Read the Analects once a year (2022.7)

Ten lectures in the Analects

Comment on each passage of the original book, and give each quotation cluster class;

The large categories were sorted according to certain rules, so there was a new Analects.

The second lecture is the liturgical music

"Do not know the etiquette, can not stand up", to be a person, first of all, you must be self-reliant, and then you can be self-reliant.

And to stand on one's own feet is to be prophetic.

"Standing in the ceremony, becoming a pleasure", the ceremony and the music do not separate the family, but the ceremony and the music develop with the development of history.

The rituals of the ancient times are mostly unsuitable today, and the pleasures of the ancient times are basically scattered in the present.

But the spirit, principles, and roles of ritual and pleasure are the same in ancient and modern times.

【Ceremony】【Music】

8.8 Zi Yue: "Flourish in poetry, stand in etiquette, and become happy." ”

Confucius believed that in order to become a gentleman, you should start with the "Poem", then learn the "Ritual", and finally learn the "Music".

"Poetry", "Ritual", and "Music" are related to each other and rise layer by layer.

Boom, start.

Stand up, straighten out.

Success, achievement, perfection.

At that time, on ceremonial occasions, there was a wind of quoting poems, singing poems, and giving poems, and if you did not learn poetry, you could not speak on such occasions.

Etiquette, focusing on grooming and manners, every move, should be in line with gentlemanly demeanor.

In the ancient court, many ceremonies had musical accompaniment to set off the atmosphere and make people change colors.

The poem has a musical score, which was originally used to sing. Only chanting and not chanting, singing and singing with music. Gentlemen's etiquette should start with memorizing lyrics. To participate in ceremonies, be good at non-ready-made random application. Poetry and poetry should be implemented in songs. Lilly Lilly should be implemented in Lilly. In addition to the lyrics, there must be instrumental accompaniment, singing with the soundtrack, and even dancing with hands.

Confucius loved music, and he believed that the most touching and most human nature-changing thing was music, so music education was the highest level.

3.2 The three families are based on the "Yong". Zi Yue: "'Xiang Wei Pei Gong, Tianzi Mu Mu', Xi took from the Three Families Hall?" ”

"Three families" refers to the three nobles of the Lu state, the Mengsun clan (also known as the Zhongsun clan), the Shusun clan, and the Jisun clan (i.e., the Ji clan in the previous paragraph). All three families are descendants of Duke Huan of Lu, also known as Sanhuan.

"Thorough", that is, "withdrawal", refers to the withdrawal of sacrifice after the sacrifice is completed.

Yong is one of the poems in the Zhou Song. The gift of the Son of Heaven, when the sacrifice is withdrawn, it is necessary to sing "Yong".

Phase, help.

Dimension, a rhetorical aid, meaningless.

To be a prince is to refer to the princes.

Mumu: Solemn.

Confucius quoted the "Yong", which clearly stated that "Xiang Wei Pei Gong, Tianzi Mu Mu", the one who assists in the sacrifice is the princes, the main sacrifice is the Son of Heaven, where there is a doctor or something.

The "Three Houses" were just lu guo's doctors, and they dared to play tianzi-specific music in their own court, which made Confucius very annoyed.

Xi, xi, 1 sound, question pronoun, equivalent to "Hu", "Ho", how can it be?!

Sanhuan sacrifices the family temple, and when the sacrifice is withdrawn, the song "Yong" music is played. Confucius said: "The song in the Yong is clear, and it is the princes who help the sacrifice, and the main sacrifice is the son of heaven." You are all doctors, how can you sing "Yong" music in your own family hall?! ”

【Ceremony】【Dance】

3.1 Confucius said of Ji: "The eight dances in the court are tolerable, and what is not tolerable?" ”

Woo, yi, 4, music and dance. Eight people are one, and eight people are 64 people.

According to the rules of the rites, the Heavenly Son uses the Eight Chambers, the Princes use the Six Chambers, the Doctors Use the Four Chambers, and the Scholars Use the Two Chambers. Ji Shi was only a doctor, and his use of the Eight Nobles was of course a trespass [jiàn yuè].

Confucius scolded Ji Shi: "The doctor feasts and enjoys music at home with the dance of the Eight Tongs, if such things can be tolerated, then what else cannot be tolerated?" ”

Ji's belly slander: The Son of Heaven can't control the princes, the princes can't manage the doctors, how old are you, dare to take care of Lao Tzu's affairs?! Lao Tzu has money, Lao Tzu can afford it! Lu Hou's use of the Eight Nobles is not also a trespass, he can transgress why I can't?

【Etiquette】【Ren】

3.3 Zi Yue: "If a man is not kind, how can he be polite?" If people are not kind, why be happy? ”

This paragraph is a summary and summary of the previous two paragraphs.

Confucius believed that benevolence is the core of lilly, and lilly is the external expression of benevolence, and the two are each other's appearance. If there is no benevolence, the liturgy is only a form.

【Etiquette】

17.11 Zi Yue: "Li Yun Li Yun, Jade Shu Yun Hu Zhao? Leyun Leyun, Bell And Drum Yun? ”

Jade, jade and silk (transformed into jade). These two things were the most common gifts used in ancient ceremonial exchanges.

Bells and drums, two instruments, the former in gold (bronze) and the latter in leather (leather). Bells and drums are the most commonly used instruments for playing music in ceremonial occasions.

Confucius believed that the spiritual essence and normative role of liturgy were more important than the material forms on which it relied. He stressed that ceremonies are not gifts and that music is not instruments.

Zhu Ziyi: If you respect it with jade, it is a courtesy; if you send it with a bell and a drum, it is a pleasure. If you leave your roots behind and focus on the end, how can you be happy?

