As a pioneer of China's democratic revolution and a close friend and comrade-in-arms of Sun Yat-sen, Liao Zhongkai practiced the three major policies of "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers" all his life. Unfortunately, he finally fell under the muzzle of the Right Wing of the Kuomintang, making Wang Jingwei and Chiang Kai-shek the biggest beneficiaries.
Liao Zhongkai
Liao Zhongkai and his wife He Xiangning had a pair of children, namely daughter Liao Mengxing and son Liao Chengzhi, both of whom made outstanding contributions to the establishment and construction of new China, and did not insult the british names of their parents in the slightest. Next, Wenshi will take you to focus on the history that Liao Chengzhi experienced, and his unfortunate death before he was about to become the vice president of the country.
He Xiangning
In order to resist the despicable phenomenon of plagiarism, I had to attach a watermark to the pictures from the Internet. At the same time, I declare that all my original articles are only published on the two platforms of "Baijia" and "Toutiao", and only use the screen name of "Literature and History Is Not False", otherwise it is plagiarism!
Liao Chengzhi (September 1908 – June 1983), formerly known as He Liuhua, was a native of ChenJiang, Huicheng District, Guangdong Province, and the son of the famous patriots Liao Zhongkai and He Xiangning. He was a great proletarian revolutionary and an outstanding social activist who worked in many directions to realize the peaceful reunification of the country.
Liao Chengzhi was born on September 25, 1908, at the end of the late Qing Dynasty, when his parents were studying in Japan. After the Xinhai Revolution, he followed his parents back to China and witnessed the fruits of the bourgeois revolution being stolen by Yuan Shikai, and witnessed the outbreak of the Second Revolution, the War of The Protector of France and the War of Defending the Country.
However, due to the innate inadequacy of the Chinese bourgeoisie, the above revolutionary movements ended in failure. Although Manchu rule was overthrown, China did not gain democracy and prosperity, but was caught up in endless warlord wars.
Faced with repeated lessons, Sun Yat-sen gradually developed a new understanding of the Chinese revolution and realized that only by re-finding ways and strength could he win. In addition, the victory of the October Revolution in Russia gave him hope, so he decided to accept the help of the Communist International and unite with the Communist Party to carry out the revolution, and finally transformed the "Old Three People's Principles" into the "New Three People's Principles".
In January 1924, with the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in Guangzhou, it marked the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. After the meeting, Liao Zhongkai, as a member of the Central Executive Committee, became the minister of workers and peasants of the party department, and then appointed as the acting chairman of the Preparatory Committee of the Whampoa Military Academy.
As a leftist of the Kuomintang, Liao Zhongkai attached great importance to the role of the Communist Party of China and its workers' and peasants' movement in the National Revolution. At the same time, he was able to carry out sincere and friendly cooperation with the Communist Party, faithfully implemented the basic policy of "Kuomintang-Communist cooperation", and became a friend of the Communist Party.
Sun Yat-sen
In March 1925, with the death of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, there was a sharp backlash from the right wing of the Kuomintang, which had always been fiercely opposed to kuomintang-communist cooperation. During this period, Liao Zhongkai continued to firmly safeguard the three major policies of "uniting with Russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers", firmly safeguarded the general policy of cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and truly became the core and banner figure of the Left Wing of the Kuomintang.
Beginning in July 1925, Zou Lu and Wu Zhaoshu of the Kuomintang right wing concentrated their firepower on Liao Zhongkai, spreading all kinds of rumors and slanders. In this regard, he not only did not give in, but published an article entitled "Revolutionaries and Counter-Revolutionaries", which clearly refuted these rightist remarks:
Now all the counter-revolutionaries of our Party call themselves old revolutionaries, thinking that after being a revolutionary party, no matter how much they collude with bureaucratic warlords and imperialism, they can continue to be called revolutionary parties.
After that, Liao Zhongkai became the target of all factions in the party, especially the rightists. During the seizure of power by Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Chiang Kai-shek, and others, death threats were received one after another. In this regard, he himself seemed very calm, and righteously shot back:
Sacrificing for the sake of the party and the country is the long-cherished wish of revolutionaries.
