"Shenzhen is facing Hong Kong, Zhuhai is facing Macao, Xiamen is facing Taiwan, and Pudong is facing the world." - Deng Xiaoping
In the late 1970s, on the basis of summing up the development experience of the decades since the founding of New China, China's leaders incorporated reform and opening up as a basic national policy that china must adhere to for a long time on the road of China's future development.
It is precisely because of the proposal of reform and opening up that China's economic development has ushered in a new situation.
Since July 15, 1979, the central government has officially regarded Guangdong and Fujian as "test fields" in the reform and opening up, and implemented special policies and flexible measures for these two provinces in economic activities.
Soon, the four "special economic zones" of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen quickly changed their original appearance under the spring breeze of reform and opening up.
Because of the policy support and the capital investment of Hong Kong and Macao businessmen, only more than a decade has passed, and by the end of the 1980s. These four special zones, which grew up first in the reform and opening up, have become metropolises with a modern atmosphere.
Because of the development experience of the four special economic zones of Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou, Comrade Deng Xiaoping intended to promote the advanced experience of reform and opening up to the whole country after his tour of the south and the south in 1992.
The achievements of reform and opening up throughout the 1980s are extremely exciting. Because the advanced experience of special economic zones confirms the important role of the market economy in promoting economic development.
But at this time, Shanghai became the city that Deng Xiaoping was most worried about. As a world famous city in modern China, Shanghai has always been one of the most prosperous cities in all of Asia.
However, at this time, Compared with the "four special economic zones" that grew up in the spring breeze of reform and opening up, Shanghai was very backward in both industrial structure and economic growth.
In order to make this once famous oriental city and the world financial center reappear in its former glory. In May 1988, the International Seminar on the Development of Pudong New Area was held in Shanghai Xijiao Hotel.
After the seminar, the historic grand plan of "Pudong Development" was officially proposed. After repeated arguments, in April 1990, the Party Central Committee and the State Council officially announced the decision to develop Pudong to overseas. As a result, Shanghai's development history has turned a new page.
In 1991, Comrade Xiaoping clearly pointed out: "The development of Pudong will have a great impact, not only the problem of Pudong, but also the problem of Shanghai's development, and the use of Shanghai as a base to develop the Yangtze River Delta and the Yangtze River Basin." "
According to Deng Xiaoping's concept, at the Fourteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, an important strategic decision was made to build Shanghai into "one dragon head and three centers."
During the inspection in 1992, he also clearly pointed out to the leaders of Shanghai Municipality: "By the end of this century, you in Shanghai Pudong and Shenzhen in Guangdong province will have to answer a question: the surname 'society' you are engaged in is not the surname 'capital', and both of you must be pacesetters in both places." One aspect is to talk about comprehensive national strength, and the second aspect is spiritual civilization. "
Although there is comrade Xiaoping's concern, the leading group of Shanghai Municipality is also constantly striving to explore the development of Shanghai. But from the decision to develop Pudong, it lasted until 1993.
Although Shanghai's development has achieved remarkable results, it still has not reached the original expectation. Through the tilt of the policy, Shanghai had begun to vigorously develop the financial market at that time and strive to move towards the goal of a world financial center.
Shanghai's development seems to have hit a bottleneck, and Shanghai's GDP growth was at the bottom of the country for a long time. The dilemma of Shanghai's development was obvious at the time.
Although Shanghai has a special geographical location, in the era of planned economy, Shanghai has not played its due role as China's most important commodity export port.
Especially because of the multiple constraints of Shanghai's industrial structure, ownership structure, urban and rural structure, and population structure, the problems faced by Shanghai's development at that time can be said to be internal and external difficulties.
Huang Ju, then deputy secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and mayor, was very worried about these problems. As long as we find the right way to solve these problems that are plaguing Shanghai's development.
Then Shanghai will once again stand in the ranks of the world's famous cities, and it will also be one of the most high-profile cities in China. The same problem is always in the mind of the chief designer Deng Xiaoping.
