Baturu interpretation
Baturu: Mongolian, meaning "warrior", "hero". Earlier seen in the Ming Dynasty Song Lian's revision of the Yuan Shi /Zhi 47/Bing II: "... Also known as the loyal warrior, known as the Overlord Ofuru. The brave and invincible man, known as the plucked. [Yuan Shi, vol. 8, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1976, p. 2525.] "Yuan Shi / Liechuan 49 / Liu Guojie" and Yun: "... Badu, the brave man of Chinese words also. [Yuan Shi, vol. 13, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1976, p. 3808.] Reading Qing history books, watching Qing Dynasty film and television dramas, often encounter the word "Baturu", then how many Baturus in the Qing Dynasty, to this day, there is no satisfactory answer, so this article is based on the "Qing Shilu", "Qing History Column Biography", "Qing History Draft" and other historical books, intends to make an inventory of the Qing Dynasty Batulu. (Note: The Qing Shilu is based on the following edition: Zhonghua Bookstore, 60 volumes, 1985-1987.) The biography of the Qing Dynasty is based on the following edition: Zhonghua Bookstore, 20 volumes, 1987. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty is based on the following edition: Zhonghua Bookstore, 48 volumes, 1977. ）
1. Take stock of Batulu before and after the founding of the Qing Dynasty
The first volume of the Qing Shilu is the Manchurian Shilu /Taizu Gao Emperor Shilu, and the number of volumes of the Taizu Gao Emperor Shilu is 10 volumes. In it 7 baturus can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty", 6 Batulu people can be found, and five of them are duplicated with the "Records of Emperor Taizugao": Daishan, Shulhaqi, Murhaqi, Chu Ying, and Er Yidu, so 1 person is counted as: Babuli. In the "Qing History Manuscript", 10 people can be found, and eight of them are duplicated with the "Records of Emperor Taizugao" or the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty": Li Dun, Murhaqi, Shulhaqi, Chu Ying, Daishan, Eyidu, Anfei Yanggu, and Babenli, so 2 people are counted as: Kara and Muktan.
In total, 10 Batulu people belonging to the Mandate of Heaven year can be found.
The second volume of the Qing Shilu is the "Records of Emperor Taizongwen", and the number of volumes is 65 volumes. Among them, 100 batulu people can be found, of which Chongde 4th year (1639) September 1639 "Su sui and Shuorui Prince Dolgun marched on Shandong Kecheng Gong, granted Sun Dali (Li) and other eighty-three people with bad official positions, and gave the name Baturu. [Records of Emperor Taizongwen, vol. 45, Chongde 4 September 2012, p. 644.] Unfortunately, the Records of Emperor Taizong Wen failed to list the names of the remaining eighty-two in detail. The same is recorded in the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty/Taizong Benji II, and the names of the remaining eighty-two people are not listed. [Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 3, Taizong Benji II. Before the fourth year of Chongde (1639), 17 people were given the name Ofulu. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty", 6 Batulu people can be found, three of whom are duplicated with the Records of Emperor Taizongwen: Zhunta, Chuku, and Aobai, and two belong to the Chongde 4th year of September 2011 19Thuncle number: Gent, Wuda Zen, so 1 person is counted: Gu Na Zen. In the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", 20 Batulu people can be found, eleven of whom are duplicated with the Records of Emperor Taizongwen or the Biography of the Qing Dynasty: Rausa, Turush, Samkhatu, E(Russian) Moktu, Sun Dali (Li), Wu Bahai, Junta, Chuku, Aobai, WuDachan, Gu Nachan, three of whom belong to chongde's fourth year of September 20100: Ghent, Doksori, and Dalishan, so 6 people are counted: Lodohuan, Kakduli, Abaidai, Sulumai, Kun, and Lushi.
In total, 107 Batulu people belonging to the years of Tiancong and Chongde can be found.
The third volume of the Qing Shilu is the Shizuzhang Emperor Shilu, which has a volume of 144 volumes, in which 82 Batulu people can be found. In the Biography of the Qing Dynasty, 0 Baturus can be found. In the "Qing History Manuscript", 4 Batulu people can be found, and two of them are duplicated with the "Records of the Emperor of Shizuzhang": Donika and Shanaha, so 2 people are counted: Jueshan and Woshen.
In total, 84 Batulu people belonging to the Shunzhi Dynasty can be found in the three books.
The third, fourth and fifth volumes of the Qing Shilu are the Records of Emperor Shengzuren, with a volume of 300 volumes, in which 0 Batulu people can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty" and the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", batulu who belonged to the Kangxi Dynasty was not found. In the three books, Batulu belonging to the Kangxi Dynasty could not be found.
In fact, the Kangxi Emperor ruled for sixty-one years, ping san fan, collected Taiwan, two northern expeditions to Yaksa, three pro-conquests of Gardan... Somehow he didn't give his subordinates the name Baturu. Kangxi's bridge section in the TV series "Yongzheng Dynasty": "The first Batulu? Hahaha...! How many people have been sealed as Batulu in his lifetime, but it is the first time I have heard people say that I am Baturu, and it is the first Baturu...? It can only be regarded as the pen of a novelist and not a writer of a historian.
The seventh and eighth volumes of the Qing Shilu are the Records of Emperor Sejongxian, with a volume of 159 volumes. Three of them can be found in Baturu. In the Biography of the Qing Dynasty, 0 Baturus can be found. In the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", 1 person can be found in Batulu, and it is repeated with the "Records of Emperor Sejongxian": CeLing (Ling).