On August 20, 1925, Liao Zhongkai went to the Kuomintang Party Department for a meeting regardless of his personal safety. Who knew that he would be brutally killed in front of the heavily guarded party department, and the blood was spattered on the spot, at the age of forty-eight. This botched assassination was full of loopholes, but it failed under the deliberate cover-up of the Kuomintang right.
Zhou Enlai
After Liao Zhongkai was assassinated, Comrade Zhou Enlai repeatedly called for severe punishment of the murderers behind the scenes. Moreover, he also spoke highly of Liao Zhongkai's brilliant and revolutionary life:
He was the center of gravity of the Kuomintang, the leader of the workers' and peasants' movement and the anti-imperialist movement, and "fought hard all his life, revolution for the party, and sacrifice for the country."
Although Liao Zhongkai used his prime-age life, he made immortal contributions to the Chinese democratic revolution. However, his death directly affected the situation at that time, and the left wing of the Kuomintang suffered a heavy blow, and it was no longer possible to curb the sabotage of the revolution by the right wing of the Kuomintang.
After Liao Zhongkai was assassinated, his wife He Xiangning had to send both sisters and brothers to Japan to protect her two children. Thanks to the care of Japanese friends, Liao Mengxing and Liao Chengzhi lived a peaceful life in Tokyo and finally completed their secondary school studies.
Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei
With Chiang Kai-shek's "April 12 Coup" and Wang Jingwei's "July 15 Coup", the vigorous Great Revolution completely failed. Sad and disappointed, Liao Chengzhi broke away from the Kuomintang and entered Waseda University, and in the same year he joined the Social Science Research Association organized by the Tokyo Branch of the Communist Party of China.
After entering Waseda University, Liao Chengzhi especially liked to study Marxism and lenin's October Revolution, and actively participated in various speeches and rallies, which finally attracted the attention of the Japanese government. In May 1928, he was arrested and deported by the Japanese authorities for participating in the denunciation of the "Jinan Massacre" created by Japanese imperialism.
After returning to China, Liao Chengzhi soon joined the Communist Party of China and worked in the Shanghai branch of the Anti-Japanese Grand Alliance. Due to his outstanding performance, he was sent to Hamburg, Germany, and served as the executive committee of the "International Seafarers' Union", actively organizing European seafarers to carry out strike struggles.
In the summer of 1930, Liao Chengzhi attended the Fifth Congress of the Communist International in Moscow, and in the same year he also entered the Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow for further study. After graduation, he was sent to the Propaganda Department of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and often traveled among the workers to carry out propaganda and education of revolutionary theory.
Due to the betrayal of traitors, Liao Chengzhi was arrested by the British patrol house in the Shanghai concession. Very astute, he took the initiative to express his willingness to "confess", and even more expressed his willingness to take them to "catch the same party", and soon became well known to everyone in the concession and made a lot of noise.
At that time, Wu Tiecheng, the mayor of Shanghai, repeatedly persuaded Liao Chengzhi to break away from the Communist Party, but was rejected. In order to express his determination to die, he also wrote a Mingzhi poem in prison:
The cold wind sweeps away the leaves and smoke in the desert, and the dry bones are desolate and the soul is watched.
The iron window was soaked with snow and wind, smiling and looking at the Jinling Emperor star falling.
The neck bone of the teenager is sonorous, bathing three times to be looped.
The heroic soul went straight up to the Ninth Heaven and invited his compatriots to drink alcohol.
When the Ninth Patrol Jade Cup was about to end, Fang caught the people and thief and paid the cannon branding.
As a kuomintang elder, Liao Zhongkai's only son was arrested on the grounds that the Kuomintang authorities really could not afford to lose such a face. At the same time, Soong Ching Ling and He Xiangning and others were also organizing active rescues, and Chiang Kai-shek finally made a compromise and agreed to Liao Chengzhi's bail and gained his freedom.
Liao Chengzhi
Since Liao Chengzhi's identity had been made public, the organization arranged for him to leave Shanghai in August 1933. Carrying the instruction letter from the central authorities to the Red Fourth Front and the Kuomintang codebook, he traveled all the way to the Red Army's garrison, and under the pseudonym of "He Liuhua", he also served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet District and the head of the trade union propaganda department.