During the Spring Festival of 1994, after inspecting Shanghai's work, Deng Xiaoping affirmed the efforts made by the leading body in the previous process of Shanghai's development.
While leaving, Deng Xiaoping found Huang Ju and had an in-depth conversation with huang Ju. In this conversation, Deng Xiaoping said meaningfully to Huang Ju: "This is the last opportunity for Shanghai." "
With Deng Xiaoping's encouragement, Huang Ju began a radical reform of Shanghai. The first thing to reform is the problem of ownership.
In the era of planned economy, shanghai has a huge stock of state-owned assets. A large amount of capital is concentrated in state-owned assets. However, with the recovery of the market economy, the disadvantages of state-owned enterprises in development have also emerged.
Promoting the reform of the state-owned enterprise system has become the most important task in solving the shackles of Shanghai's economic development. In 1993, Shanghai abolished the original State-owned Assets Management Bureau and established a new State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Office on this basis.
By increasing the degree of decentralization, the newly established SaQ-shing Office has greater flexibility and greater authority and responsibility in handling the assets related to state-owned enterprises. After a series of restructuring and construction, many of the original state-owned enterprises in Shanghai have entered the sequence of state-owned enterprise reform through enterprise reform.
Through the establishment of state-owned enterprise asset management companies, the modern asset management concept has been implemented into the original state-owned enterprise management. Led by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Office, the existing assets of the original public enterprises operated by the resource management company are effectively converted into valuable assets.
Through asset securitization, bank loans were secured for companies that had previously stagnated. Finally, loans from banks will be used to expand production with new equipment.
With this series of reform measures, Shanghai's original stock capital has been effectively used, and its production scale has been greatly improved compared with before.
The wages of enterprise employees have also been correspondingly increased, which has also driven the production enthusiasm of employees and the overall purchase rate of the Shanghai commodity market, creating the necessary conditions for further reform of the excessive market economy.
The reform of state-owned enterprises not only solved the problem of realizing the massive stock assets of the original state-owned enterprises, but also brought about the production enthusiasm of upstream and downstream enterprises.
Stimulated by the commodity economy, in addition to the original state-owned enterprises, various new non-public production entities have also emerged. The original single ownership structure has also ended the situation of "unifying the world" with public ownership with the pace of reform.
The diversified market structure not only fills the market with a lively atmosphere, but also greatly improves the anti-risk ability of enterprises on the survival rules of the market economy.
Many enterprises have also turned losses into profits by changing production relations, completely getting rid of the passive situation of relying on the state for blood transfusions before.
The three-pronged approach of state-owned enterprise reform, private enterprise support, and foreign investment has brought about earth-shaking changes in Shanghai's business environment.
After carrying out the reform of the state-owned enterprise system and revitalizing the commodity economic market in Shanghai, it was found that the problems of industrial structure were also correspondingly prominent. In the era of planned economy, most of the enterprises in Shanghai adapted to the major policy of national industrial development.
The enterprise structure under the jurisdiction of the city is single, and the product is single. This situation makes Shanghai's industrial structure have a huge hollow, and a virtuous internal cycle process cannot be formed between upstream and downstream enterprises.
In addition, since the founding of New China, the development of Shanghai has mainly begun towards the manufacturing industry, especially the manufacturing industry mainly in heavy industry, and the development of the service industry is relatively backward, even out of a vacuum.
Although this practice made Shanghai a famous industrial manufacturing base at that time, the gap in the service industry became an important bottleneck to increase Shanghai's consumption.
Without consumption, then Shanghai's GDP cannot be improved through the amplification effect of the market, and the people have money and cannot find a place to spend. A large number of private stock funds can only be digested through a single deposit to avoid inflation.
However, if the bank absorbs too much depositor funds and cannot effectively lend them out, it will also affect the liquidity of its funds.
The huge stock of funds has become a burden. There is only one way to solve this burden, that is, to increase the proportion of Shanghai's service industry, thereby stimulating consumption.
Since the development of Pudong in 1990, Shanghai has put forward the policy of adhering to the "three, two and one" industrial development for a long time. Through the continuous support of the tertiary industry, Shanghai's catering, culture, tourism and other industries have made great progress, and the living standards of residents have also been greatly improved.