In total, the three books can find 3 Batulu people who belonged to the Yongzheng Dynasty.
From the ninth to the twenty-seventh volumes of the Qing Shilu, the Records of Emperor Gaozong chun has a volume of 1500 volumes, in which 270 batulus can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty", 17 Baturus can be found, and nine of them are duplicated with the Records of Emperor Gaozongchun: Ayuxi, Erle Deng'e, Hailancha, Shu Liang, Ehui, Hua Lianbu, Erle Dengbao, Sai Chong'a, yang Yuchun, so 8 people are counted: Baling'a, Mingrui, Hailu, Purp, Fukang'an, Ushhada, Delentai, and Guoxing. In the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, 73 baturus can be found, thirty-eight of whom are duplicated from the Records of Emperor Gaozong or the Biography of the Qing Dynasty: Ben Jinzhong, Norburn, Baling'a, Cai Panlong, Phuket Bao, Ehui, ShuLiang, Chai Daji, Fukang'an, Hailancha, Purp, Hailu, Ushhada, Hunilitu, Ao Cheng, Daisenbao, Zhuerhang'a, Zhesenbao, Cao Shun, Koma, Fluntai, Malzhan, Guoxing, Xu Shiheng, Zhang Chaolong, HuaLianbu, Erdeenbao, Delentai, Qingcheng, Yang Yuchun, Wenchun, Sangistal , Mu Wei, Shi Jin, Yuan Guohuan, An Lu, Alsalang, Chang Ming, so 35 people are counted: Chebudenzabu, Duanjibu, Zilikqi, Liang Chaogui, Kuilin, Zhulegede, Esente, Wudai, Chengde, Guandase, Tuqinbao, Mutar, Ongorhai, Arjuna, Dharantai, Sargidai, Changlubao, Kuled, Muhana, Basisa, Zarafona, Guanyinbao, Taifei Ying'a, Amantai, Selchan, Surshen, Ahabao, Lunbuchun, Gebushe, Zhu Zhaodou, Song Yanqing, Dasante, Nishizu Tai, Hexing'e, and Gyamot.
In total, 313 Batulu people belonging to the Qianlong Dynasty can be found in the three books.
From the twenty-eighth to the thirty-second volumes of the Qing Shilu, the Records of Emperor Renzongrui have a volume of 374 volumes, in which at least 191 Batulu people can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty", 15 Batulu people can be found, and eight of them are repeated with the Records of Emperor Renzongrui: Ma Yu, Xue Dalie, Gui Han, Mukdenbu, Hu Chao, Qi Shen, Luo Siju, Zhu Tingbiao, so 7 people are counted: Gao Qi, Wu Long'a, Shu'er Hasan, Yang Fang, Duan Yongfu, Tang Jisheng, and Dahong'a. In the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", 21 baturus can be found, seventeen of whom are duplicated with the Records of Emperor Renzongrui or the Biography of the Qing Dynasty: Xu Wenmo, Fu Zhina, Luo Siju, Gui Han, Zaktar, Ma Yu, Pu Shangzuo, Xue Dalie, Luo Shenggao, Wang Wenxiong, Mukdenbu, Zhu Shenbao, Teyi Shunbao, Yang Fang, Hu Chao, Qi Shen, and Shul Hasan, so 4 people are counted: Zhu Tingbiao, Sai Chong'a, Ha Gao'a, and Dong Ningchuan.
In total, the three books can find at least 202 people belonging to the Jiaqing Dynasty batulu.
The Records of the Qing Dynasty, from the thirty-third to the thirty-ninth, are the Records of Emperor Xuanzongcheng, with a volume of 476 volumes, in which at least 85 Batulus can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty", 9 Batulu people can be found, and four of them are duplicated with the "Records of Emperor Xuanzongcheng": Liu Yunxiao, Guan Tianpei, Shuangfu, and Yang Changsi, so 5 people are counted: Zhang Bilu, Wang Xipeng, Xiang Rong, Deng Shaoliang, and Chen Jinshou. In the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", 13 baturus can be found, and eight of them are duplicated with the "Records of Emperor Xuanzongcheng" or the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty": Guo Jichang, Duan Yongfu, Dahong'a, Guan Tianpei, Wang Xipeng, Zeng Sheng, Shuangfu, chen Jinshou, so 5 people are counted: Ha Feng'a, Amu Rong, Shuanglai, Wang Decai, and Qin Dingsan.
In total, the three books can find at least 95 batulu people belonging to the Daoguang Dynasty.