At the beginning of 1934, Liao Chengzhi was transferred to the General Political Department of the Red Fourth Front as secretary general. However, at that time, under the influence of the erroneous line of the "Left" leaning, Zhang Guotao was using the excuse of "suppressing rebellion" to wantonly exclude dissidents, and even adopted the cruel method of extorting confessions by torture to arbitrarily hunt down and speculate on party members and cadres, causing huge losses to the Eyu-Anhui base area, the Sichuan-Shaanxi base area, and the Red Fourth Front.
Zhang Guotao stills
During this period, the young Liao Chengzhi had the courage to speak out, and repeatedly put forward opinions and suggestions to Zhang Guotao, and finally met with hostility from the other side. In December 1934, he was wrongfully expelled from the party and imprisoned, and nearly killed.
Liao Chengzhi is said to have survived, partly because his parents had long been close to the Communist Party, and partly because of his own ability to paint. At that time, there was a shortage of talents with painting skills in the base areas, such as the portraits of Marx, Engels and Lenin, all of which were inseparable from him.
During the Long March, Liao Chengzhi was escorted forward as a "prisoner" and became a special Red Army soldier. Whenever a portrait and slogan were needed, he was released and handcuffed when the creation was complete.
Although they belonged to two different parties, Zhou Enlai and Liao Zhongkai had a very close relationship. As early as the Whampoa Military Academy, one was a party representative and the other was the director of the political department, and the prospects and paths of the Chinese revolution were very similar. When Liao Zhongkai was assassinated, Zhou Enlai rushed to the hospital at the first time and served as a member of the Liao investigation committee, almost setting himself on fire for this.
Seeing that the child of the deceased had become a member of the Communist Party of China, Zhou Enlai was very pleased. Therefore, he was very concerned about Liao Chengzhi's situation, and when he learned of his recent situation, he was very worried, and specifically asked Zhang Hao, the central representative to the Comintern, to send a telegram to Zhang Guotao in the name of the Comintern, asking him to save Liao Chengzhi's life.
In 1936, when the Red Second and Fourth Fronts finally moved north, Zhou Enlai saw Liao Chengzhi, who was still in custody. He pretended to be angry and lectured him, but in fact he wanted to rescue him and finally set him free.
After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Liao Chengzhi served as the director of the Eighth Route Army's Hong Kong office and a member of the Southern Working Committee of the Communist Party of China, mainly responsible for the united front work in Guangdong and Hong Kong.
On May 30, 1942, under the banner of the Kuomintang and the Communists' joint anti-Japanese resistance, secret agents of the military command secretly arrested Liao Chengzhi in Lechang County, Guangdong Province, and then escorted him to Jiangxi for detention. Immediately after the incident, our Party launched an active rescue and joined forces with the Left wing of the Kuomintang and the Democrats to exert pressure on the National Government.
In the Jiangxi concentration camp, the Kuomintang tried every means to win liao Chengzhi over. Even Chiang Ching-kuo, as the "crown prince," personally lobbied and did not hesitate to persuade him to surrender as a "classmate" and a "brother," but he remained unmoved.
On April 23, 1945, just as the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was about to be victorious, the "Seventh National Congress" of far-reaching significance in the history of our Party was held in the Central Auditorium of Yangjialing in Yan'an. At the congress, there were 547 official deputies, 208 alternate deputies, 44 members of the Central Committee and 33 alternate members of the Central Committee, and Liao Chengzhi, who is still imprisoned in prison, is the central alternate member with the highest number of votes.
During the Chongqing negotiations, after many negotiations and protests by our party, Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to release Liao Chengzhi. Soon, Zhou Enlai, who was in Chongqing, immediately received him and gave him encouragement in person:
Although you are an alternate member of the Central Committee of the Seventh National Congress, you still have many shortcomings. In the future, we must set strict demands on ourselves and pay attention to political influence everywhere.
In June 1946, with the outbreak of a full-scale civil war, Liao Chengzhi was transferred back to Yan'an by the Party Central Committee to serve as deputy director of the Central Propaganda Department and president of the Xinhua News Agency. At the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee, he was finally replaced as a member of the Central Committee and officially became a senior leading cadre of the party.
Founding Ceremony
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liao Chengzhi was appointed deputy director of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee of the Council of Ministers. At that time, the new China, which was in ruins and waiting to be rebuilt, was built on the basis of poverty and poverty, and all kinds of work needed to be improved urgently, and he had no experience in overseas Chinese work experience to cross the river alone by feeling the stones.