The rich and colorful cultural and entertainment life not only solves the problem of the huge stock of private savings funds and stimulates consumption, but also ushers in a huge demand for loans for banks.
The rise of a large number of service economic entities has allowed Shanghai's GDP to find a new growth point. Some of the original state-owned enterprises have also changed the original single enterprise structure through the way of "doing three industries", and have gradually become commercial groups spanning multiple industrial fields.
After initially solving the problem of a single industrial structure, Shanghai further put forward the construction goal of "four centers". That is, the grand blueprint for building an international economic, financial, trade and shipping center.
After long-term unremitting efforts, by 2012, Shanghai's service industry accounted for more than 60%, and the secondary industry accounted for 39%. The change of industrial structure has made Shanghai's market economy develop in the leading position in the country.
The third key direction of reform is the great changes in the demographic structure and the changes in the development of the urban and rural structure. Before the reform and opening up, the population movement across China basically existed in a solidified form.
After the reform and opening up, with the development of coastal cities such as Shanghai, the large-scale flow of population has become an important social phenomenon.
Behind the population movement is the redistribution of human resources, and people come to Shanghai, an economically prosperous city, to seek development.
At the same time, the increase in population has driven the consumption development of Shanghai to a greater extent, forming a virtuous circle of talent inflow and value creation.
The influx of talents is first of all a huge stimulus for the development of the local industry. With the huge demand for a large number of people coming to Shanghai, the land stock has also become an important source of financial revenue through the real estate industry.
Because of the increased demand for housing land, it has also driven the pace of urbanization around Shanghai. The original administrative area of Shanghai Municipality has been greatly adjusted, not only the merger of the administrative area at the district level, but also the merger of the original streets and townships.
Today's administrative divisions of Shanghai have been merged from the original 20 districts and counties into the current 17 districts and counties, and some townships have been changed to streets and some townships have been changed to towns.
The layout of the town and the size of the town have changed very much, and in addition to the area in the market, a number of medium-sized satellite cities have been built. The population size of these satellite cities has also been raised to the level of one million, such as Songjiang, Jiading, Nanhui, Nanqiao, Qingpuxin and so on.
Changes in the urban-rural structure have made the integration of urban and rural areas in Shanghai more and more obvious. The great benefit of urban-rural integration for Shanghai is that the original urban layout and industrial layout can be carried out in a new plan.
Manufacturing enterprises that were originally in the center of the city have also moved to the suburbs farther away from the city center through land replacement, and have formed a large-scale manufacturing production base.
Through continuous optimization of the structure layout of the molding, the important manufacturing production base is placed in the hub area with convenient transportation, and the manufacturing industry in Shanghai has become the manufacturing hub center of the entire middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
The flow of urban and rural population has intensified the process of "turning agriculture into non-agriculture." The employment problem of the rural population has been solved accordingly.
Today's Shanghai has long become an advanced case of urban-rural integration in the country, and the spring breeze of reform and opening up has benefited far more than just the population in the city.
These changes are just the most important part of all the measures in Shanghai's reform and opening up. However, there is no doubt that these measures are important adjustments that accompany reform and opening up.
These major changes also encountered considerable resistance at the beginning of the implementation of that year. But facts speak louder than words, and the changes in Shanghai are obvious.
Although Shanghai was not the first city to implement reform and opening up, through the unremitting efforts of several generations of Shanghai's leadership team, Shanghai, which was the first to arrive, has become another typical case of urban development in China's reform and opening up. Shanghai's development experience has therefore been popularized throughout the country.
Back then, Comrade Xiaoping's earnest advice to Huang Ju! Today, Shanghai's prosperity can finally hand over a satisfactory answer.
At that time, at the behest of Comrade Xiaoping, Huang Ju, who had shouldered the burden of Shanghai's great development, had died early, but Shanghai's achievements today were never forgotten by this person who was leading the Shanghai people to seize the last opportunity of reform.
Text/Wen Shi Wangwang