Cheng Ziyi: Li is only a "prelude", and music is only a "sum". Only these two words, how much righteousness is implied. There is nothing under the heavens that is not polite.

3.4 Lin Fang's basis for asking questions. Zi Yue: "Oh yes! Etiquette, rather than extravagance, rather frugality. Mourning, rather than easy also, Ning Qi. ”

Lin Fang, a Lu person, some people thought he was a student of Confucius.

Lin Fang asked Confucius: "What is the root, or key, of 'etiquette'?" Confucius clapped his hands and praised: "This question is well raised!" Etiquette, rather frugality than luxury. Funerals, rather than false. ”

"Luxury" and "thrift" are antonyms, and "easy" and "qi" correspond. "Qi" means real grief in the heart, then the meaning of "easy" should be to do a good job on the face, let the crying, let the stop, pure support.

The meaning of the previous paragraph states that "benevolence" is the core of liturgy, while the meaning of this paragraph points out that "truth" is the root of liturgy. Do not seek extravagance and pretense on the outside, but from the heart of sincerity.

3.6 Ji's brigade in Taishan. Zi Zhi Ran Youyi: "Can the female Fu be saved?" "No." Zi Yue: "Woohoo! Once said that Taishan is not as good as Lin Fanghu? ”

Travel is not tourism. In ancient times, the mountains and rivers were sacrificed as brigades.

To sacrifice Mount Taishan, only the Son of Heaven and the Prince of Heaven are eligible. Ji Shi was only a doctor, and he sacrificed Tarzan to the usurpation. Confucius couldn't look at it.

Ran Qiu, the word has, also known as Ran You, Kong Men phase II birth. Versatile, known for his political affairs, he is especially good at financial management. Shi is the Ji Clan Zai, and when he enters, he takes care of his official position, and when he retires, he is accepted as a holy teacher.

Lu Dafu Jishi was going to sacrifice Taishan. Confucius asked Ran You, "Ji Shi did this, can't you stop (save) him?" Ran You replied, "No." ”

Once, it is the meaning of whether it is actually true.

Ji's sacrifice to Taishan was not in accordance with etiquette, and Kong Sheng was very angry, saying that Taishan (the god) was not as good as Lin Fang? Lin Fang knew that "truth" was the great festival of etiquette. Unconventional sacrifices are not sacrifices from the heart, and if you sacrifice them in vain, no matter how many sacrifices you offer, people (the god of Tarzan) will not accept them.

【Etiquette】【Shooting】

3.7 Zi Yue: "A gentleman who has nothing to argue with will shoot!" Give in and rise and drink, and its contention is also gentleman. ”

Confucius said that gentlemen do not argue about anything, and if they have to fight for a grade in something, it must be in the shooting ceremony.

Archery is both a ceremonial event and a sports competition. Since it is a game, there is always a fight, and not arguing is disrespectful to the game. If you deliberately lose the game, not only does not mean humility, but it is a failure to abide by the rules.

"Concession" means bowing down and making concessions to each other.

"Rising" means ascending to the church, "descending" is descending the church, and "drinking" means drinking, which is the three procedures of archery. Every procedure must be "concession", polite, gentlemanly style, so it is said that "its contention is also a gentleman".

In some books, there is such a sentence that "give in and rise, drink down".

After the shooting, it is calculated who hits the target more and the one who hits the target less is punished with alcohol.

3.16 Zi Yue: "Shoot the main skin, for the force of different disciplines, the ancient way also." ”

Shooting, refers to the shooting salute.

Skin, refers to the arrow target.

Shooting does not shoot the main skin, which means that the focus of the assessment is not whether to shoot through the arrow target.

For, because.

Same subject, same.

Confucius probably meant that the important thing in shooting ceremony was etiquette, not shooting, not military competition, and the focus was not on who could shoot through the target, but on the head, because the strength of those who participated in the archery ceremony was different, which was the truth since ancient times.

【Etiquette】【褅】

3.10 Zi Yue: "I do not want to see what I have poured into himself." ”

禘, di, 4 sounds, is the ancestor of the sacrificial family name, such as the Ji surname Sacrifice Yellow Emperor, the Jiang surname Sacrifice Yan Emperor, and the win surname Sacrifice Shaohao.

The emperor is the ancestral god, which is related to "Ti" and "Concubine", and is the ancestor of the old ancestor.

禘, that is, the sacrifice of the emperor, belongs to the suburban worship in the ancient rites.

There are many aspects of the festival, and irrigation is one of the steps.

Confucius said that I didn't want to look at every step of the ritual since the initiation.

Zhu Zi said that the zen is the great gift of the Son of Heaven, and Lu Guo's practice of the zen is already an indecent gift. This link is fashionable with the meaning of sincerity, and this time it is slack in form, so Confucius does not want to watch.

3.11 Or ask the truth. Zi Yue: "I don't know." Those who know what they say are also in the world, and they are like showing them to all! "Fingers in the palm of the hand.

The emperor is the ancestral god, the ancestor of the old ancestor.

Confucius was not ashamed, he was not accustomed to the rituals performed by others, so someone asked him, then you talk about how to do the rituals, what are the rules?

"I don't know," Confucius often said about the questions he was dissatisfied with, taboo, and unwilling to answer. Whether he really didn't know or didn't want to say, only he knew.

The ancients believed that the state was maintained by sacrifices to ancestors. Ancestors, chasing upwards, chasing to the head, are the so-called emperors. The sacrifice of the emperor has symbolic significance for the continuation of the lifeline of the country.

Confucius said that those who know how to perform rituals govern the world are like putting things in the palm of their hands. As he spoke, he pointed his finger at his palm. Later generations often used the metaphor of "finger palm" to be simple and clear.

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