Through field investigation and research, Liao Chengzhi found that more than 2 million people at that time lived entirely on overseas Chinese remittances, and more than 1 million people lived on overseas Chinese remittances. However, many cadres at that time were generally affected by the erroneous line of the "Left", believing that they received remittances for nothing, or even a kind of "disguised exploitation", so they were more excluded from these groups.
In order to really open up the situation, Liao Chengzhi immediately wrote a report on these real situations and reported them to Zhou Enlai. When the Prime Minister learned of the real situation, he immediately criticized this phenomenon seriously:
If you think that this is exploitation and do not allow overseas Chinese dependents to receive remittances, then let you send money, how do more than 2 million overseas Chinese dependents live?
With the support of Premier Zhou, progress was finally made in the work of overseas Chinese in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. On March 3, 1955, Liao Chengzhi also personally wrote an article entitled "Implementing the Policy of Overseas Chinese Affairs and Resolutely Protecting the Remittances of Overseas Chinese", which systematically expounded the consistent principles and policies of the party and the government for the work of overseas Chinese.
By 1966, with the start of that big movement, Liao Chengzhi was also seriously affected. During this period, despite the protection of Premier Zhou, he was overthrown in 1969 and moved to the backyard of the Ministry of Civil Affairs of The Western Imperial City in Beijing.
During that time, Liao Chengzhi lived a very sad life, accepting endless criticism during the day and actively reflecting and writing a "confession" at night. A year later, after a long period of injustice, he finally caused a heart attack, and Zhou Enlai quietly went to the hospital to visit him without telling him.
In August 1972, while He Xiangning was seriously ill, Zhou Enlai personally rushed to the hospital to visit, and Liao Chengzhi was also present. He Xiangning was unable to speak, but just pointed his finger at his son and looked at Premier Zhou with his eyes. Zhou Enlai immediately understood and said on the spot:
Chengzhi is a good comrade, he has no problem. Rest assured!
Since US President Richard Nixon began the "ice-breaking journey", the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan has also quickly entered the agenda. After the fall of the Sato Eisaku cabinet, which has been stagnant in relations with China, Kakuei Tanaka, who actively advocated greater engagement with China, became the new Prime Minister of Japan. At the first Cabinet meeting, he made this public statement:
Japan should speed up the pace of normalizing relations with the People's Republic of China.
For this gratifying change, the Chinese side immediately made a positive response. Because Liao Chengzhi studied and lived in Japan for a long time, he became a suitable candidate to promote the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan, and was appointed by Premier Zhou as an adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and was elected as a member of the Tenth Central Committee the following year.
Premier Zhou passed away
On January 8, 1976, after premier Zhou passed away due to illness, the whole country fell into great sorrow. Liao Chengzhi was particularly sad, and he tearfully wrote an article in memory of the premier, "Teachings are remembered in the heart, and the kindness is as heavy as a mountain", expressing their family's infinite affection for Zhou Enlai.
After the end of that big movement, Liao Chengzhi served as director of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council and director of the Hong Kong Office, and continued to play an active role in the united front work.
In 1982, Chiang Ching-kuo, who was in Taiwan, published an article mourning his late father, Chiang Kai-shek. In his eulogy, he mentions:
I very much hope that the ghost of my father will return to my hometown and be buried with other ancestors in the ancestral grave of the Jiang family. When my father died, I hoped to return to the mainland, and now that he is gone, I am willing to carry out this cause to the end, but we should take into account national feelings and explore new paths.
Deng Yingchao
Deng Yingchao, then head of the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Work, was deeply touched after seeing the eulogy issued by Chiang Ching-kuo and felt that this was an opportunity to promote cross-strait exchanges. Therefore, she immediately suggested that Liao Chengzhi take action and write a letter to Chiang Ching-kuo in his personal capacity to contact him.
Deng Xiaoping
Eventually, Liao Chengzhi wrote a letter to Chiang Ching-kuo in his own personal name. With the consent of Deng Xiaoping and Deng Yingchao, the letter was also published in the People's Daily in order to show the world the mainland's attitude toward peaceful reunification.