The Records of the Qing Dynasty, from the fortieth to the forty-fourth volumes of the Records of Emperor Wenzongxian, has a volume of 356 volumes in which at least 542 Batulus can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty", 68 batulu people can be found, and forty-one of them are duplicated in the Records of Emperor Wenzongxian: Luo Zenan, Jiang Zhongyuan, Li Xubin, Gil Hang'a, Li Mengqun, Shanlu, Mianxun, Leshan, Ju Dianhua, ChangLu, Chu Kechang, Ruilin, Shengbao, Li Xuyi, Zhao Jingxian, Toming'a, Shu Bao, Guan Bao, Dexing'a, Jiang Zhongyi, Lin Wencha, Gao Liansheng, Zheng Kuishi, Liu Changyou, Du Xing'a, Jin Shun, Zhou Shengbo, Bao Chao, Jiang Changgui, Wu Quanmei, Fang Yao, Li Chaobin, Luo Xiaolian, Lei Zhengxuan, Tang Yougeng, Zhang Desheng, Feng Zicai, Xiao Qingyan, Xiao Qijiang, Wang Xin, and Li Yuandu were counted as 27 people: He Chun, Zhang Guoliang, Taqibu, Zeng Greenqin, Jiang Yifeng, Yuan Jiasan, Zhou Tianshou, Wang Ling, Rao Tingxuan, Liu Songshan, Huang Kaibang, Xiong Tianxi, Li Chendian, Shi Qingji, Yuan Baoheng, Yang Yuebin, Zhang Yao, Wu Changqing, Fu Zhenbiao, Chen Guorui, Zeng Guoquan, Shak Dulin zabu, Liu Yuezhao, Guo Songlin, Xiao Fusi, Tao Maolin, and Wang Debang. In the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, 116 Batulu can be found, of which 85 are duplicates of the Records of Emperor Wenzongxian or the Biography of the Qing Dynasty: Ruilin, Gil hang'a, Li Mengqun, Zhao Jingxian, Xiang Rong, HeChun, Zhang Guoliang, Deng Shaoliang, Zhou Tianshou, Zhou Tianpei, Huo Tingxuan, Wen Rui, Zhang Yuliang, Liu Jisan, Qu Tenglong, Hu Kunyuan, Shengbao, Dexing'a, ZengGelinqin, Su Kejin, Shi Rongchun, Leshan, Jiang Zhongyuan, Jiang Zhongxin, Luo Zenan, Li Xubin, Li Xuyi, Wang Xin, Liu Tenghong, Jiang Yifeng, Taqib, Bi Jinke, Bao Chao, Tang Renlian, Liu Songshan, Yang Yuebin, Wang Mingshan, Zeng Guoquan, Li Chendian, Xiao Fusi, Zhu Nangui, Xiao Qingyan, Wang Ji, Li Chengmou, Li Chaobin, Du Xing'a, Fuxing, FuMing'a, Shu Bao, Teng Jiasheng, Guan Bao, Yuan Jiasan, Yuan Baoheng, Liu Changyou, Liu Yuezhao, Tian Xingshu, Zheng Kuishi, Qiu Lianen, Huang Kaibang, Jiang Zhongyi, Zhou Kuanshi, Lin Wencha, Zhao Deguang, Lei Zhengxuan, Tao Maolin, Cao Kezhong, Hu Zhonghe, He Shengbi, Tang Yougeng, Guo Songlin, Xiao Qijiang, Zhang Yunlan, Tang Xunfang, Li Yuandu, Zhu Shanzhang , Shanqing, Zhang Yao, Jin Shun, Fang Yao, Feng Zicai, Wang Debang, Jin Jinyou, Mao Kekuan, Tian Xingqi, Tian Xingsheng, so 31 people are counted: Wang Jinxiu, Jie Chun, Jin Guangzhen, Dai Wenying, Shu Tong'e, Heng Ling, He Jianao, Tan Shengda, Yang Minghai, Zeng Zhenggan, Zhu Hongzhang, Liu Lianjie, Peng Yutang, Zhang Shiri, Luo Fengyuan, Li Xianghe, Huang Yisheng, Xi Ling'a, Yi Xing'a, Han Chao, Fu Zhenbang, Chen Guorui, Xiao Qinggao, Li Huiwu, Mu Tushan, Li Nanhua, Li Desheng, Du Garer, Xiao Delong, Song Qing, Cao Renmei.
In total, the three books can find at least 600 people belonging to the Xianfeng Dynasty in Batulu.
From the forty-fifth to the fifty-first volume of the Qing Shilu is the "Records of Emperor Muzongyi", the number of volumes is 374 volumes, in which 4862 batulu people can be found. In the Biography of the Qing Dynasty, 50 Batulu can be found, and forty-two of them are duplicated in the Records of Emperor Mu Zongyi: Cheng Xueqi, Zhang Shushan, Tang Diankui, Tan Guotai, Zhang Shusheng, Liu Dian, Pan Dingxin, Kui Yu, Mu Tushan, Yinghan, Zhou Shengchuan, Liu Houji, Zheng Guokui, Yang Yuke, Shum Yuying, Liu Jintang, Tan Shanglian, Liu Mingchuan, Sun Kaihua, Zhou Dawu, Tan Bacui, Guo Baochang, Deng Anbang, Xu Zhanbiao, Xu Bangdao, Liu Lianjie, Liu Bingzhang, Nie Shicheng, Huang Wanpeng, Ma Rulong, Ouyang Lijian, Xi Baotian, Song Qing, Luo Rongguang, Yu Huen, Yang Qizhen, Hao Changqing, Ma Yukun, Niu Yuncheng, Su Yuanchun, Duan Qi, Zeng Jifeng, so 8 people are counted: Yu Jichang, Yike Tang'a, Huang Yisheng, Liu Mingfeng, Shen Diankui, Zheng Chongyi, Wang Xiaoqi, wang Shouchang. In the Qing History Manuscript, 94 Baturus can be found. One person repeated: Zhang Shuping appeared in vol. 40, vol. 416, vol. 203, vol. 41, 447, and 234, so there were actually 93 people, and there were eighty-four people who duplicated the Records of Emperor Mu Zongyi or the Biography of Qing Shilie: Liu Kunyi, Wu Zongguo, Ding Yifang, Wu Jiabang, Jiang Fushan, Liu Peiyuan, Cheng Xueqi, Zheng Guokui, Liu Mingchuan, Zhang Shushan, Zhang Shuping, Zhou Shengbo, Zhou Shengchuan, Pan Dingxin, Wu Changqing, Cen Yuying, Cen Yubao, Xi Baotian, Yinghan, Guo Baochang, Shi Qingji, Yu Jichang, Zhang Wende, Zhou Dawu, Li Changle, Yang