Fa Ti" and found that there was a photo in it. At first, I didn't care, but I was overjoyed to take a closer look. It turned out that this photo was actually taken with the ink of Zhong Xuan's "Recommended Season Straight Table"!
Thanks to the introduction of photography to China at the end of the Qing Dynasty, I am grateful to the Pei family for taking this precious photo, leaving us with the original appearance of the original handwriting of "Recommended Season Straight Table". This photograph is clear and standard, and it is also the only photo of the "Recommended Seasons" known today.
Mr. Wang Zhuanghong carefully preserved the photograph after obtaining it, and his collection was almost lost during the Cultural Revolution, and this photograph miraculously escaped repeated disasters and remained intact.
The "Recommendation Season Straight Table" was written in August of the second year of the Huang Dynasty (221), exactly 1800 years after I wrote this text. It has been collected by countless people and carefully cared for by people of insight.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Lu Xingzhi received the "Recommendation Season Straight Table" and then lost it, and fifty-six years later, it was lost and recovered on June 1, 9th year, like a thing in another world. When it reached the hands of Wang Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty, it was "intact as if it had not been touched". Qianlong Pengchen (March 1748) Title: After thousands of years, the paper and ink are still intact.
It is not easy for a piece of paper to survive to this day, although it was eventually destroyed, it is enough to be proud.
Every time you see these art treasures in the museum, it is touching. An ancient civilization with a splendid long history, from the inscription Zhong Ding to the small piece of paper, from cultural relics to writing and even civilization has been passed down in an orderly manner for thousands of years, and there is no second home in the world.
When two hundred years ago, when a group of hooligan criminals slaughtered indigenous peoples in The Americas and Australia, we have been sitting at the table of cards in the world for thousands of years. 5,000 years ago and Egypt, 4,000 years ago and Babylon, and then Greece, Rome, Arabia took turns on the table, looked at the prosperity of the world, came and went. We've been sitting in the house for too long and too tired, we've only recently taken a nap, and now we're sitting at the table with the United States. We watched you grow up and learn about your upbringing, but do you know us?
《Tuning Table》
"Tuning Table" and "Force Life Table" are all later generations, and the style difference is quite large.
"Force Life Table"
In the next issue, we will enter a gorgeous and bloody era, accompanied by this era, the two peaks in the history of calligraphy in our country, I summarize in one sentence: handsome two fathers and sons, a "king bomb" in the book world.