In order to make Chiang Ching-kuo believe more in the mainland's sincerity, Liao Chengzhi also proposed to the central authorities that he hoped not only to properly protect the ancestral tomb of the Chiang family, but also to carry out new repairs. After receiving the approval, he personally took someone to repair the ancestral tomb of the Jiang family, and also took a photo of the repair and sent it to Chiang Ching-kuo. Cite some of the content:
Jingguo My Brother:
Just a stone's throw away, it's a sea and a sky away. Nanjing hurriedly met, instantaneously more than thirty-six years. When he was a child, he was in the same robe, su Jing met, and the past was vividly remembered. However, I have not been able to ask for many years, which is a pity. Recently, I heard that the political affairs were violated, and I was deeply suspenseful. Over the past three years, our party has repeatedly advocated that the two parties hold negotiations with guizhou and ourselves to jointly realize the great cause of the reunification of the motherland by making the same donations. However, the brother repeatedly declared that "no contact, no negotiation, no compromise", the rest of the period of time thought that it was impossible. The world is affectionate, in public and private, it is reasonable to speak, and respect Xi and interpret. The peaceful reunification of the motherland is a meritorious deed of a thousand years, and Taiwan will eventually return to the motherland, and an early settlement will be beneficial to all parties.
When he received this heavy letter, Chiang Ching-kuo was very surprised, and he was even more touched when he saw that his ancestral tomb had been renovated. In the letter, Liao Chengzhi also confided in Chiang Ching-kuo as a colleague and brother, mentioned the country's decades of division, mentioned the decades of confrontation between the people on both sides of the strait, and painstakingly warned him that "if the situation is partial to peace, can we protect ourselves."
At the end of the letter, Liao Chengzhi was even more affectionate in inviting Chiang Ching-kuo to come to reminisce about the past and come to the mainland to take a look. He said:
After the robbery of the brothers, they met and laughed and hated each other.
At that time, Chinese mainland had already used the vernacular language, but Taiwan still used a large number of languages. In order to increase the sense of closeness, Liao Chengzhi specially used wen yanwen, which greatly resonated with the people of Taiwan. For a time, Chinese people all over the world constantly called for the two sides of the strait to start negotiations and to begin to seek national reunification.
Chiang Ching-kuo
However, in the face of such a situation, Chiang Ching-kuo, who was sensitive to his identity, never spoke out and never replied to Liao Chengzhi. However, Song Meiling, who was far away in the United States, could not resist at first, and she used her identity as the elder of Liao Chengzhi to write an open letter to persuade him, and even used the eight dazzling characters of "our broom cherishes ourselves" and "Return to The Return".
Liao Chengzhi originally thought that with his personal friendship with Chiang Ching-kuo for many years, he might become a bridge between the two sides of the strait. Although the letter did not reach the expected goal, it still played some positive role.
Since Liao Chengzhi published an open letter, Chiang Ching-kuo has not made a public statement. However, he no longer clamored for a "counter-attack on the mainland" every day like his father Chiang Kai-shek, and he also sent a secret envoy, Shen Cheng, to enter and leave the mainland several times as a Hong Kong businessman to convey important information for direct cross-strait communication and boldly made attempts.
On June 6, 1983, Li Xiannian and Liao Chengzhi were nominated by the Presidium of the Sixth National People's Congress as candidates for president and vice president of the country. However, just a week before the final vote, he died of a sudden heart attack in Beijing Hospital at the age of 75, thus completing his life of loving the party and the country.
Li Xiannian
On June 24, 1983, comrade Liao Chengzhi's memorial service was solemnly held in Beijing. Comrade Li Xiannian, who was the president of the country at the time, personally delivered a eulogy, the main contents of which were as follows: @ Literature and history are not false
Today, it is with an extremely sad heart that we deeply mourn Comrade Liao Chengzhi, an outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, a proletarian revolutionary, an outstanding social activist, and an outstanding leader of the Party and the state.
In mourning Comrade Liao Chengzhi, we should inherit his last wish, closely rally around the PARTY Central Committee, resolutely implement the spirit of the Twelfth National Congress of the Party and the First Session of the Sixth National People's Congress, strive to build our country into a highly democratic and highly civilized socialist modern power, unite Taiwan compatriots, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, and overseas Chinese compatriots, realize the great unity and reunification of the motherland, strengthen cooperation with friendly people from all walks of life in Japan and friendly people from all over the world, and strive for world peace.