Speaking of the Three Kingdoms period, I believe that all the audience members here are more familiar than me. There are many incidents of famous figures in the Three Kingdoms period, but because of the length of the problem, I have to simply sort out the general process of the Three Kingdoms period for you, and if there are errors and omissions, please ask you to haihan
The Three Kingdoms (220-280) is a period of Chinese history that followed the Han Dynasty and preceded the Jin Dynasty. During this period, the three main regimes of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu appeared successively.
In 190, the centralized system of the Han Dynasty collapsed, warlords rose up, and the world was in chaos. In the Battle of Chibi in 208, Cao Cao was defeated by Sun Liu's allied forces, laying the foundation for the three kingdoms. In 220, the Han Dynasty minister Cao Pi forced Emperor Chan of Han to give up the throne and set the capital at Luoyang, with the state name "Wei", known in history as Cao Wei, marking the official end of the Han Dynasty era. In 221, Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor, with the capital at Chengdu, and the history was called Shu Han. In 229, Sun Quan was proclaimed emperor, the capital was Jianye, the state name was "Wu", and the history was called Eastern Wu.
The real power of cao wei in the later period was gradually controlled by Sima Yi. In 263, Sima Zhao of Cao Wei launched the Battle of Wei to destroy Shu, and Shu Han perished. On February 8, 266, Sima Yan, a powerful minister of the State of Wei, forced Emperor Zen of Wei to abdicate the throne, and the founding name was "Jin", known in history as the Western Jin Dynasty, ending the Three Kingdoms Era and beginning the Jin Dynasty era. In 280, the Jin Dynasty destroyed Eastern Wu and unified the whole country. At this point, the three families returned to Jin.
The Yellow Turban Rebellion
In 184, the Taiping Daoist leader Zhang Jiao and his brothers Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao led believers to launch a popular uprising, known in history as the Yellow Turban Rebellion, which quickly spread to millions of followers and caused a nationwide war. Emperor Ling of Han sent Emperor Fusong, Lu Zhi, and Zhu Jun to lead the central army to suppress it, and then ordered the local state and county governments and powerful landlords to recruit troops to assist. In the end, although the main force of the Yellow Turban Army was quickly defeated, the remnants were still scattered everywhere. With the emergence of mountain thieves and bandits in various places, the central army of the Han Dynasty was exhausted.
In 188, Emperor Ling of Han adopted Liu Yan's suggestion and gave the history of the thorns responsible for supervising the counties to both local military power to strengthen the control of the counties, and promoted some of the thorn history to the position of state pastor, with Liu surnamed Zong or a heavy minister. This measure made the prefecture officially a first-class administrative district, although it was conducive to suppressing rebellions in various places, but when civil unrest broke out in the imperial court, the state pastors and assassins who held local power were divided into one side and were no longer subject to the control of the imperial court. For example, Yizhou Mu Liu Yan divided Bashu and used Zhang Lu, the leader of Wudou Midao, to occupy Hanzhong and cut off relations with the imperial court. The state pastoral system formulated by the Eastern Han Dynasty to solve the Yellow Turban Rebellion, under the continuous weakening of the imperial court, opened up a situation of division between the masses.
Dong Zhuo was in turmoil
In order to seize power, Dong Zhuo began to eliminate opponents, and his methods were brutal, causing many dissatisfaction. He prompted Lü Bu to kill Ding Yuan, who was in charge of the guards of the capital, to seize the army, and Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, and other generals who had previously held military power, fled the capital Luoyang. In the end, Dong Zhuo deposed and killed Emperor Shao of Han, and established Liu Xie as emperor, known as Emperor Xian of Han, and Dong Zhuo completely controlled the imperial court.
