New Year’s Day
In the sound of firecrackers, the spring breeze sends warmth into Tu Su.
Thousands of households always exchange new peaches for old charms.
The Northern Song Dynasty writer Wang Anshi's poem "Yuan Ri" describes the beautiful picture of people celebrating the Spring Festival. Yuan Day is the first day of the first lunar month, also called New Year's Day, and now called the Spring Festival.
Wang Anshi's poem, just four sentences, also shows many Spring Festival customs of the Song Dynasty, such as setting off fireworks and firecrackers, pasting the Spring Festival (peach symbols, which are the prototype of the Spring League), and there is also a custom, that is, the second sentence in the poem, "Spring Wind Sends Warmth into Tu Su", which means that the spring wind blows warmth into Tu Su wine. That is to say, after drinking Tu Su wine, I warmly felt that spring had come.
In fact, the Spring Festival of the Song Dynasty is not only Tu Su one kind of wine, on the table of the Song people, there are still many wines to add a festive atmosphere to the Spring Festival.
Believe it or not, let's walk into the Northern Song Dynasty literary scholar Mao Huan's New Year greeting "Yulou Chun Ji Nian Yuan Day" together to see what kind of wine he drank on the first day:
A year of dripping lotus leaks. Bijing fermented crispy frozen wine.
Xiao Han is steep and deceitful, and the spring slim comes to the willow first.
The beauty re-advises a thousand longevity. Cypress pepper flower fencui sleeve.
There is little acquaintance in the depths of drunken township, and only the old ones are partial to Dongjun.
Mao Huan (毛滂), courtesy name Zemin, was a native of Jiangshan, Quzhou (present-day Zhejiang). He was mainly active in the literary circles of the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, and had written exchanges with the famous scholars of that time, such as Su Shi, Su Rui, Shi Shanxiao, and Shi Weilin. Su Shi greatly praised Mao Huan's literary talents, believing that he was "elegant in writing and has a supernatural rhyme", and Su Shi also praised his poetry as "leisurely and self-sufficient, beautiful and delicious".
The word "Qingmei" used by Su Shi in his evaluation of Mao Huan actually refers to the natural flow of Mao Huan's poetic language, without the traces of deliberately carving words, coupled with his rich imagination, so that his poems often give people a sense of fresh nature.
The Southern Song Dynasty writer Liu Kezhuang's "Thousand Family Poems in Houcun" also features Mao Huan's "Summer Nights" poem. It can be seen that Mao Huan's poetry was still quite influential at that time and for a later period; the Qing Dynasty Siku Guanchen also had a high evaluation of his poetry: "His poems are full of wind and spring, quite bold and unrestrained; the text is also atmospheric and discordant, and Wang Yang is wanton." One of the two Su scales and half armor, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was enough to become a family of its own, and it was not even possible to ignore it. ”
Mao Huan has a good family history, and he mentions in the "Book with Cao Sixun" that "ink matters should not be presumptuous to belong to people", which shows that he has a very rigorous attitude towards literary creation, which also confirms his emphasis on literary career. He not only created a large number of literary works with high ideological and artistic characteristics, but also put forward many insightful insights on the morale, study style, and literary style of the time.
Mao Huan's Spring Festival work "Yulou Chun" also appropriately confirms the characteristics of "Qingmei". The small preface in the title of "Yulou Chun" is "己卯年元日", which points out that this is a work written on the first day, and the stem branch of this year is "己卯", that is, 1099 AD.
The opening sentence "A year drips the lotus leaks" to the effect that the lotus drip sends away the old year. "Leak" is a leaky pot used by the ancients to keep time, equivalent to the current clock, the leaky pot is made of copper, also called copper leak. There is a small hole in the middle of the leaky pot, which can drip water or leak sand, and there is a scale mark to measure the time, referred to as "leak".
Words such as "copper pot dripping" and "leaking deeper" in mainland Chinese idioms refer to the timing working principle of hourglasses or water leaks. "Dripping lotus leakage" also means that the pace of time has come to the midnight hour of the old year and the new year, which is equivalent to the current midnight at 12 o'clock, after twelve o'clock, the new day begins.
The Spring Festival is a time process, which contains two time passages connecting the end of the old year and the beginning of the new year, so Chinese New Year's Eve night naturally becomes an important time node in this time paragraph. On the night of the Chinese New Year's Eve of the old and the new, the lotus leak used to keep time was also given a specific meaning by the poet.
In the warm atmosphere of the Chinese New Year's Eve night around the hearth, in the warm noise of the midnight bells and firecrackers, in the words of blessing and expectation, the tick of time has passed through the year of Peng Yin (1098) and arrived at the year of his death (1099).
The second sentence, "Bijing Fermented Crispy Frozen Wine", basically means that the time has come for Chinese New Year's Eve meal, and Tu Su wine occupies the position of Chinese New Year's Eve Rice C. The "crispy" in the verse refers to Tu Su wine.
Why do you want to drink Tusu wine during the Spring Festival? Tu Su, is a kind of wine name, ancient customs, every year Chinese New Year's Eve, family with Tu Su bubble wine, some are with several kinds of herbs to make wine, after soaking it hanged in the well, the first day of the first month to take out, the whole family to the east to drink Tu Su wine.
It can be seen that TuSu wine must be drunk in the New Year, and it is the standard on the Spring Festival table, and the ancient people drank Tusu wine during the New Year has also become a customary Spring Festival cultural symbol.
