Text: Bread Clip Knowledge
Edit|Bread Clip Knowledge
«——【Preamble】】 ——»
Feed is one of the most important inputs in broiler farming. The feed may be contaminated or illegally added with pathogenic microorganisms, mycotoxins, heavy metals, and illegal drugs, which seriously affects the safety of chicken products and human health.
Therefore, feed quality and safety control is of great significance, and the possible pollution hazards and prevention and control measures in finished feed and raw materials of broilers are used as reference factors for breeding enterprises (households) to refer to feed quality and safety influencing factors.
«——【·Pathogenic Bacterial Contamination·】——»
Pathogenic bacteria can contaminate broiler feed through excrement and air, and the contaminated feed can be transferred and spread through its products after entering the broiler's body, endangering human health. Such pathogenic bacteria mainly include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, etc.
For example, in Hunan, there have been pathogenic bacteria, which have had a great impact on many animals, and many animals have died, as well as some other accidents.
Pathogenic bacteria can both cause diseases in animals and produce toxins in animals that remain in the animals. Such as Salmonella (Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella paratyphi, etc.).
It has pathogenicity to both humans and animals, after ingesting a large number of bacteria through feed, bacteria can multiply in the intestines of broilers, and produce endotoxins, which have a stimulating effect on the intestines, causing swelling, exudation and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa, causing severe gastroenteritis symptoms.
After being inhaled into the blood from the intestinal wall, endotoxins affect the thermoregulatory center and motor nerve center, causing an increase in body temperature and motor nerve paralysis.
«——【Mycotoxin Contamination·】——»
Common mycotoxin contamination types in feed and feed raw materials include aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, vomitoxin, ochratoxin A, fumatoxin and T-2 toxin.
And these mycotoxins are more harmful to humans and animals, mycotoxins can contaminate feed or food into humans and animals through a variety of ways, resulting in multi-system and multi-organ functional damage, and some mycotoxins also have carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects.
Mycotoxins are related to various factors such as the growth area, season, climate and environment of feed raw materials, and the degree of mycotoxin contamination is also different depending on the type of feed raw materials, different regions, and different growth times.
«——【·Heavy Metal Pollution·】——»
The hazards of cadmium pollution in feed, the main sources of cadmium pollution are excessive cadmium content in feed raw materials, and the seepage of processing equipment in the process of feed processing.
Cadmium entering broilers will affect their immune system, cadmium has inhibitory effects on the cellular immunity and humoral immunity of chickens, and cadmium is more sensitive to cellular immunity than humoral immunity. Chronic cadmium exposure mainly caused the decline of broiler performance, which was manifested by a slowdown in weight gain and an increase in feed-to-meat ratio.
The harm of lead pollution in feed, feed lead pollution mainly comes from automobile exhaust emissions, and the industrial "three wastes" emitted by some lead-zinc mines or smelters often pollute the surrounding farmland, thus causing lead pollution in feed raw materials.
Lead damages the hematopoietic system, causing anemia. Lead poisoning in poultry is mostly a chronic process.
The hazard of mercury pollution in feed, which comes from the pollution of the environment and water sources by industrial mercury-containing wastewater and waste residues, resulting in mercury pollution of crops.
Improper storage and use of agricultural or medical mercury preparations can directly contaminate feed. Excessive levels of methylmercury in fishmeal. Mercury poisoning mainly affects the central nervous system.
In 2020, Wuwei City notified the 2019 National Feed Quality and Safety Supervision and Random Inspection, among which a feed Co., Ltd. produced unqualified feed.
After verification, the feed Co., Ltd. produced a broiler chicken pre-compound feed, a broiler chicken mid-term compound feed, the product quality index "copper" content exceeded the standard, did not meet the standard, so all of them were returned to the warehouse.
A similar situation occurred in a village in Hubei Province, where the main reason for this was the impact of mercury-contaminated feed on poultry and livestock, which led to loss of appetite and sluggishness in some animals, resulting in severe direct deaths.
Mercury-contaminated feed, belongs to heavy metals, which is seriously damaged to the reproductive system of poultry, and the absorbed mercury dissociates mercury ions in the body, which can be combined with a variety of sulfhydryl-containing proteins and peptides, changing or destroying the structure and function of proteins, and combining with enzyme proteins will hinder the normal metabolism and cellular respiration of the body.
The harm of arsenic pollution in feed, feed arsenic pollution mainly comes from crops polluted by industrial "three wastes". Trivalent arsenic easily binds to sulfhydryl groups to form stable complexes, thereby hindering cellular respiration and causing cellular metabolism disorders.
Arsenic has an inhibitory effect on a variety of enzymes, which in turn causes lesions in vital organs such as the nervous system, liver and kidneys. Arsenic poisoning in poultry is mainly manifested by loss of appetite, constipation and diarrhea, emaciation, paralysis, and sometimes dermatitis and even death.
The harm of chromium pollution in feed, feed crops can absorb chromium from the soil atmosphere, chromium migration ability in plants is very weak, most of it accumulates in roots, can also be transferred to stems and leaves, and the least in grains.