Dingxun, Tang Diankui, Tang Dingkui, Teng Siwu, Luo Guozhong, Chen Xiang, Zhang Shusheng, Zhang Shuping, Liu Bingzhang, Chen Shijie, Shi Nianzu, Duan Qi, Ding Shouchang, Erqing'e, Liu Jintang, Liu Dian, Deng Zeng, Tuo Yunbu, Zhang Jun, Huang Wanpeng, Yu Huen, Gui Xizhen, Fang Yousheng, Ma Rulong, He Yaozeng, Yang Yuke, Xia Yuxiu, He Xiulin, Yang Guofa, Zhang Baohe, Jiang Dongcai, Liu Ting, Li Chengxian, Niu Shihan, Cao Deqing, Zheng Shaozhong, Deng Anbang, Tang Jiong, Wang Xiaoqi, Chen Jia, Jiang Zonghan, Su Yunchun, Ma Shengzhi, Zhang Chunfa, Qin Xiugang, Sun Kaihua, Su Desheng, Zhang Gaoyuan, Ouyang Lijian, Xu Bangdao, Ma Yukun, YiKetang'a, Ding Ruchang, Ye Zhichao, Nie Shicheng, Luo Rongguang, Huang Ding, Cai Dongxiang, Yang Yuan, Lu Rugao, so 9 people are counted: Wu Weishou, Fu Le Ming'e, Xia Xinyou, Jin Yunchang, Lü Benyuan, Changshun, Yang Rangli, Deng Ziyuan, Chen Zhongde.
In total, 4859 Batulu people belonging to the Tongzhi Dynasty can be found in the three books.
The Records of the Qing Dynasty, from the fifty-second to the fifty-ninth, are the Records of Emperor Dezongjing, with a volume of 597 volumes, in which at least 512 Batulus can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty", 10 Batulu people can be found: six of them are duplicated with the Records of Emperor Dezongjing: Selen E, Zuo Zhen, Wu Yuren, Ma Weiqi, Yuan Yaoling, xia Jingyi, so 4 people are counted: Liu Butou, Xia Xinyou, Ye Zujue, and Feng sheng'a. In the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", 13 people can be found in Baturu: six of them are duplicated with the "Records of Emperor Dezongjing" or the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty": Ma Weiqi, Zuo Precious, Liu Butou, Liu Yongfu, Zhang Xun, zhang Biao, so 7 people are counted: Dong Fuxiang, Guo Quan, Huang Lugao, Deng Shichang, Lin Zengtai, Tang Jingsong, Zhao Yuanming.
In total, the three books can find at least 523 batulu people belonging to the Guangxu Dynasty.
The sixtieth volume of the Qing Shilu is the Xuantong Zhengji, which has a volume of 70 volumes, in which at least 39 Batulu people can be found. In the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty" and the "Draft History of the Qing Dynasty", batulu who belonged to the Xuantong Dynasty was not found.
In total, the three books can find at least 39 Batulu people belonging to the Xuantong Dynasty.
There are at least 6,673 People in Baturu in the 60 volumes of the Qing ShiLu. There are 181 Batulu in the 20 volumes of the "Biography of the Qing Dynasty" and 120 repeaters of the "Qing Shilu", so 61 people are counted. The 48 volumes of the Qing History Manuscript have 363 Batulu and 262 repeaters of the Qing Shilu or the Qing Shi Lie biography, so 101 people are counted. Together, there were at least 6835 Baturus in the three books. Among them, there were at least 4879 Batulu people in the Tongzhi Dynasty, accounting for more than 70% of the total number. This is one of the reasons why this article is proposed to be titled "Inventory of Batulu during the Tongzhi Period of the Qing Dynasty".
2. Batulu during the Tongzhi period
During the Tongzhi period, Mary Rui, a professor at Yale University in the United States, wrote the book "Tongzhi Zhongxing: The Last Resistance of Chinese Conservatism (1862-1874)". In the preface to the book's reprint, Mary Reilly writes: "The Tongzhi period was a tragedy, and the period of victory foreshadowed the ultimate failure of lofty hopes and great efforts. The great men of the era witnessed victory in the long shadows, and this is what they call ZTE's cause. [(American) Rui Marie: Tongzhi Zhongxing, translated by Fang Delin et al., China Social Sciences Press, 2002, reprinted foreword.] In fact, in the past thirteen years, the Chinese nation has still been troubled by internal and external troubles, and domestic wars have continued, but the European and American powers, including Japan, have not begun a large-scale armed invasion of China.
First of all, let's talk about external troubles: According to the treaties listed in the "Compilation of Old Testaments between China and Foreign Countries" edited by the jurist Mr. Wang Tieya, there are forty-seven treaties that belong to the Tongzhi period [ Wang Tieya: Compilation of Old Testaments between China and Foreign Countries, volume 1, Sanlian Bookstore, 1957, table of contents. ]。 There were two main consequences: the "Sino-Russian Treaty on the Survey and Division of the Northwest Boundary" signed with Tsarist Russia in 1864 and the "Beijing Special Article" signed with Japan in 1874.