In 190, Dongjun Taishouqiao falsely claimed to have sent a letter to various places in the name of the Three Dukes of the Jing Division, stating Dong Zhuo's evil deeds, contacting various prefectures, assassins, and Taishou to attack Dong Zhuo, and a total of eleven local armies joined in, and the crowd rose up, and yuan Shao was promoted as the leader of the alliance, known in history as the "Kwantung Army". In order to avoid his attack, Dong Zhuo took Emperor Xian of Han hostage, forcibly relocated the residents, moved the capital to Chang'an, and burned the old capital Luoyang. During this period, only Sun Jian and Cao Cao really sent troops to fight Dong Zhuo, but due to lack of staying power, they retreated, and the Kwantung Army was disbanded. After that, the crowds divided one side and attacked each other. After Dong Zhuo moved the capital, he declared himself a taishi and continued to control the government.
In 192, Dong Zhuo was finally assassinated by Situ Wang Yun and his subordinate Lü Bu, and his people were slaughtered. Soon Dong Zhuo's subordinates Li Dai and Guo Feng led troops into Chang'an, killing Wang Yun, Lü Bu's soldiers fled in defeat, and Li Dai and others held Emperor Xian of Han hostage and ruled for four years. At the same time, Ma Teng and Han Sui of Liangzhou also led an army to approach Chang'an. Li Dai sent Guo Feng, Fan Chou, and his nephew Li Li to defeat Ma Teng and others at Changpingguan. In 195, due to internal discord between Li Dai and Guo Feng and others, infighting broke out, and Emperor Xian and his ministers were held hostage, respectively, and Chang'an fell into a state of war. In July, Emperor Xian of Han left Chang'an and began to return east to Luoyang. Li Dai, Guo Feng, and others joined forces to pursue Emperor Xian. Then Emperor Xiandi of Han sent people to make peace with Li Dai and Guo Feng before stopping the pursuit. In 196, Emperor Xian went into exile and returned to the ruined old capital of Luoyang, and was subsequently welcomed to XuDu by Cao Cao, where he coerced other princes with Emperor Xian of Han. The following year, Guo Feng was killed by his subordinate Wu Xi. In 198, Cao Cao sent Pei Mao to lead Duan Sheng and other Guanzhong generals to attack Li Dai, and Li Dai was killed.
Divide the crowds
After the end of the crusade against Dong Zhuo, the local warlords no longer paid attention to the orders of the central government of the Eastern Han Dynasty and instead developed their own forces. Former Dong Zhuo's subordinate Zhang Ji was killed in battle during the attack on Yongcheng due to a lack of grain in his army and plundering nanyang through Jingzhou. After his army was succeeded by his nephew Zhang Xiu, he was placed in Wancheng by Liu Biao, the mu of Jingzhou, and joined forces to resist Cao Cao. Sun Jian was killed in battle while attacking Xiangyang, which Liu Biao held, and his grandson Ce defected to Yuan Shu and borrowed troops from him to lead Sun Jian's old troops to fight in Jiangdong from 196 to 199. In the end, Sun Ce led Jiangdong alone, confronted Liu Biao, and waited for the opportunity to go north to the Central Plains. In 197, Yuan Shu was proclaimed emperor in Shouchun, with the state name "Cheng", and was finally attacked and destroyed by Cao Cao and Liu Bei. In 194, Yizhou Mu Liu Yan died of illness, and his son Liu Zhang took over, breaking with Zhang Lu in Hanzhong and confronting the two sides. Ma Teng, Han Sui, and others developed their own forces in the Liangzhou and Yongzhou areas. After Gongsun Zhan defeated Liu Yu, he dominated Youzhou and was finally destroyed by Yuan Shao. Lü Bu, who moved east, first captured Cao Cao's Yanzhou, was defeated, first attached himself to Liu Bei, then seized his territory Xuzhou, and finally was captured and executed by Cao Cao at Xia Pi. Liu Bei succeeded Tao Qian, who died of illness, as Xuzhou Mu, but lost Xuzhou to Lü Bu and Cao Cao, and had to attach himself to Yuan Shao in Hebei, and later fled to Runan, trying to establish power.
