Memories of Liao Zhongkai (1957)

He Xiangning

At the end of October 1897, Zhongkai and I got married in Guangzhou.

Zhongkai is two years older than me. He grew up in the United States and returned to his homeland with his sick mother at the age of seventeen, and within a few months his mother died. At that time, his father was still working at HSBC in San Francisco, and later died in the United States. Zhongkai's brother worked as a diplomat in the Manchu Qing government, and although his father did not have much left, he took it to the official arena as a capital for the platoon. After Zhongkai returned to China, he stayed at his uncle's house. His uncle was also a Manchu Qing bureaucrat, who had served as the general office of foreign affairs, the general office of the China Merchants Bureau, and the general office of the telegraph bureau, and his life was naturally more luxurious and generous. From his youth, Zhongkai was deeply touched by the corrupt atmosphere of the bureaucratic and comprador classes, and when he grew up, he heard about the Coup d'état and the Meiji Restoration in Japan. At that time, it became a common practice for Chinese readers to study in Japan, and Zhongkai also hoped to study in Japan. However, his parents were dead, and although his brother and relatives were all drunk in the official arena, no one was willing to help him, and he did not want to go to Japan. His plans to study in Japan were not realized, and he often sighed. Later, in order to make Yucheng his wish to study abroad, I sold all the makeup and ornaments of my mother's family to give me a dowry, along with a private deposit of more than 1,000 yuan, so that I could raise money for entanglement and study abroad, and the two of us went east to Japan one after another. Later, we had financial difficulties in the process of studying abroad, and it was also helped by my mother-in-law's family.

In Japan, Zhongkai first entered the Preparatory Department of Economics at Waseda University, and then entered the Department of Political Economy of Chuo University, specializing in economics, and met Lai Zhongshi, Zhu Zhixin, Su Manshu, Hu Hanmin and others in Tokyo. In 1903, we got to know Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the two of us joined the League and began to carry out the anti-Manchu Qing Revolution and to contact young students and overseas Chinese. On the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, the early socialist movement was quite active in Japan, and Zhongkai was gradually affected in school.

The Minbao newspaper, the organ of the League, was published in Tokyo to advocate revolution, and Zhongkai often submitted articles to publicize the anti-Qing and national salvation and introduce socialist ideas to readers. At that time, the most active person who introduced socialist ideas was Zhu Zhixin, who translated "bourgeoisie" as "magnate" and proletariat as "tenants." Zhongkai and Zhixin were the best friends, and their thoughts were close, and Zhongkai wrote the chapter, using the pen name "Tu Fu". The ruling authorities of the Qing Dynasty regarded these revolutionary youths who participated in the League as a great rebellion. I was the daughter of a wealthy businessman in Hong Kong, so I couldn't help but have that kind of family habit. In view of this, Zhongkai repeatedly explained to me the difference between "rich people" and "tenants", instilled in me progressive ideas, and educated me.

In 1904, zhongkai was ordered by Dr. Sun Yat-sen to sneak from Tokyo to Tianjin to set up an office and contact the French Socialist Boucopaix, so that zhongkai was not present at the inaugural meeting of the League in Tokyo in 1905.

Zhongkai was born in the United States and knew English, and at that time, whenever Mr. Sun did not personally intervene about contact with Western revolutionary volunteers, he sent Zhongkai more. His trip to Tianjin was secret. When he left, I had a poem to bid him farewell: The national vendetta is not repaid, it is difficult to die, endure the ordinary crying, and advise the king not to regret the head and leave it in the history of China.

In the new year, Zhongkai was ordered to return to Tokyo. In the fall, continue enrollment. At that time, Chinese students in Japan were extremely active, and began to organize the Chinese Overseas Students Association, often meeting and talking about politics, and the revolutionaries and royalists among the students often had fierce debates. After the Russo-Japanese War, the corruption and incompetence of the Qing court were more exposed, and the revolutionaries among the students gradually gained an advantage. In the same year, the Chinese Overseas Students Association was re-elected, and Zhong Kai was elected as the president of the Chinese Overseas Students Association.