During the two Opium Wars, Russia forcibly occupied a large area of Chinese territory south of Lake Balkhash through armed invasion, fortification and migration. As early as 1860, through the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, Tsarist Russia forcibly stipulated the direction of the western boundary between China and Russia, and pointed out the mountains, rivers and lakes that have always belonged to China and karen located in China as demarcation marks, thus creating a so-called "basis" for more occupation of Chinese territory. In accordance with the provisions of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, from August 1862 onwards, Ming Yi, Minister of Survey of the Qing Dynasty, and Russian plenipotentiaries began negotiations at Tarbahatai to survey and divide the western boundary between China and Russia. Before the negotiations, the Russian side drew up a "draft state border" and a demarcation map that were inconsistent with the provisions of the boundary provisions of the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, and referred more Chinese places to Russia. At the same time, the strategy of "supporting diplomatic demands with actual occupation" was implemented, and troops were sent to occupy the mountains and passes and important passes that Russia wanted in the "Draft Of National Borders", thus creating a fait accompli. After the negotiations began, the Russian side insisted on taking China's permanent residence in Karen as the boundary, and the Chinese representative Ming Yi refuted it on the basis of reason and did not agree. The negotiations reached an impasse. From late March 1863 onwards, the Russian army advanced deep into the territory of western China, pointing directly to the military strongholds of Tarbahatai, Kobdo, Jaisannur, and Ili.
In May 1864, the Russian army continued to invade western China at the time of the anti-Qing uprising of the Hui people in Xinjiang. Forced by the situation, the Chinese representatives Mingyi, Xilin, Bolegoso and the Russian representatives signed the "Sino-Russian Survey and Division of the Northwest Boundary Treaty" at Tarbahatai on October 7, 1864, and signed the demarcation map drawn by the Russian side. Through this treaty and the three sub-treaties signed subsequently, Tsarist Russia ceded about 440,000 square kilometers of territory on China's northwestern frontier, and even Jaisannur and Temur Tunuoer, which were listed as borders by the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, were also included in Russia. [General Office of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, ed., Summary of Unequal Treaties in Modern China, Democracy and Rule of Law Publishing House, 1996, pp. 120-121.] ]
In the middle of the 19th century, both China and Japan were invaded by the European and American powers. In 1871. The two countries signed the "Amendment Regulations" and formally established state-to-state relations. At this time, the Japanese army was already planning to invade China. At that time, Japan had just begun the Meiji Restoration, and the primary targets for "opening up the territory" to the outside world were Ryukyu and Taiwan, which had been a tributary state of China since 1372. During the Qing Dynasty, it paid tribute every two years, maintained a long-term relationship with the Qing Dynasty, and was regarded as a vassal state by the Satsuma Clan of Japan. In November 1871, the Ryukyu Boat People Incident occurred. In 1873, Japanese Foreign Secretary Of State Vice-Minister Shima Tanejin laiHua took advantage of the opportunity of the "Sino-Japanese Reconciliation OfRegulation Rules" to blackmail the Qing government on the Ryukyu boat people incident, and sly argued that the land of "Tufan" in eastern Taiwan was not Chinese territory, and in 1874, the Japanese army invaded the eastern part of Taiwan and Taitung fell. After the Qing court learned of the Japanese invasion of Taiwan from the British Wei Tuma, it immediately warned Japan and demanded that the Japanese withdraw their troops, but the Japanese still acted as a blessing in our Taitung region, and also threatened to capture the western region. On the one hand, the Qing government questioned Japan, and on the other hand, it sent Shen Baozhen, minister of shipping affairs, as minister of Chincha to deal with the Japanese invasion of Taiwan. Britain also expressed dissatisfaction with Japan's use of troops on Taiwan. Japan's armed invasion of Taiwan encountered many difficulties, and it had no choice but to seek a diplomatic solution. In August 1874, the Japanese government appointed Secretary of the Interior Ritsuru Okubo as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate in China. Later, after the British Minister to China, Wittoma, came forward to "mediate", on October 30, the two sides reached an agreement. On the 31st, a total of 10 people from the Prime Minister of the Qing Dynasty signed the "Beijing Special Article" with Okubo Ritsu. There are 3 paragraphs in the "China-Japan Beijing Special Article" and one "meeting voucher". The main contents are: acknowledging that Japan sent troops to invade Taiwan as "originally raised for the sake of protecting the people's righteousness, and China does not mean that it is not"; at the home of the victimized refugees, China gave a pension of 100,000 taels. "In addition, all the pieces of repair and housing construction that the Japanese retired soldiers have in Taiwan are willing to keep for their own use and are allowed to give 400,000 yuan to Fei Yin." A total of half a million taels of silver. Sir Pasha Li, the British Minister in Japan, gave a satirical account of the incident: China willingly paid its reward for its aggression. [(American) Fairbank et al., Cambridge History of The Late Qing Dynasty of China 1800-1911, Vol. II, translated by the Compilation Office of the Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Social Sciences Press, 1985, p. 87. "What the Japanese state did this time was originally to defend the people's righteousness", that is, tacitly acquiescing that the Ryukyu people were Japanese nationals, which was the result of the Compromise of the Chinese side with Japan. However, Japan took the opportunity to intensify its aggression against Ryukyu, and finally in 1879 Japan annexed Ryukyu and then changed Ryukyu to Okinawa Prefecture, and since then China has lost Ryukyu forever. [General Office of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, ed., Summary of Unequal Treaties in Modern China, Democratic Rule of Law Publishing House, 1996, pp. 126-127.] ]
Turning to internal worries, the following wars can be found in the Chronology of Chinese Wars:
1861 (Xianfeng eleventh year): Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Anqing Defense War, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom conquered Ningbo and Hangzhou, Luxi Bagua Sect War, Money Will Uprising.