The most outstanding achievements among the various forces during this period were Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, who first used tactics to occupy Han Fu's Ji prefecture, then defeated Tian Kai, Zang Hong, Gongsun Zan and others, and mastered the four prefectures of Qing, Ji, You, and Cao Cao, dominating Hebei with great momentum. Cao Cao fought everywhere, collecting about 100,000 men, women and children from the remnants of the Yellow Turban Army, and selecting its elite to form the famous "Qingzhou Army", which took control of Yanzhou after several twists and turns. After Cao Cao established emperor Xian, who fled east, after Xuchang, he used the name of the imperial court to attack the various people, successively breaking Yuan Shu, destroying Lü Bu, lowering Zhang Xiu, and expelling Liu Bei. The forces developed into Yan, Yu, Xu and other Central Plains regions, some Sili, Yongzhou and other central plains. Due to the continuous growth of the forces of Yuan Cao and Cao, a decisive battle finally occurred. In 200 AD, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao through the Battle of Guandu, and through a few years, eliminated the forces of Yuan Shao's three sons Yuan Tan, Yuan Xi, and Yuan Shang. Through the Northern Expedition to Karasuma and the pacification of Gongsun Kang in Eastern Liaoning, Cao Cao basically unified the North.
Cao Wei rises and falls
With the unification of the north by Cao Cao (a famous politician, military figure, and writer) and the implementation of the tun tian system and the rent system, the northern society tended to be stable and the productive forces gradually recovered. The government repaired roads and built water conservancy to facilitate transportation and transportation. In the restored iron smelting industry, water drainage was promoted and the silk weaving industry flourished. The exchange of goods gradually improved, and coins were re-issued during the reign of Emperor Wei Ming. Luoyang, Yicheng and Suiyang are all becoming more and more prosperous. After Cao Cao entered Jizhou, he issued a rent adjustment. In the twenty-first year of Jian'an, Cao Cao was proclaimed the King of Wei and the capital was built at Yuyi. In the first month of 220, Cao Cao died; in October, Cao Pi was proclaimed emperor, with the state name Wei, the capital Luoyang, and the beginning of the Jianyuan Huang Dynasty.
Soon after the establishment of Wei, great power fell by the wayside. During Cao Fang's reign, there was a power struggle between Cao Shuang (曹爽), the auxiliary chancellor, and Sima Yi (司馬懿), the eunuch. Cao Shuang reused the Mingshi Three Dogs and Li Sheng, Bi Rail, and others to exclude Sima Yi. The Sima clan is a large family family since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Sima Yi himself is full of strategy and has repeatedly built military merits. In 238, he led an army to pacify Gongsun Yuan, bringing Liaodong into the Wei territory. In 249, he also took the opportunity of Cao Shuang's departure from Luoyang City to gaopingling to launch a coup d'état, executing Cao Shuang and his henchmen, and monopolizing the government, known in history as the Gaopingling Incident. Later, Sima Yi and his sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao successively suppressed military rebellions from Huainan and the revolts of other courtiers, consolidating Sima Shi's rule. A group of metaphysical masters, represented by the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest, had a passive and rebellious attitude towards Sima Shi, and Ji Kang was killed by Sima Shi on charges of not destroying the famous religion and wanting to help Qiu Jian. Most of them were subordinated to Sima Shi in The Early Wei and Western Jin Dynasties. When the resistance was wiped out, Sima Shi took advantage of the time to make a contribution and sent an army to destroy the Shu Han in 263. Two years later, Sima Yan assumed the name of accepting Zen concessions and replaced Wei as Jin.
