Text/Tan Yufeng
Confucius was a sage throughout the ages, and his Confucian thought was deeply rooted in thousands of years of feudal society, immersed in the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, and was also highly respected by emperors and deeply loved by the common people. What made him a grassroots saint and made him stand for eternity was his complete set of benevolent ideas. In the eyes of many people, he is a literati and a scholar, don't you know that "Confucius hangs a knife at the waist - can write and be able to use martial arts", he is really a person with courage and wisdom, and the Jiagu Huimeng is a great historical event that shows Confucius's great wisdom and courage.
The chaotic world creates an uncrowned king
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was the late period of the zhou Dynasty's rule, and it was also a critical period for the transition from slave society to feudal society in ancient China, and the replacement of the old and new systems and the replacement of new and old ideas in this period promoted the great development of politics, culture and economy. Confucius, who was born in this period, saw the decline and fall of the Zhou Dynasty, especially the lack and collapse of Li Le, and he shouldered the heavy responsibility of the times, founded the Confucian ideological system with benevolence as the core, and spent his life making great contributions to the development of this doctrine and the practice of applying it to society.
Confucius name Qiu, the word Zhongni. A native of Changping Township, Luguo In the Spring and Autumn Period (present-day Nanxin Township, Qufu City, Shandong Province). The second in the family, also known as Kong Lao'er. He is an ancient Chinese writer, thinker, theoretical politician, educator, social activist, ancient document collator, and compiler of the Confucian school, and is respected by posterity as the founder of the Confucian school. According to legend, he practiced "Poems" and "Books", ordered "Rituals", "Music", prefaced "Zhou Yi", and composed "Spring and Autumn". Throughout his life, he engaged in preaching, teaching, and dispelling puzzles, and was honored by posterity as "the Most Holy Teacher, the Master of All Ages". Later generations recorded the words and deeds of Confucius and made them into the Analects. Confucius was also revered as the "King of Su", and his words and deeds were compiled by students into the creation masterpiece Analects. As a milestone in ancient Chinese culture, it is not an exaggeration to praise him and summarize him in any kind of praise; it is also natural to use what kind of words to belittle him and slander him in his time. Confucius was worshipped by the world from man to God, and then restored by God to his original appearance in order for us to truly know him. When Confucius was politically proud of the spring breeze, he was ostracized by the lu nobles after the defeat of the three capitals. He once said of himself: "He is also a man, tireless in learning, tireless in teaching others, angry and afraid of food, happy to forget his worries, and does not know that the old man is coming." "It paints the image of a lovely old man who is diligent in learning, willing to teach, and takes pleasure in learning."
How to know and understand Confucius's system of thought? From the Eurocentric point of view, Hegel believed that speculative philosophy was philosophy, calling Confucius philosophy "a moral philosophy." In the Lecture Notes on the History of Philosophy, Chinese Philosophy even says with great contempt: "Confucius was an actual worldly wise man, and in his case speculative philosophy was nothing--- only some kind, sophisticated, moral lessons, from which we could not obtain anything special." This assessment of Hegel, more than 2,000 years after Confucius, is manifestly unfair. Of course, there are many reasons for this, such as the difficulty of reading classical Chinese literature, the lack of a comprehensive and profound understanding of Chinese philosophy and Confucius thought, and so on. In fact, Confucius thought is a humanistic philosophy that originates from ethics and transcends ethics. Confucius emphasized humanity over heaven and regarded man and life as the fundamental problem of his benevolence. Although he did not deny the existence of gods and ghosts, he doubted their dominance and ability to bless mankind. He believed that the things of the world were done by man, and that man could decide his own destiny without relying on God and ghosts, especially in terms of moral life. As we all know, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the development of social relations of production and class struggle made the popular power in the middle of society fully displayed, and the political power of the princely states took the support of the people as the vane. The idea of kingship that is light and the people are light is gradually replaced by the people-oriented idea of the people and the king. The connotation of Confucius Ren stems from this social foundation.