1862 (the first year of Tongzhi): The Second Taiping Heavenly Kingdom attacked Shanghai, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Expedition to the Northwest, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Tianjing Siege, the Taiwan Dai Wansheng Uprising, the Shaanxi Huimin Renwu Uprising, and the Guizhou Dong Uprising tianzhu Jiulongshan Battle.
1863 (the second year of Tongzhi): The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom attacked the Battle of Shaoxing of the Qing Army, the Battle of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Shi Dakai Three Roads attacked Sichuan, the Qing Army attacked the Taiping Army to occupy Suzhou, the Qing Army destroyed Miao Peilin, the Qing Army attacked the Taiping Army to occupy Jiaxing and Hangzhou, the Qing Army attacked the Taiping Army to occupy Changzhou, the Twist Army revolted the Battle of The Pheasant Heji, the Song Jingshi Uprising, the Shaanxi Huimin Uprising Tongzhou Battle, the Gansu and Qinghai Huimin Uprising Against the Qing War.
1864 (the third year of Tongzhi): The Battle of Tianjing by the Qing Army to Capture the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Battle of the Northwest Taiping Army in the East of Hubei, the Battle of the Hui People in Xinjiang Against the Qing, the Battle of the Taiping Army in the Gansu, Fujian, and Guangdong Regions after the Fall of Tianjing, the Battle of the Qing Army against Lan Dashun, and the Battle of Jiangkoutun in the Guizhou Dong Uprising.
1865 (the fourth year of Tongzhi): The Battle of Gaolouzhai in the Twister Rebellion.
1866 (the fifth year of Tongzhi): The Battle of the Twister Army Uprising to break through the Qing Army's River Defense, the Guizhou Army Uprising battle of Jingzhuyuan.
In 1867 (the sixth year of Tongzhi), Zhang Xiumei rebelled against the Battles of Huang Piao and Crow Slope, the Qing Army suppressed the rebel army in western Guizhou, the battle of Baqiao and Shilipo between the Western Twister Army and the Xiang Army, the Battle of Anlu and Yinlong River of the Eastern Twister Army, the Battle of the East Twister Army East of the Canal, the Battle of Weibei and Northern Shaanxi of the Western Twister Army, and the Battle of Du Wenxiu of the Yunnan Huimin Rebel Army.
1868 (the seventh year of Tongzhi): The Battle of the Yellow River north of the Western Twister Army, the Battle of Huang Piao and Crow Slope in the Zhang Xiumei Uprising in Guizhou, and the Battle of Daping in the Uprising of the Guizhou Army.
1869 (8th year of Tongzhi): Battle of Jinjibao in gansu Hui ma shilong uprising.
1871 (10th year of Tongzhi): Battle of Hezhou in gansu Huimin Ma Zhan'ao Uprising, Defense of Dali in Yunnan Huimin Uprising.
1872 (eleventh year of Tongzhi): Battle of Xining in gansu Huimin uprising.
1873 (12th year of Tongzhi): Battle of Suzhou in Gansu Hui uprising.
1874 (13th year of Tongzhi): Taiwan People's War of Resistance Against Japan. [Chinese Military History Compilation Group: Chronology of Chinese Wars in Past Dynasties, Vol. II, PLA Publishing House, 2013, pp. 537-570.] ]
Looking at the "Qing Shilu", it seems that it should also include the battle of the Qing army to pursue and suppress the horse bandits in the northeast, the Guangdong Ketu Large Weapon Fight, and so on. At that time, Shenzhou could be described as a rotten life in the four seas, and the Qing Dynasty did not perish, which was not unrelated to these more than 4,800 Batulus! The brief list is as follows: in 1864 (the third year of Tongzhi), after the Qing army captured the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Tianjing, the Qing court rewarded 43 batulus on June 1864 (tongzhi three years), 96 batulu on August, 26 batulu on November, 6 batulu on December , and 39 batulu on April (the fourth year of Tongzhi) in 1865 (tongzhi 4th year). In October 1871 (the tenth year of Tongzhi), Gengshen Day "contributed to the liquidation of Ningxia Lingzhou with the Efforts of Pingjinji fort in Gansu Province," rewarding 201 people with Batulu, which was the largest number of Baturu in one day in the Qing court. [Records of Emperor Mu Zongyi, vol. 107, Tongzhi 3rd year, June 367, p. 367; vol. 113, Tongzhi 3rd year, August 106, p. 506; vol. 122, Tongzhi 3rd year, November Jiazi, p. 690; vol. 123, Tongzhi 3rd year December Ji shu, p. 702; vol. 135, Tongzhi 4th year 4th month Ding Di, pp. 176-177; vol. 321, Tongzhi 10th year October Gengshen, pp. 248-249. Those who rewarded Batulu for quelling the Twister Rebellion and other wars are scattered in the 374 volumes of the Records of Emperor Muzongyi. 3. Give number, grab number, double number, change number, and promote number
For the issue of giving numbers, seizing numbers, and re-numbering, it was earlier seen in the Quasi-Tower Transmission.