Eight Tigers Ride
Xiahou Huan, Xiahou Yuan, Cao Ren, Cao Chun, Cao Xiu, Cao Zhen, Xiahou Shang, Cao Hong
Five sons of a good general
Zhang Liao, Lejin, Yu Ban, Zhang Gao, Xu Huang
Other warlords
Li Dian, Dianwei, Xu Chu, Gao Lan, Zang Ba, Lü Qian, Pond De, Wen Ping, Hao Zhao, Wang Shuang, Guo Huai, Zhuge Sheng, Wen Duan, Chen Tai, Duan Sheng, Sima Shi, Zhang Yun, Cai Mao, Cao Zhang, Zhang Xiu
A courtier
Xun Yu, Xun You, Jia Xu, Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, Dong Zhao, Liu Ye, Jiang Ji, Zhong Xuan, Chen Deng, Wang Lang, Xu You, Hua Xin, Cui Yan, Mao Jiu, Man Pet, Jiang Gan, Chen Qun, Chen Lin
The rise and fall of the Shu Han Dynasty
In 188, Emperor Hanzong's Liu Yan was appointed as the Pastor of Yizhou. Liu Yan died and was succeeded by his son Liu Zhang. Liu Yan and Liu Zhang successively suppressed the resistance of the local powerful. In 207, Liu Bei invited Zhuge Liang as an assistant and put forward the strategic idea of "Longzhong Pair". In 211, Liu Zhang invited Liu Bei to enter Shu and attack Zhang Lu, who was in Hanzhong. In 214, Liu Bei occupied Yizhou; in 219, he entered Hanzhong and declared himself the King of Hanzhong. The following year, Guan Yu, who remained in Jingzhou, was attacked and killed by Sun Quan's army. In 221, Liu Bei ascended the throne in Chengdu as Emperor of the Great Han Dynasty, with the state name Han and Jianyuan Zhangwu. Han Yizhou, from the Qin mountains to the south of the middle. There are 280,000 households, a population of 940,000, 40,000 officials, and more than 100,000 soldiers. Liu Bei, in order to fight for the three counties of Jingzhou that had been lost, marched east to Sun Quan the following year, and was defeated by Eastern Wu Luxun at Yiling and retreated to Shu, where he died of illness and died of illness, and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne.
Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Chan in a difficult situation: rebellions in the southwest of Yi, and Haoqiang Yongmin of Yizhou County, who was too defensive, asked to be attached to Wu; Mu Ke Taishou Zhu Bao and Yue Yue Tai Shou Gao Ding both responded to Yong Min, and unrest in the southern central region expanded. In 225, Zhuge Liang marched south, at this time Meng Yu had already taken charge of Nanzhong on behalf of Yong Min. In the autumn of that year, Zhuge Liang defeated Meng, and Nanzhong was pacified. Zhuge Liang transferred Yiren Qushuai to Chengdu as an official, and organized the Qingqiang in southern China into an army. In 228, Zhuge Liang began the Northern Expedition against Cao Wei. In the next three years, Zhuge Liang repeatedly went on the Northern Expedition, but due to the lack of military food, there were no results. The Fifth Northern Expedition in 234. He died of illness in Wuzhangyuan, the Han army withdrew, and the Northern Expedition came to a halt. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Huan, Fei Yi, and others acted as phases one after another, just following the rules. After 258, the eunuch Huang Hao and others abused their power and became politically corrupt. Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition was hampered by the imperial court and eunuchs, resulting in fruitless labor. In 263, Wei attacked Shu Han, Liu Chan surrendered, and Jiang Wei falsely surrendered to revive the Han Dynasty, but failed and was killed and died in Chengdu. Liu Chan was given the title of Duke of Anle, and Shu Han died. The Second Emperor of the Shu Han Dynasty, a total of forty-three years.