In 1909, Zhongkai graduated from Chuo University in Tokyo, and then went to Jilin in the northeast at the behest of Mr. Sun to develop the revolutionary forces in the north. On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising immediately responded, and a provisional government was organized in Nanjing, and Dr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the provisional president. Yuan Shikai negotiated peace with the Provisional Government, and the Qing Emperor abdicated and established the Republic of China. At that time, Zhongkai and his brother both participated in the peace talks. However, Zhongkai was on the side of the provisional government, and his brother was on the other side with Yuan Shikai, and the two brothers had different positions, and the two sides confronted each other and held negotiations.

After the negotiations, Zhongkai was sent to Beijing, a movement of parliamentarians at the time, to oppose Yuan Shize. At that time, it was the time when Yuan Shikai was about to carry out a large-scale search everywhere, but Zhongkai still decided to stay in Beijing, carry out activities in secret, and continue to communicate with Wu Hanchi and others. However, his actions had been noticed by Yuan Shikai's spies. On the eve of Yuan Shikai's order to arrest people, a friend came and told Zhongkai: "Yuan Shikai will be arresting people everywhere tomorrow, and there is your name in the list, so you better go away and avoid it immediately!" Zhongkai went to Tianlu alone all night, but fortunately the rabbit was poisoned. Among those who were arrested by Yuan Shikai that time and later shot, there was Wu Hanchi, who was at that time with Zhongkai.

After that, Yuan Shikai exposed his fierce features and sent people to assassinate Song Jiaoren. On March 20, 1913, Zhongkai and Song Jiaoren were walking side by side at the Shanghai Railway Station, and Song Jiaoren fell to the ground with a bullet, and Zhongkai was lucky not to be killed. Later, Yuan Shikai tore up the covenant law, openly rebelled, Nanjing fell, the warlord Long Jiguang passed yuan shikai again, Guangdong also failed, and Zhongkai had to leave Guangzhou in a hurry. Because the British colonial government refused to let him stay in Hong Kong, Zhong kai was forced to go to Japan again.

In July 1914, Dr. Sun Yat-sen organized the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Tokyo, in which Zhongkai and I both participated. Zhongkai was also elected as a deputy of the Party Ministry of Finance, and actively accompanied Mr. Sun to Shanghai and Guangdong to participate in anti-Yuan and law protection work. In 1918, Mr. Sun ran a construction magazine in Shanghai, and Zhongkai also submitted articles from time to time to assist Xuanfu.

At that time, Dr. Sun Yat-sen had already begun to prepare and study the plan to study the Soviet Union, and decided to send Zhongkai, Zhu Zhixin, Li Zhangda and others to the Soviet Union first. Later, because on the one hand, he could not get a passport, and on the other hand, Zhu Zhixin went south to Guangdong to campaign against the Humen Fortress and was assassinated, and Zhongkai concurrently held the post of executive letter, and he could not leave because of his work. At the same time, Zhongkai accepted a new task and was sent to Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, to contact chen Jiongming's troops of the Cantonese army stationed there, and prepare to return to Guangdong to establish a base area. The trip to the Soviet Union was even more unrealized.

In order to mobilize the Cantonese army to fight back in Guangdong, Zhongkai went to Zhangzhou twice, each time staying for two or three months. On the one hand, he worked for Chen Jiongming's subordinates Xiong Luo, Chung Xiunan, and others; on the other hand, he also raised salaries for Chen Jiongming's troops to help them overcome financial difficulties and enable them to march smoothly. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's small house in Shanghai also made a mortgage and borrowed some money as military expenses. Therefore, the group of Cantonese army cadres who stayed in Zhangzhou at that time had a good feeling for Zhongkai. Chen Jiongming later did not dare to kill Zhongkai, that is, the origin was derived from this.