Confucius said that benevolence is the political concept of loving people, that is, the political concept of being close to the people; then knowing benevolence as self-denial and retribution is to emphasize the moral code of self-cultivation; and the third is ren as "benevolent people also", which is to emphasize people in social ethics and use benevolence to adjust the social relations between people. In this system of thought, etiquette is a code of conduct that takes a back seat and interacts with ren and promotes each other. The so-called ritual is the Zhou li, which is a set of clan customs formed by the Zhou people in their clan society period, and is the sum of the zhou traditional rules, systems, rituals, and customs, which has the nature of unwritten customary law. In the Zhou Dynasty, the carrier of ritual was "instrument and name", so in that era ceremonial instrument and name were very important. The State of Lu was a fiefdom of Ji Dan, the Duke of Zhou, who was a major vassal of Zhou, and his son took with him a complete set of complete literary and historical materials from the royal city when he went to Lu to take the kingdom. The Eastern Zhou regime established after the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty received almost no historical documents from the former royal city. This made it possible for Zhou Li to continue in the country of Lu and become a point of diffusion. Confucius, who was born in the country of Lu, grew up in such a social environment, was deeply influenced and loved the culture of Zhou. This laid a solid theoretical foundation for his Confucianism. Therefore he said: "Qiu Wenzhi, born of the people, the etiquette is great, the incivility is not to save the gods of heaven and earth, the incivility is not to distinguish the position of the elder and the younger of the king and the subject, and the incivility is not to be separated from the marriage of the fathers and sons and brothers of other men and women." (The Book of Rites, Lamentations)
Confucius can indeed be called a great philosopher of profound thought at the level that he could attain in the social conditions in which he grew up. He not only established a humanistic philosophy with benevolence as the core and etiquette as the carrier, but also used it as a guide to establish a fairly complete set of social studies of the Spring and Autumn Period, including various theories such as ethics, politics, and education. It can be said that all the philosophical thought, ethical thought, socio-political thought, literary and artistic thought, and even music and sports mentioned in the modern sense are included in his philosophy named "Benevolence". Thus, voltaire, almost a contemporary of Hegel, wrote poems praising Confucius: "He explains only with sound reason, he does not confuse the world but opens the heart, he speaks only as a saint, never as a prophet, but people believe in him as if he were his own land." ”
Civilian armament "etiquette" to defeat the enemy
After King Ping moved east to Luoyi (present-day Luoyang, Henan) in 770 BC, the Zhou Dynasty royal family became a decoration, and even a tool and fig leaf for the princes to dominate. In the past, the Heavenly Son commanded the princes, and "the Lile Conquest came out of the Heavenly Son". Now these powers have fallen into the hands of the princes, "Li Le conquest from the princes", "Li Le conquest from the doctor out", and even "accompany the courtiers to carry out the country's orders". The new landlord class rose up one after another to fight for power and profit, and the slavery system of the Zhou Dynasty was in a situation of "bad etiquette and happy collapse". A new form of displaying muscle and making people succumb to hegemony without a fight, the oath of alliance is gradually popularizing. According to the Zuo Biography, the number of Zhou Dynasty alliances was at least 200 times. During this period, the Kuiqiu Huimeng, the Jiantuhui League, the HuangchiHui League, and the Xuzhou Huimeng were collectively known as the Spring and Autumn Four Great Alliances. In this multitude of princes competing for hegemony, the "alliance of the valley" is an insignificant one, but it was personally involved by Confucius, and the weak and small State of Lu, under the leadership of Confucius, defeated the strong with "etiquette" and defeated the strong enemy with the weak country.
Here we will first talk about some stories of the Huimeng to discuss the historical significance of the Huimeng. The Spring and Autumn Struggle for Hegemony is all accompanied by barbarism and blood, accompanied by the emergence of new production relations, and the most direct and cruel embodiment of the law of human evolution of the weak and the strong. The Duke of Qi Huan was known as the Prince of Qi Huan and the Prince of Qi, known as the Emperor of Kuiqiu. "Whoever I have allied, after having made an alliance, will return to good faith." Confucius saw this big hand, and almost threw the five bodies admired by Qi Huangong to the ground, and he praised it like this: "Guan Zhong assisted Qi Huan Gong, dominated the princes, unified the world, and the common people are still blessed by them!" Without Guan Zhong, we would all have to loosen our hair, open our clothes to the left, and become the people under barbarian rule. ”
Under the banner of benevolence and righteousness, can the division of xingren and righteousness be invincible and invincible? Under the bloody hegemony, there is no benevolence to talk about, let alone an occasion for a gentleman's style. If etiquette and righteousness are applied to gentlemen, the gentleman's style will be carried forward; but if song Xianggong unrealistically talks about the gentleman's demeanor in ancient times in the chaotic spring and autumn, in order to keep the pedantic creed, he is passive in political and military struggles, and abuses benevolence and righteousness on the enemy country or even the enemy army, so that he is humiliated several times, not only misleading the country, but also harming himself. In the later years of the Duke of Qi Huan, the State of Qi was in chaos, and a generation of male lords died in the nest of sacs. After the death of Duke Huan of Qi, Yi Ya, Shu Diao and KaiFang deposed Prince Zhao of Qi Huan and established a new monarch. After Song Xianggong united several small countries to help Gongzi Zhao restore the throne, he thought that he had done one earth-shattering event after another. In the spring of the thirteenth year of King Xiang of Zhou, the three kingdoms of Song Andyoqi and Chu gathered in Qi's deer land. Song Xianggong presented himself as an ally, but King Cheng of Chu, who was stunned, did not buy the bill, and ordered Chu bing to tie up Song Xianggong, and then commanded a large army of five hundred to kill ben Song. In the end, Song Xianggong was captured by the State of Chu, and later felt that it was of little use and was released.