Five Tiger Generals
Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Huang Zhong, Zhao Yun
Jiang Wei, Wei Yan, Ma Dai, Liu Feng, Meng Da, Yan Yan, Wang Ping, Guan Ping, Guan Xing, Zhang Bao, Zhang Yi, Zhang Ling, Wu Ban, Liao Hua, Chen To, Zhou Cang, Mi Fang, Dong Yun, Yan Yan, Huo Yi, Huang Quan
prophase
Zhuge Liang, Pang Tong, Fa Zheng, Jian Yong, Lu Zhu, Sun Qian, Yi Yuan, Qin Mi, Jiang Wan, Fei Yuan, Li Yan, Fei Shi, Chen Zhou, Xu Shu
anaphase
Ma Liang Dong He Hao Zheng Ma Chen Zhang Song
Eastern Wu rises and falls
Sun Jian zi wentai, a native of Fuchun, Wu County, a descendant of Sun Wu, and the father of Sun Ce and Sun Quan. As a teenager, he was recommended as a lieutenant for his meritorious work in killing thieves. During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Sun Jian led more than 1,500 men (according to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms) with Zhu Juan to the Central Plains to suppress the Yellow Turban, and then moved to Liangzhou and Jingzhou Jiangnan Counties. During Dong Zhuo's rebellion, Sun Jian participated in the Kwantung Coalition army against Dong Zhuo and accidentally obtained the Jade Seal in Luoyang. Affiliated with Yuan Shu. When ordered to attack Liu Biao in Jingzhou, he was shot and killed by Liu Biao's subordinate Huang Zu at Da Nang Mountain. After Sun Jian's death, Sun Ce commanded the people, and around 194 he left Yuan Shu with three thousand soldiers and horses to borrow three thousand soldiers and horses to leave Yuan Shu and began to develop to Jiangdong, with the help of Zhou Yu and others, expelling Liu Shu, demoting Wang Lang, and killing Xu Gong. After Emperor Xian's move to Xu Capital in 196, Sun Ce rejected Yuan Shu and joined forces with Cao Cao, and was given the title of Marquis of Wu. In 199, Sun Ce defeated Liu Xun, the Taishou of Lujiang, annexed his troops, and took Yuzhang County. In 200, Sun Ce went out hunting and was assassinated by Xu Gongmenke. Sun Quan zi Zhongmou, Sun Ce died, sun Quan ruled the people to dominate Jiangdong. In 208, Sun Quan ruled the capital by Wu Migration, planned the Battle of Chibi, and his power reached Jingzhou; in 210, he annexed Jiaotong Shiyuan and obtained the southeast half of the wall. In 211, Sun Quan migrated to rule the Moling Tombs, and the following year, the Moling Tombs were changed to Jianye. In 219, Sun Quan broke Guan Yu and occupied six counties of Jingzhou. The victory at Yiling limited the development of the Shu Han Dynasty.
In 229, Sun Quan declared himself emperor and moved the capital to Jianye, with the state name Wu. There are three states: Yang, Jing, and Jiao. There are more than 520,000 households, a population of 2.3 million, more than 30,000 officials, and 230,000 soldiers. Sun Quan's remaining difficulties were, first, to deal with Shanyue's restlessness, and to resist Cao Wei's pressure in the Chaohu area. The Shanyue people in the mountains of Southeast Prefecture and County, obstructed the dangerous division of territory, and even joined forces with Cao Wei in the north to oppose the expansion of Sun Quan's forces to the southern interior. Sun Quan fought many wars with Shanyue and won many victories, in 234 Zhuge Ke led an army to attack Danyang Shanyue, after three years of siege, Shanyue 100,000 people out of the mountain surrendered, of which 40,000 Ding Zhuang replenished troops, the rest became the editor. During the decades of Sun Quan's reign, the Shanyue people tended to merge with the Han Chinese. Sun Quan's main military activities were in Huainan. After the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao's army repeatedly attacked the Shu area, and the two sides won and lost each other.