Junta, a Manchurian Zhengbaiqi man with the surname Tong Jia, was the fourth son of HuErhan, one of the five ministers of nurhaci. In the second year of Chongdeok, he followed the later King of JinWuying on the Ming Dynasty's Phi Island, (Phi Island is now part of Korea, in the East of the Yalu River Estuary, also known as dongjiang) Junta and Aobai took the lead in landing on the island. After the war, he was awarded the title of Baron of the Third Class and given the title of "Baturu". The following year, he accompanied the Qing army on the Ming Dynasty's Shandong, and together with the capital Ye Keshu and other troops to attack Mengjiatai, because of improper dispatch, resulting in heavy casualties among the underlings, and said that he personally led five people to break into the Ming army's heavy siege, and then rushed out of the enemy position, after the war, he was verified and convicted, was stripped of the name of "Batulu", demoted to a first-class light car lieutenant, and the quasi-tower was issued with silver to atone for his crime. In the twelfth year of Chongde, he was also sent to guard Jinzhou with soldiers. In the first month of the second year of Shunzhi, he led the right wing troops to follow the King of Raoyu Commandery Abatai to Shandong of the Ming Dynasty again, participated in the pacification of counties along the way, and went south to Jiangnan. After the war, he was promoted to viscount of the third class and was given the title of Baturu. [Biography of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 4, Junta, p. 210.] In the biography of Qing Dynasty figures, there is also the phenomenon that the same person was rewarded with batulu many times, represented by the Han Su Yuanchun and the bannerman Yinghan. The introduction is as follows:
Su Yuanchun was a native of Yong'an Prefecture (present-day Mengshan County), Guangxi. His father, Su Baode, was a member of the Imperial Household Anderson Corps, and later became the chief leader of the Yong'an Regiment. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), the Taiping Army led by Hong Xiuquan captured Yong'an City, and Su Baode led a township regiment to fight with the Taiping Army and was killed. At that time, Su Yuanchun was only 8 years old and took refuge in the countryside with his stepmother Liang. Later, he was put into the Guangxi Heaven and Earth Association Zhang Gaoyou Department. After zhang Gaoyou's defeat, Su Yuanchun first accepted the invitation of the local government and immediately went to the Xiang army to join the Baotian department. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), Su Yuanchun led part of the Xiang army to capture Jingzhuyuan of the Miao people's rebel army in Guizhou, and was rewarded by the Qing court with the name of Jianyong Batulu. Later, because of the capture of an important stronghold of the Miao army, Zhaitou, he was ordered to exempt the general (正三品), directly promoted to deputy general (from Erpin), and added the title of general (正二品), rewarding Rui Yong Batulu with the title of Rui Yong Batulu. In March of the eighth year (1869), the viceroy of Guizhou, Rong Weishan, was killed in the Battle of Huang Piao, and Su Yuanchun was dismissed from his post for failing to rescue him. In September, because the leading troops swept the Guizhou rebel army Pingtangpo, Pingpu, Wumen and other important cards, the officials were reinstated and rewarded with Hua Ling and Yong. In March of the ninth year (1870), for his military exploits, he was ordered to exchange the name of Fashishan Abatulu. In the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), the French attacked Vietnam and the Sino-French War began. In the eleventh year (1885), Under the command of the veteran general Feng Zicai, Su Yuanchun, together with Chen Jia, Wang Xiaoqi, Wang Debang, Jiang Zonghan, Fang Yousheng and others, led the Qing army to fight the French army to the death on the Sino-Vietnamese border. After the war, the Guangxu Emperor issued an edict that because Su Yuanchun had won many great victories, he was well dispatched, changing the post of knight lieutenant to the post of third-class light vehicle lieutenant, and then rewarding Erdemon with the title of Ebatulu. He alone was rewarded with batulu four times, the first two times the Yong number was preceded by Chinese characters, and the last two Yong numbers were preceded by Qing characters. [Biography of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 63, Su Yuanchun, p. 5016.] ]
Yinghan, Zi Xilin, Saltu clan, Manchurian Zhenghongqi people. Daoguang twenty-nine years of examination in the middle of the examination. During the Xianfeng years, he served in Anhui. In the second year of Tongzhi (1863), he participated in the suppression of the Twister Rebellion, and was given the title of Gehong Erbatulu for participating in the encirclement and capture of Miao Peilin. In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), chen Decai,, who participated in the encirclement and suppression of the Western Twister Army, was awarded the title of hero and demoted to the fifth rank for "asking for rewards and risking abuse". After the leader of the Twister Army, Chen Decai, committed suicide by defeating Yang Yao, Yinghan and Guo Baochang were ordered to recruit the remnants of the Twister Army. After the war, Yinghan restored the title of monk Ebatulu and promoted him to be a political envoy in Anhui. In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), the Twist army marched from Henan to Shandong in the east, the monk Greenqin was killed in battle, the Twist army took advantage of the victory to attack Anhui in a large-scale south, Yinghan and the Taoist Shi Nianzu and others led the Qing army to hold the Pheasant River for forty-five days, and then attacked with the Qing reinforcements inside and outside, and the Twist army broke the siege and went away, and the Jin name Waschun Batulu. He was rewarded with batulu three times, the first two times before the number added clear characters, the last number before the chinese characters, I really don't know which baturu has more gold content. [Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 425 Yinghan, p. 12224.] ]
4. A special case of Baturu during the Tongzhi period
On the day of the ugly day of November in the third year of Tiancong (1629), "Shang (Emperor Taiji) gathered the ministers of Baylor to discuss the merits of Kezunhua City, and were rewarded separately: ... Ibai Niu recorded Samkhatu, first eight banner soldiers to enter the city, summoned to the front of the palace, personally with the golden chamber, with a white body as a reserve, the descendants of the hereditary will not be replaced. Transgressions, forgiveness, family poverty, that is, Zhou Mercy, giving the title of Batulu, giving Camel 1, Python Satin 1, Satin 19, Cloth 200, Ma 10, Niu 10..." [Records of Emperor Taizongwen, vol. 5, Tiancong 3 november of the year is ugly. It can be seen that Samkhatu, who was born in Baiding, not only has the Baturu, but also has political treatment, economic benefits and even benefits for his children and grandchildren. During the Shunzhi period, those who were given the name Batulu were mostly born "white" or "idle". During the Qianlong period, in addition to giving the name Batulu, the figure Purple Light Pavilion, and the promotion of official positions, he also "rewarded one hundred and two silver as usual." As for the word "as usual", the author does not know what "example" the Qing court followed, in the Qing Dynasty official revision of the political book, failed to find the relevant regulations of Batulu, can only find sporadic records in the "Imperial Continuation Literature Examination" written by Liu Jinzao in the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and its "Official Examination / Hereditary Office / Attached Batulu" entry is also unknown as to why some people were given the name Batulu, so they abandoned it. This issue can only be known to those who know.