In the summer of the fourteenth year of King Xiang of Zhou, the angry Song Xianggong, despite the objections of his ministers, decided to pinch Zheng Guo, a soft persimmon. Zheng urgently asked for help from Chu, but Chu did not directly go to save Zheng Guo, but ordered the brigade to kill The Song Kingdom directly. Song Xianggong had to lead the Song army to the country at night. The Song army set up camp by the Hongshui River, and the soldiers and horses of the Chu State also came to the opposite bank. The chancellor Gongsun Gu said to Song Xianggong: "The Chu army has only come here to save Zheng Guo. We have withdrawn our troops from Zheng Guo. Their purpose has been achieved. Our troops are small, and we can't fight hard, so it is better to make peace with the Chu state. Song Xianggong said: "Although the Chu state is strong and strong, it lacks benevolence and righteousness. Although our troops are weak, we are a division of benevolence and righteousness. How can an unrighteous soldier overcome a righteous teacher? Song Xianggong also made a large banner and embroidered the word "benevolence". At dawn the next day, the Chu army began to cross the river. Gongsun Gu told Song Xianggong again, "When they are halfway through, we will be able to kill them and win." Song Xianggong turned around and pointed to the banner of "benevolence and righteousness" on the chariot and said, "People fight before they even cross the river, so what kind of benevolent and righteous teacher is that?" When the Chu army had all crossed the river and deployed to battle, Gongsun Gu advised Song Xianggong for the third time: "While the Chu army is still chaotically deploying, we will launch a charge, and it is possible to win." Song Xianggong was very angry and couldn't help but scold, "How do you net out crooked ideas!" Before the people have laid out a good battle, you will beat him, is that still a teacher of benevolence and righteousness? Before the words could be heard, the Chu army rushed over in a column. The Song army was in chaos, and the banner of "benevolence and righteousness" had long been lost. Soldiers are not tired of deception is the magic weapon of the soldiers to win, in the game of wit and courage, the strong are not necessarily the winners, and the weak are not necessarily doomed losers. The transformation of strength and weakness comes from many influences, but it is by no means possible to talk about benevolence and righteousness like Song Xianggong.