The Generals of Eastern Wu fought with Sun Shi with private soldiers, and Sun Wu repeatedly gave them to meritorious servants as state tenants, and the meritorious men often had as many as many counties, thus gradually forming a system of hereditary military leaders of military generals. At the same time, jiangnan also appeared like Gu, Lu, Zhu, and Zhang of Wu County, who occupied a large amount of land and child servants, and each had a door style and held a high position in the world. They were the main pillars of the Eastern Wu regime along with the hereditary military generals. After Sun Quan's death, Wu weakened, and Wei grew stronger after Sima Shi eliminated three military rebellions in huainan. Sima Shi took Wu as a national policy to destroy the Han first and then take Wu, and after destroying the Han and Dai Wei, he was busy with the customization of the new dynasty, and the Wu regime had to be temporarily continued. In 269, Yang Hu ordered Wang Hao to prepare a water division in Yizhou and planned a military strategy to attack Wu. In the winter of 279, the Western Jin Dynasty's battle to destroy Wu began, and in March 280, Shicheng was captured, Sun Hao descended to Jin, and Wu died.
The Four Governors
Zhou Yu Lu Su Lu Meng Lu Xun
Twelve Tiger Lords
Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, Han Dang, Jiang Qin, Zhou Tai, Chen Wu, Dong Xian, Gan Ning, Ling Tong, Xu Sheng, Pan Zhang, Ding Feng
Warlord
Lu Kang, Ling Cao, Song Qian, Zhuge Ke, Ma Zhong, Zu Mao, Liu Ji, Zhu Ran
Civilian strategists
Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, Gu Yong, Zhuge Jin, Lu Ji, Yu Feng, Bu Qi, Kan Ze
Three points to advance
In 265, Sima Zhao died, and his son Sima Yan seized the power of Cao Wei, set the capital luoyang, and established the Jin Dynasty, known as the Western Jin Dynasty. Sima Yan claimed that the empress dowager had begun to prepare for the wu conquest, and sent Wang Mao to the Yizhou large shipbuilding ship to confront the Wu general Lu Kang who was guarding Jiangling with the town of Xiangyang. After Sun Hao ascended the throne in 264, Jiaozhou (jiaozhou) (about present-day Guangxi Province and northern Vietnam) surrendered to Cao Wei. Two years later the Wu army attempted to retake but was defeated by the Jin general Mao Jiong. In 269, Sun Hao joined Forces at Hepu by land and sea with Yu Feng, Tao Huang, and Li Xun, and it was not until 271 that he recaptured Jiaozhou. In 279, Guo Ma, a subordinate of Xiuyun, rebelled in Guangzhou (about present-day Guangdong Province and eastern Guangxi Province), and Sun Hao successively sent Teng Xun, Tao Jun, Tao Huang, and others to encircle and suppress Fang Ding. In the same year, the Jin army led a large army to march south, and the state of Wu was in danger.
After the deaths of Eastern Wu's retainers Lu Kai and Lu Kang, the Jin general Yang Hu proposed to cut down Wu, but Jia Chong opposed it and gave up. In 279, when the Northwest Rebellion began to be peaceful, Wang Mao and Du Pre wrote to Sima Yan, believing that it was time to cut down Wu, and Jia Chong, Xun Xun, and others thought that the northwest was undecided and opposed it. In the end, Sima Yan decided to launch a major attack on the state of Wu in November of that year, known in history as the Battle of Jin against Wu. He made Jia Chong the governor of the capital, and the upstream Wang Mao Tang Binjun, the middle reaches of Du PreHu Fen's Wang Rong Army, and the downstream Wang Hun Sima Ling's army advanced in many ways. In January 280, Sun Hao was appointed as the chancellor Zhang Ti (張悌) to lead Shen Ying and Sun Zhen to cross the river to resist Wang Hun's army, but they were all defeated and killed. Wang Mao's army along the Yangtze River, together with other Jin armies, captured Xiling, Jiangling, Wuchang, and Xunyang, and Du Pre also captured the southern part of Jingzhou. On March 15, Sun Hao saw that the Jin army had surrounded Jianye, believing that the general trend had gone, and surrendered. Sun Wu perished, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the world, and at this point, the three families returned to the Jin.