At the end of the twentieth century, the top leaders of the party and the state began to gradually focus on the reform and opening up.
After the rural areas took the lead in making breakthroughs, Comrade Xiaoping sharply saw that the next focus of reform and opening up was -- urban reform.
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Shanghai has become the primary "test field" for reform and opening up. In modern times, Shanghai has rapidly become an economic core city in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River by virtue of its geographical advantages and the support of economic policies. However, at the end of the twentieth century, Due to the influence of historical factors, Shanghai's economic growth rate began to gradually slow down. Comrade Xiaoping went to Shanghai in 1994 to meet with Huang Ju, a senior leader of Shanghai Municipality, and he said to Huang Ju worriedly: "This is the last opportunity for Shanghai. ”
The main reason why Comrade Xiaoping wants to say this is that the situation in Shanghai is already precarious at this time. In this regard, Huang Ju, who has just been promoted to secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, has the most experience.
When he took over as secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee, it was hard to imagine that shanghai, as the ace city in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, would have such an embarrassing situation. Shanghai's biggest dilemma at this time came from the serious backwardness of the city's infrastructure.
From the overall point of view, as the chief designer said, this is indeed the last opportunity for Shanghai.
Previously, Guangdong Province and Fujian Province made rapid efforts in the process of reform and opening up. With the financial support of Hong Kong and Macao businessmen, as well as the support of the national preferential treatment policy, we quickly seized the opportunity in the reform and opening up. Not only has GDP grown rapidly, but people's wallets have also begun to grow. Even going to Shenzhen and guangzhou to work has become a social trend.
At this time, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui also made amazing progress in agriculture. The enthusiasm of the peasants has been fully mobilized, and the vitality of the city has begun to increase continuously.
Shanghai has its own advantages, but also its own limitations. As a typical immigrant city, Shanghai needs to enter the city of immigrants to strengthen its own vitality. Without geographical advantages to attract foreign investment, nor a large agricultural population for economic growth, Shanghai has indeed lagged behind several other coastal provinces in the race of reform and opening up.
To be opportunistic, it is necessary to start with the correction of problems within the city. In 1990, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that Shanghai should start the development of Pudong and use the catfish effect of the new area to drive economic development.
But until 1992, the development of Pudong New Area remained in the plan. At this time, Huang Ju, as the leader of the Pudong Development Leading Group, keenly discovered the key to the problem - the capital chain was not sufficient.
The government needs a lot of money to bring in before it can start demolishing and building new facilities. Huang Ju put forward the view that at this time, the way of land lease should be adopted to bring opportunities to Shanghai.
At that time, there was no mature case of land lease approval to refer to, and once the project plan was released, it triggered widespread discussion. In order to calm the pressure of public opinion, Huang Ju decided to explain the benefits of land lease approval through televised speeches.
"Using people's money to demolish shantytowns to build new buildings, new buildings bring commerce and prosperity, and can also improve the living conditions of citizens in a friendly way."
It is this easy-to-understand explanation that has reduced the voices of argument between the parties in a short period of time. The land lease plan was very smooth, and the problem of insufficient funds for urban construction was quickly alleviated in a short period of time.
In the last decade from 1992, Shanghai's urban construction funds formed more than 400 billion yuan of fixed assets. Among them, the total amount of government capital investment only accounts for 20%. And the positive effect of linkage to the city far exceeded the expectations of the Pudong development team.
Shi Lei, director of the Center for Economic Research at Fudan University, after rigorous big data analysis. The biggest significance of the land lease plan proposed by Huang Ju and other leaders at that time was that it successfully returned Shanghai to the track of the world. Many foreign companies have learned of the policies of the Shanghai Municipal Government and have come to Shanghai to actively invest.
The development and construction of high-end economic projects such as exports and finance have also swept away the decline in Shanghai and begun to return to the ranks of financial cities.
Without the emergence of land leases, Shanghai's economic growth rate and industrial structure transformation would not be so smooth. Shi Lei highly praised the work of the Shanghai Pudong Development Group and believed that the successful development and opening up of Pudong was of great significance to Shanghai. Huang Ju has indeed played an indispensable role in Shanghai's grasp of the last opportunity for development.
The 321 industry development plan is considered to be the best gift that Huang Ju has given to Shanghai. If there is no 321 industrial development policy, it is actually very difficult to say whether Shanghai can quickly transform its industrial structure in the end. In the original Shanghai, the economy's dependence on traditional heavy industry enterprises was very high. Due to the policy orientation to the southeast, Shanghai's industry has shown a trend of marginalization.
The emergence of the 321 plan is to start the adjustment of Shanghai's economic vane.
First, the development of the financial industry, the financial industry to prosperity, so that economic development can have sufficient financial security;
The second is to strengthen the volume of domestic and foreign trade, and commercial prosperity can bring opportunities;
The third is to propose that the communications and transportation industry must be developed on a priority basis.
According to the publication data issued by Shanghai City Hall, the service industry has entered a stage of rapid development, with an average annual growth rate of 13.8%, and the gdp appreciation of the service industry accounts for more than 50%. By 2008, the total value-added output of the service industry had accumulated a total amount of 735.043 billion yuan, with a growth rate of 1.96 times.