Confucius was extremely intelligent and studious in his early years, and by the age of twenty, his knowledge was already very profound, and he was praised by the people of the time as "erudite and polite". At the same time, what is less known is that Confucius inherited the bravery of his father's uncle Liang Qi, who was nine feet and six inches tall, now more than one meter and nine inches tall, and his arm strength was superior, far from the image of a weak scholar as considered by some later generations. Moreover, Confucius drank so much wine that he was said to have never been drunk. But Confucius never prided himself on his bravery and wine. Since he was in his twenties, Confucius has wanted to take the road of his career, so he pays great attention to the world's major events, often thinks about many issues in governing the country, and often expresses some opinions. Confucius stood at the age of thirty to fifty-one years old, and he was only an official for nearly four years, but in these short years, he changed his position three times, which is very remarkable. One is Zhongdu Zai (equivalent to the county magistrate) in Wenshang, Shandong, once a small Sikong of the State of Lu; equivalent to the assistant director of the directly subordinate administrative bureau; and the last time is the Grand Sikou of the State of Lu, equivalent to the director of the Public Security and Judicial Bureau of the current special bureau. In this short period of time, the Confucianism advocated by Confucius throughout his life has been solidified, especially during the period of being a great priest, the Lisheng Valley Alliance can be described as a brilliant stroke. In the summer of the tenth year of the Duke of Luding (500 BC), the Qi State Convention Lu Ding Guild alliance was in the valley, Confucius appointed Lu Jun Xiangli (emcee), at that time Qi was strong and Weak, and the State of Qi originally wanted to show hegemony and subjugate the State of Lu through this alliance. In the face of the feast of the strong man's Hongmen, Lu Jun was afraid to go to the scene, Confucius asked himself to be Lu's courtesy, and put forward the suggestion that "civilian affairs must be armed", recruited a group of warriors, took a series of preventive measures, and did not suffer any trouble. Sure enough, the fights in the hui alliance were very complicated and very sharp. At the beginning of the Huimeng, the State of Qi wanted to play the music of the four sides, swords, swords, and drums, so as to abduct Lu Jun in the chaos. Confucius understood the intentions of the Qi people, immediately ascended the steps of the altar of the alliance, looked directly at Jing Gong with his eyes, and threw up his sleeves in anger, the monarchs of our two countries are in the friendship meeting, Yidi music, what are you coming here? Qi Jinggong, who had always been arrogant, had seen such a position, and moreover, Confucius said that he was in accordance with etiquette, and his heart was worried, and he waved his hand to rebuke the dancing soldiers and apologized: "This is the fault of a widow." Jing Gong said to his followers with emotion: "Confucius guided their monarch to follow the ancient rites, but you guided me to learn the ugly customs of Yidi. When the second prince of Qilu was outwardly harmonious and angry, when it came to signing the covenant, the state of Qi had the sharp teeth of power, and demanded that when the state of Qi went to war, the state of Lu would recruit three hundred soldiers to take advantage of it, otherwise it would be to break the covenant, and in the face of the difficulties of this power, if the state of Lu unconditionally admitted this, it would undoubtedly recognize its vassal status. Confucius judged the situation, the two countries are very strong and weak, this article is difficult to refuse, but can not accept unconditionally, so he replied that the State of Qi forcibly occupied the State of Lu Wenyang and returned, you can sign the contract. Qi Jinggong weighed it up again and again, and it was not interesting to ask for it, so he had to return the occupied Wenyang area to Yulu. Confucius's performance in the Inter-Valley Alliance fully demonstrated the talent and courage of a great thinker, politician, and diplomat, and also made Confucius's reputation in his career skyrocket.
The alliance of the valley, the strong Qi lost face, the weak Lu got the benefits, Qi Lu played a draw, at this time it was very difficult, let the powerful Qi Guo Li lose money and return the land of the Lu state occupied by force, it is tantamount to pulling teeth out of the tiger's mouth. Confucius refused to be strong with courtesy, and seized on the disrespect of the State of Qi on the table and chased after him fiercely. This is a successful performance of Confucius's life to display his political talents, at that time the contradiction between Qilu and Lu was more prominent, the State of Lu was sandwiched between the State of Qi and the State of Jin, which was looking at the tiger, and either side could not tolerate it, and the State of Qi could not handle the relationship with Lu well, and it was easy to cause the situation in which Jin and Lu joined forces to fight Qi, which was very clear to Confucius and the Qi authorities, so Qi not only could not easily win the most Lu State, but also wanted to win the State of Lu from all aspects, and also estimated this level of factors, Confucius grasped the details of Qi's disrespect when he met the alliance, and in the public, The ceremonial speech made Qi Jun lose face.
Sandwich Mountain - the new highlight of humanistic Zaozhuang
"The rings are all mountains, and the name of the valley is specially written, and the county zhi thinks that (Confucius) Xianglu Junhui Qihou (here also), the so-called earth to the people (焉). Over the centuries, the natives have many relics of soldier avoidance, covering their dangerous feet. "This is the Qing Dynasty Daoguang 癸卯科举人, that is, the Zhixian Sun Chengzhi left a stone carved travelogue when he traveled through the Jiagu Mountains. It is about a seemingly ordinary mountain in the northwest of shizhong district.