After the Cantonese army returned to Guangdong, Chen Jiongming, believing himself to be meritorious, was dissatisfied with Dr. Sun Yat-sen and hooked up with the Beiyang warlords. During Mr. Sun's Northern Expedition, Deng Zhongyuan, who remained in the rear, was the chief of staff, and Liao Zhongkai was the vice minister of finance, so Chen Jiongming took the lead in acting strongly, and in addition to assassinating Deng Zhongyuan, he also imprisoned Zhongkai. Chen Jiongming thought that in this way, the two "eye nails" left in the rear could be removed.

I was taken to the Ishii Arsenal to meet Zhongkai, and it was already the tenth day after he was imprisoned. When they arrived at the arsenal, they were heavily guarded. On a small corner upstairs, I met Zhongkai, but was forbidden to speak.

The second time I went to see Zhongkai, there was already news that Chen Jiongming was going to harm him. This time, the guard was tighter than before. At that time, Zhongkai probably also heard the news that Chen Jiongming would be unfavorable to him, so he made two other poems for me. This time, although I still could not talk to him for a word, I finally got these two poems of great historical value from him.

Leave the tip of the inner child

Later, by relying on the king to work alone, Mo Jiao failed the female middle-aged hao, although I went to the spirit of the ming, it was like a slaughter and a knife.

again:

Life without enough envy and death, the cosmic cycle of live killing, forty-five years of devastation and suffering, so as to liberate the former wrong.

I still clearly remember that it was August 18, and I went to Baiyun Mountain to find Chen Jiongming. At that time, Zhongkai had been imprisoned for more than sixty days. When I got there, Chen Jiongming came out to see me, and I severely rebuked him. Chen Jiongming also tried to push back, but finally realized that he was reasonable, and seeing that Dr. Sun Yat-sen had left Guangdong at that time, and that the Northern Expeditionary Army in Shaoguan had left northern Guangdong, he felt that the threat posed to him by the revolutionary forces had been temporarily lifted, and after hesitating for more and more, he ordered the release of Zhongkai and asked someone to take me to the arsenal.

Zhongkai and I returned home, about five o'clock in the afternoon. I advocate going to Hong Kong right away. However, after The Rebellion of the Chen Army, Zhongkai's school was burned down and robbed. He must stay for two days and try to preserve the school he initiated, prepared, and commemorates his best friend, saying: "The school was founded to commemorate the faithful comrades and cannot be destroyed by others." I advised him: "As long as someone is here, even if the school is destroyed, it can still be run again in the future, and if you stay here, it is inevitable that there will be more danger." Because I always felt that Chen Jiongmingzhi let him go only because he accidentally remembered that Zhongkai had helped the Yue army when he was in Zhangzhou, he was impulsive for a while, and he was afraid that his subordinates still had feelings for Zhongkai, so he ordered his release, not because he was truly remorseful and let him go, after all, he was still unreliable. But Zhongkai always refused to move. It wasn't until three o'clock in the middle of the night that we went out, took a small boat to White Goose Pond, and then boarded a big ship to Go to Hong Kong. When others saw Zhongkai, they were very surprised, because according to the situation on that day, no one had expected that Chen Jiongming would actually be willing to let Zhongkai survive.