It is generally believed that the absorption of chromium can affect the oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis processes in poultry, and can denature proteins and precipitate nucleic acids and nucleoproteins.
«——【Antibiotics and other illegal drugs·】——»
Antibiotics in feed, and contamination with banned drugs come from the illegal addition of prohibited drugs by individual feed manufacturers and distributors in order to maximize profits.
In addition, some farmers do not comply with the provisions of the drug withdrawal period, and still add drugs before slaughter.
The harm caused by the long-term use of antibiotic feed additives is more prominent, such as the emergence of drug resistance, leading to excessive veterinary drug residues, and destroying the intestinal microbial balance of broilers.
According to the announcement issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, starting from January 1, 2020, the addition of antibiotics to feed will be banned to maintain meat and public health safety.
«——【Feed Pollution Prevention Measures·】——»
Self-batching breeding enterprises should strictly abide by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Announcement No. 307 "Regulations on the Administration of Feed and Feed Additives" for feed processing.
Broiler farms in the self-ingredient can only be used in the field, it is strictly forbidden to sell, the feed processing equipment in the field shall not provide services to the outside world, shall not be added to the feed "feed raw material catalog", "feed additives variety catalog" other than the substance, except for the local traditional use of natural plant raw materials and agricultural and sideline products.
The scope of application and the amount of additives should be added in strict accordance with the requirements of the "Code for the Safe Use of Feed Additives", and it is strictly forbidden to add prohibited drugs or other prohibited and toxic and harmful substances.
Select self-ingredient raw materials that have been inspected and qualified by the market supervision department, including single feed, additives, concentrates, etc., and use them in accordance with the instructions and precautions.
Self-batching raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products should avoid contact with pesticides, fertilizers, and chemical toxic products during storage and processing, causing pollution.
In addition to adding anticoccidial drugs and traditional Chinese medicine drugs as needed in commercial feed, it is strictly forbidden to add any other drugs, and when diseases need to be mixed feeding treatment, they should be used in strict accordance with the prescription drugs and drug methods issued by licensed veterinarians.
In addition, care should be taken to avoid purchasing feed raw materials from poultry-endemic areas, especially animal-derived feeds, such as meat and bone meal, blood meal and feather meal.
The quality of compound feed products should comply with the provisions of the "Feed Hygiene Standards" (GB13078-2017) and product quality standards.
Before the feed enters the farm, the feed management personnel need to check the relevant documents for the stored feed, including the product label, product quality inspection certificate and other relevant supporting documents.
It is stored separately and orderly according to the production date and feeding stage. Farmers should give priority to the use of feed with a long production date according to the production date to avoid the feed being stored for too long and deteriorating. Separate storage prevents misuse, which can affect production performance or drug residues.
«——【Feed purchase precautions·】——»
First of all, we should choose the famous brand products produced by well-known enterprises, so as to ensure the stable quality of feed, and the after-sales service, reputation and advanced production equipment of well-known enterprises are guaranteed. The products promoted and applied by scientific research units after the test can be preferentially purchased.
In a western part of the United States, some local farmers used to buy large quantities of cheap feed. However, when they are fed to their own animals, serious accidents occur, resulting in a large number of deaths.
Later, I learned that these feed products do not have product quality certificates at all, nor do they have any production qualifications, which can be said to be problematic.
Therefore, for us, the quality of feed products can be judged by the following methods such as sight, feel, and nose. One is to check the label and product quality certificate.
Feed without a certificate cannot be purchased, and feed without a feed product label cannot be purchased. First check the production date, try to buy the latest production batch of feed, beyond the shelf life and without indicating the shelf life of the compound feed, can not be purchased.
In May 2021, the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs investigated the illegal clues of a feed Co., Ltd. in Tai'an suspected of producing products without marking the production date and fraudulently using other people's factory names and addresses.
The staff arrived at the scene to inspect and found that 0.25% of the laying hens in the finished product warehouse had no production date.
Compound feed for growing and fattening pigs, and other products, products with no label and no production date in the finished product library have not been found to be labeled.
A large number of intermediate products without location card identification are placed in the raw material inventory, and the staff fills in and keeps the disposal records of nonconforming products, and requires that the sale be prohibited and destroyed as soon as possible.
It is also necessary to check the addition of drugs in the feed, clarify the use stage of the feed for broilers, prevent the occurrence of drug residues, and feel the moisture content of the feed.
If the moisture content is too high, it may cause abnormal fermentation and heat production, and the temperature difference between the inner and outer layers of the dry feed is very small.
Observe the feed particles with your eyes, and according to the formula composition of the compound feed, you can observe normal corn, soybean meal, bran and other raw material particles.
Observe whether the feed is mixed with other impurities, caking, mildew, insects and other conditions. Resolutely put an end to the purchase of mildewy feed due to improper storage.
Fresh feed prepared with high-quality raw materials will have a faint aroma after maturation, and a musty or other pungent smell in the feed means that the raw material is of inferior quality or the feed is expired.