In fact, this is a very extraordinary mountain. This mountain is steep and upright, azure and beautiful, and it is not connected to other mountains, and the locals call it Lonely Mountain, Valley Mountain, Tiantai Mountain, because the summit has an almost circular roof, and it is also commonly known as Mopan Mountain. From a bird's eye view from a high altitude, the north-south direction resembles a huge yuan treasure, and the east-west looks like a green and dense mountain city. Jiagu Mountain is 396 meters above sea level, and the top of the valley covers an area of more than 300 acres, with steep mountains, surrounded by green water, ancient trees and huge rocks. Near the foot of the mountain, there are also Silver Well Spring and Warm Water Spring, which form a beautiful scenery with a unique scenery of mountains and rivers. According to the "Zhi shan chuan of YiXian County", "The mountain is five or six miles long, thousands of feet high, and the surrounding stone walls are cut and erect, and the rugged terrain is extremely dangerous." Its top is about a mile long, like a large stone barrier. A peak in the southeast, majestically high in the clouds, if the crown of the person arched. The west peak is slightly lower, like a shoulder collar. However, under its rocks, the stone wisps droop, and its front and back crowns are also suiye. The top of the stone is out of the clouds, fluffy as large as a wheel, flaccid mountain belly, often causing rain. Sunny pieces return to the mountain, throw wall gaps, roll cotton, and rotate with the wind. In times of drought, people wait for the rain. ”
Since 2003, the relevant municipal and district departments have made systematic research on the humanistic history of this mountain. Professor Guo Mingquan, a special researcher of the Central Party History Research Office and an expert in modern history of Zaozhuang, made two consecutive mountaineering expeditions and wrote an article proposing that the Valley Mountain was the venue for the Qilu Valley Meeting presided over by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the popular TV series "Confucius" on CCTV, there is a scene of "Qilu Valley Meeting". Confucius's feat at the valley meeting completely broke the erroneous estimation of the Qi people that "Kong Qiu knows etiquette but has no courage", and demonstrated Confucius's grandeur that "the benevolent must have courage".
In addition to the original Laiwu theory, Zibo theory, and Ganyu (Jiangsu) said, experts believe that one of the reasons for zaozhuang theory is that there is an inscription written by Yixian County during the Qing Tongzhi period on the Valley Mountain, which clearly states that this place is "Confucius Xianglu Junhui Qihou Here". Second, the ancient monarchs and allies were to be held at the junction of the two countries. According to the ancient geographical map, the Jiagu Mountain of our city is located in the boundary of Qilu, the Xue State not far from the west of the Jiagu Mountain is the fiefdom of the Qi State Mengyu jun, and the ancient Mengyang City in front of the mountain is also called Qihou City, but the Tengguo and Xiaoyi states around the Jiagu Mountain are all vassals of the Lu State. At that time, the State of Qi was powerful and greedy for the State of Lu, and in order to exert its geographical advantages, Confucius had to choose a relatively safe place in Yulu to ally with Qi, and The Valley Mountain was the first choice. Third, 2500 years ago, the Valley Mountain, when the blue water was haunting, surrounded by mountains on the east, west and north, was densely forested and full of wild animals. Looking south from the peak of the mountain, the vast wilderness can be seen from the bottom, which is also the hunting and playing field of the nobles of the Lu kingdom, and it is also one of the areas where Confucius's father and son often moved. Therefore, it is a very ideal place to choose the Valley Mountain that you are familiar with and the scenery of the Valley valley to negotiate an alliance with the State of Qi. Of course, the above reasons alone are still not sufficient, and the final conclusion must be achieved by relying on a large number of detailed and powerful historical materials and relevant arguments.
If Guangming Avenue is the golden artery of Zaozhuang's economy, then with the new landmarks of Donghu Park and Lunan Water City as the center, with the "Valley Alliance and Harmony Capital" as the starting point, and the South to the Yong'an Nanshan Cultural Group (Shiliquan Wetland, Nanhu Wetland, Hushan Park, Andyard Film and Television Base) as the vertical axis is the humanistic history uplift belt of the New District of the city. The new district of the city formed in the place where the economy and humanities blend and converge will surely dress up a new image with a magnificent and dazzling posture. Therefore, with the excavation of the culture of the Qilu Alliance as a breakthrough and the creation of the historical and cultural brand of "the land of the Qilu Alliance, the harmonious capital of China", the Valley Mountain, as the place of the "Qilu Alliance", will surely unveil her mysterious veil to the world.
(Image from the Internet)
bibliography:
1. Kuang Yaming's Commentary on Confucius;
2. Sima Qian's "History of confucius's family";
3. Zuo Qiuming's "Left Biography";
4. Qianlong edition of the Qing Dynasty "Yixian Chronicle";
5. The media sources are "History of Municipal Chinese" and "ShizhongXinbao".
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