After the Jiaqing period, it is difficult to find records of rewarding Batulu with cattle and sheep, silk, and silver in the Qingshilu, which is not unrelated to the frequent wars and empty treasury at that time. During the Tongzhi period, batulu was born mostly as military attachés, but there were also a few civilian officials, and there was only one person born in armor, Tamahai, whose social status in the Qing Dynasty was only slightly higher than that of slaves, which can be counted as one of the special cases of Batulu in the Tongzhi Dynasty.
The second exception is that two other foreigners were also rewarded with batulu.
In April of the third year of Tongzhi, Jia Shen, "rewarded the governor Zhang Shushan, the chief military officer Chen Zhongde, Yi Yonggang, and Zheng Guokui with a pin seal, the chief military officers Xu Desheng, Binel, the deputy generals Zhu Liansheng, Han Dianjia, Peng Liansheng, Zheng Longbiao, the counselor generals Liu Chaogan, Qin Hongsheng, Luo Rongguang, Luo Jinrong, Tao Weizhong, Zhu Baoyuan, guerrilla Zeng Mingkui, Li Changle, Shu Yizhi, Deng Mingyuan, Zheng Guobang, Song Yunlong, Dusi Liu Yulong Batulu, Zhixian Shishuqing used zhizhou and admired the flowers, and guarded Liao Dewang and other blue lings." Yu Jia's promotion and revival are poor. [Records of Emperor Mu Zongyi, vol. 100, Tongzhi 3rd year, April 100. At noon in June of the twelfth year of tongzhi, "with the help of Guizhou Kefu Qingping City and the attack on the thieves' nest, the chief military officer Chen Yukun was rewarded with a pin seal, and the chief military officers Zuo Qilong, Tan Jinkui, Zhu Daxiong, Deng Shaoyun, Huang Hesheng, Tan Dingguang, Li Shunlian, the deputy generals Deng Dejun, Liu Fuli, Wen Yizhao, Yan Bingwen, the staff general Ma Zhankui, and the foreign general Mai Shini (zi) were given the names of Nengbaturu, the prefect Xu Dalun, the staff general Xiang Zhong, Hua Ling, the Zhizhou Xie Taijie, and lan ling." There is a difference in the promotion of Yu Jia's rank. [Records of Emperor Mu Zongyi, vol. 353, Tongzhi 12th year, June 19999.] ]
Among them, Binel was French, and according to some sources, he became a Chinese citizen, married a Chinese wife, died in Anhui, and was buried in Lu'an.
Maxnee, Dictionary of Names of Foreigners in Modern China, is introduced as follows: Mesny, Wlliam (1842-1919) Maxne, the word for Neng (Mesny, William) Englishman. He arrived in Hong Kong from England in 1859 and went to Shanghai the following winter. In November 1861, he escorted a cargo ship from Hankou to Shanghai, and was intercepted by the Taiping Army water battalion in Fushan and taken to Nanjing. After several months of detention, in 1862 Yatoma, the British consul in Zhenjiang, personally took a warship to Tianjing to take him out. He served in the Chinese Customs in Hankou for a time, but later resigned his customs post and joined Zuo Zongtang's department, receiving the title of Honorary Viceroy and Batulu, and in 1880 he accompanied the army to Hami. Mai traveled almost all over the provinces of Chinese mainland. After 1895, he edited Mesny's Chinese Miscellany in Shanghai and published his autobiography The Life and Adwentures of a British Prisoner in China in Shanghai, detailing his arrest and detention in Nanjing, praising the leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He died in Hankou in 1919. He is also the author of the book Tung King (1884). [ Compilation Office, Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Dictionary of Foreigners Coming to China in Modern Times, China Social Sciences Press, 1981, p. 326. His life is quite legendary.
Briton Maxnee
Frenchman Pinel
Maxney's publication in Shanghai