Strong data shows a very simple truth, Shanghai has built the tertiary industry three major patterns (large trade, large circulation, large finance) and the status of the tertiary industry, but also because of the strength of the tertiary industry, the status began to show an upward trend.
The benefits of Shanghai's successful transformation are not limited to the improvement of the city's internal development level. As Shanghai's economy has entered a stage of rapid development, the Yangtze River Delta region has been fed back.
With the economic vitality of Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang have developed rapidly. Shanghai's success has also played a positive exemplary role in reform affairs in other regions. In addition to land leases, Shanghai has also taken the lead in promoting the implementation of state-owned enterprise restructuring and reemployment projects. The reform of state-owned assets is the most successful economic reform plan that Shanghai has come up with. At that time, state media gave Shanghai high praise, praising the state-owned asset management model promoted by Huang Ju, believing that it had an incomparable advantage over the deep-seated reform of China's economy.
In 1993, after a resolution, Shanghai decided to abolish the State-owned Assets Management Bureau. This was sensational news at the time, when Shanghai was in a very struggling situation. Economic reform has stagnated, and state-owned assets have not played a positive role in economic construction.
There is a view that Shanghai should follow the example of other places and use the State-owned Assets Management Bureau to promote the transition to a market economic system.
Huang Ju mentioned in many conversations that he believes that this view is very difficult to implement. The biggest reason comes from the difficulty of the State-owned Assets Management Bureau to provide an effective role. The State-owned Assets Management Bureau, its own authority is subject to the level, and it is difficult to achieve effective management effects on state-owned assets. Shanghai's capital comes from the massive state-owned asset enterprises in the era of planned economy. Whether these enterprises can smoothly transform and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of employees will affect the effect of Shanghai's reform and opening up.
Huang Ju specifically mentioned: "Strategically, in the overall situation, reform is the first. Only when reform promotes development can we achieve stable results in tactics and specific work. ”
In 1993, after Shanghai dismantled the State-owned Assets Management Bureau, the State-owned Assets Office was established as an emerging management agency for state-owned assets. The director of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Office is led by the secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and the mayor, which has greatly solved the problem of low authority and small authority of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Bureau.
By 1995, more than 50 municipal state-owned asset management companies had been established in Shanghai, basically realizing the model of state-owned assets authorized by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission to operate and manage state-owned assets. With the three-tiered model of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission - asset operating company - enterprises, the problem of rigid management of state-owned assets in Shanghai has been greatly changed.
Shanghai's success has made the whole country feel confident. After some thought, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to learn from the experience of Shanghai's successful cases and launch a new model of state-owned assets management.
So far, Shanghai has achieved two complete successes. Successfully return to the international track, let Shanghai become an international metropolis in East Asia again, successfully return to the status of the central city of the Yangtze River Delta, and begin to play its own urban radiation role, absorbing more talents and funds into Shanghai.
Since 1998, Shanghai's GDP has remained stable at more than 4% of the country's total. The Shanghai model has begun to be accepted by more provinces and regions, and the effect of excellent cases has brought the national economy into the express track. Model city, once again set on Shanghai's honor list.
Shanghai's success has brought Huang Ju very good political capital. If you turn the time back to 1992, you can see the political situation in Shanghai that Huang Ju took over, and you are not as optimistic as you think. He gave full play to his subjective initiative and remobilized Shanghai's economy to show vitality. These measures, in the eyes of that year, were indeed pioneering.
The reason for the success of Huang Ju is mainly determined by two points in external analysis. Huang Ju herself has been working in Shanghai for a long time, is very familiar with the reform of state-owned assets, and has studied the direction of reform and opening up. And coupled with the support of the CPC Central Committee itself, Huang Ju has the opportunity to let go. At this point, Comrade Xiaoping gave Huang Ju great authority.
During the Spring Festival of 1992, he blamed himself in a conversation with the leaders of the Communist Party of China in Beijing: "One of my big mistakes was that when I built four special economic zones, I did not add Shanghai. His definition of Shanghai is quite high, and he directly admits that Shanghai is China's trump card. He believes that only when Shanghai is engaged in it can China's reform and opening up cause be developed.
Since 1990, Comrade Xiaoping has insisted on making many southern tours to Shanghai for field investigations. Coming to the Minhang Development Zone, facing the workers of the factory, he mentioned an interesting topic: "Should the machine be surnamed "She" or "Capital". ”
He used contract production as an example to propose that the essence of state-owned assets is still "society", which is a major principle that cannot be shaken. However, we must learn to introduce foreign capital and use our strength to drive Shanghai's economy.
Comrade Xiaoping, as the chief designer, has always attached great importance to the significance of Shanghai. If Huang Ju is the pioneer of Shanghai's reform, he is the pioneer behind Shanghai's economic development. To relieve Shanghai's concerns about the introduction of assets and put forward the role of developing Pudong New Area, Shanghai's development is inseparable from Comrade Xiaoping.