We traveled from Hong Kong to Shanghai and stayed at Mr. Sun's house. Soon, the Soviet Union sent a special envoy to Fly to Shanghai to meet directly with Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Mr. Sun and Yue Fei met several times, all of which were discovered by the British imperialist agent lackeys. The agents followed the Soviet envoys, and Yuefei had to leave Shanghai. However, at this time, Mr. Sun was inconvenient to travel far, and he was afraid of attracting attention and ruining things, but it was not good, and the responsibility of continuing to negotiate with YueFei fell on Zhongkai. In September, Yue Fei went to Japan first, and Zhongkai and I followed. Our operation was extremely secretive, and we did not reveal a word to our friends. At that time, Zhongkai's brother was in Japan as the minister of the Beiyang government to Japan, and we naturally did not dare to let him know the inside story. However, it is estimated that after arriving in Tokyo, in order to work, it will be more convenient if we can live in The home of Brother Zhongkai. Therefore, under the cover of taking Xu Chongqing to his sixth daughter as a matchmaker, he made his brother not suspicious and avoided the eyes and ears of outsiders, so as to facilitate talks with Yue Fei. Of course, Zhongkai's brother did not understand that we came to Japan to fly more and more, so he joyfully invited us and his future son-in-law to live in his house. On this correct basis, we took advantage of the favorable conditions of the "legation" and secretly launched the work of talks with Viet Nam. Unexpectedly, even with such painstaking efforts, we later tracked the Japanese "special high class". Tokyo seemed untenable, so Zhongkai was forced to meet with Yuefei and find an excuse to go to Atami Hot Springs to jointly study the preliminary opinions on resisting imperialism and Sino-Soviet relations. The subsequent signing of Sun Wenyuefei's declaration was due to the meeting between Zhongkai and Yuefei in Atami, which prepared the basis for the exchange of views between the two sides, discussed details and other technical work.

Although Dr. Sun Yat-sen had begun to unite with the Soviet Union, he had not yet officially begun to reorganize the Kuomintang. First, there were no revolutionary base areas, and the meeting could not be held, and second, there was still a need for persuasion and education within the Kuomintang. In 1923, in order to retake Guangdong, a revolutionary base area, Mr. Sun ordered Xu Chongzhi and Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan to attack Guangzhou from the East and West Rivers to expel Chen Jiongming. In the spring, Mr. Sun returned to Guangzhou from Shanghai and served as grand marshal. However, Yang Ximin and others were originally warlords and had no intention of revolution, but simply took this opportunity to spend the day and wine in Guangzhou, doing his thief's business, selling cigarettes and gambling, being violent and self-enriching, and doing everything. The actions of the warlords Yang Ximin and Liu Zhenhuan violated Mr. Sun's revolutionary will and made Mr. Sun very indignant. As for the outside of the revolutionary camp, imperialism, in collusion with reactionary forces from all quarters, exerts pressure on the revolutionary government in Guangdong, and in such an internal and external situation, the revolutionary government in Guangdong has reached a critical juncture of survival and stasis. The only way to recall the struggle to bring the Kuomintang back to life is to completely reorganize the Kuomintang, to indicate the revolutionary significance, to unite the truly revolutionary Party members, and to build a strong revolutionary armed force to sweep away all counter-revolutionary imperialist and warlord forces. In the winter of 1923, Dr. Sun Yat-sen announced the reorganization of the Chinese Kuomintang and implemented the three major policies of uniting russia, uniting with the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers. After the reorganization, the Chinese Kuomintang received great support and help from the Chinese Communist Party and the masses of workers and peasants, and thus made great progress. At the First Congress of the Kuomintang Reorganization, Zhongkai was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang and concurrently served as Minister of Agriculture and Industry.

Zhongkai obeyed Mr. Sun's three major policies of uniting with Russia, the United Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers to the end. He has been engaged in revolutionary struggle for more than twenty years under the direct leadership of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and he has a deep sympathy for "the Chinese revolution, not taking Russia as a teacher, has achieved nothing" in the chinese revolution. In 1924, he said something like this:

"In this era, China's economic foundation is so weak, and the oppression of the international economy is so deep, if it can be established, unless it is to build a socialist country."

Because he had such a thought, he was able to carry out Mr. Sun's revolutionary ideas to the end.

Borodin advisers and General Garren sent by the Soviet Union came to Guangzhou one after another, and Zhongkai received them cordially and sincerely cooperated with them. However, within the government at that time, except for Zhongkai and a few other revolutionaries who wholeheartedly supported the reorganization of the Kuomintang and the three major policies, such as Feng Free, Zhang Ji, Hu Yisheng, and Deng Zeru, they all resolutely opposed the reorganization of the Kuomintang and the three major policies. These people can be said to be counter-revolutionaries in the Kuomintang.