The next two sentences "Xiao Han material is steep and deceitful, spring slim first to the willow", at this time the word man's eyes left the table, he looked out the window, the morning light of the new spring sprinkled on the willow branches in the courtyard, although the willow branches at this time have not yet sprouted, the weather is still a little chilly, but the willow branches still appear soft slim posture, the breath of the new spring has arrived.
These two sentences are the visual experience of Mao Huan, the willow trees in the courtyard are immersed in the morning light, although it is winter to spring, but the weather is warm and cold, in the early morning of spring, the phenomenon of spring cold is particularly obvious, so there is still a trace of chill lingering around the willow trees.
The breath of spring on the willow branch is something that the writer can really see, but Xiao Han cannot see it through his eyes, and as for the warmth and cold in the early morning, it is more than visual perception, more of a feeling accumulated in life. In fact, in real life, the accumulation of life and the richness of experience will give people the ability to obtain the overall perception of things by visual experience, in other words, the human eye has this synaesthesia.
With extremely accurate judgment and a language as delicate as prose, Mao Huan sketched out the weather and phenology of the New Year for people. It is not difficult to see from these two sentences that Mao Huan has profound skills in controlling language, and his precise and condensed language and flexible sentence patterns make his works like prose on the water, forming a natural and smooth writing style without any sense of stagnation.
The next two sentences are "The beauty re-advises a thousand longevity." Cypress pepper flower fencui sleeve", referring to the sumptuous feast and the joyful atmosphere, it is obvious that the writer's eyes have returned to the table from the window. The beauty holds the wine bottle in her hand, frequently persuades the wine, the lyricist is happy, and the drunk is slightly drunk.
This time, the wine in the bottle is no longer Tu su wine, but replaced by new wines - Cypress wine and pepper wine. Drinking alcohol can make people feel refreshed and relieved. Friends gatherings, festive banquets, and a glass of wine can enhance feelings and increase interest in entertainment, so on festive days, it is even more necessary to drink and have fun.
The economic development of the Song Dynasty was unprecedentedly prosperous, and in order to obtain a rich liquor tax, the imperial court strongly encouraged people to drink alcohol, so the drinking trend became popular in the world. According to The Song Dynasty documents: "Today's sacrifices, feasts, and gifts are not possible without wine." ”
The development of the wine industry in the Song Dynasty and the prosperity of wine culture provided a solid foundation and premise for the prosperity of poetry and wine culture. In the Song Dynasty, famous wines continued to emerge, and many Song Dynasty literati recorded in their notes that famous wines and even wine brewing methods at that time were recorded.
According to su Shi's "Wine Classic", Zhu Yizhong's "Beishan Wine Classic", Li Bao's "Continuation of the Beishan Wine Classic", Meng Yuanlao's "Tokyo Dream Hualu", Wu Zimu's "Mengliang Record", And Zhou Mi's "Wulin Old Things" and other two Song Dynasty documents, there were more than 70 kinds of famous wines at that time, such as Fengzhou wine, Changsheng wine, yellow vine wine, Dongting Spring Color, Futou wine, Flower Dew Wine, Green Ant Wine, and Xueqi.
In addition, pure grain wine, fruit wine, formulated wine, medicinal wine, etc., have a certain degree of development, and the variety of wine is rich. From the point of view of the place of origin, liquor is produced all over the place and has formed its own characteristics. There have been new developments in drinking venues, drinking occasions, drinking methods, drinking customs, drinking days, and liquor orders.
In the Song Dynasty Lichun, Chinese New Year's Eve, New Year's Day, these three extraordinarily grand festivals, is an indispensable embellishment, but found in Lichun, Chinese New Year's Eve, New Year's Day words in the wine, then only pepper wine, Cypress wine, Tu Su wine, lamb wine, yellow citrus wine and other five kinds.
In the Song Dynasty, the words and phrases of Lichun, Chinese New Year's Eve, and New Year's Day can be seen everywhere, such as: Zhongshu's "Pepper Sacrifice Shou Yao Man." Colorful veils, gently cut"; Wu Zeli's "Manting Fang Lichun" in "also like the pepper to the hand, Win the victory, still cut the golden flower"; Wu Wenying's "pepper cup fragrant drunk awake, afraid of the west window, after the people disperse", are clear evidence.
As for Li Chun, Chinese New Year's Eve, and Yuan Ri, why do they need to drink pepper wine and bai wine? At that time, people thought that "serving makes people light and old", so it can be seen that prolonging life and wishing for life is the main reason for drinking pepper wine and cypress wine during the Spring Festival. Therefore, Mao Huan wrote in the words "beautiful people re-advise thousands of longevity", and the meaning of the words is self-evident.
The last two sentences, "Drunk in the depths of the country know each other, only with the Dongjun partial old", the lyricist regards the wine as himself, on the first day of the new spring, accompanied by fine wine, he is like seeing the old days of the long-farewell reunion.
"How to relieve worries, only Du Kang", wine has a side of relieving worries, but wine also has the effect of entertaining and entertaining, which may be the magic of wine. The prosperity of wine culture in the Song Dynasty can also be seen in Mao Huan's poetry, Mao Huan not only likes to drink, but also is very good at drinking, Su Rui once praised his "wine intestine heaven and hun invincible".
In Mao Huan's poems, there are many works of drinking and singing, as well as various good names for wine, such as spring waterfall, autumn spring, grape bi and other good names.
In addition to this Yuan-Day poem "Yulou Chun", Mao Huan's poems also have many records of feasting and drinking, such as: The New Year's Bucket Wine is also drunk, and the Old Dao can be happy to be able to five or six; the small barbarian song has been sent to send wine, so the teachings are chaotically inserted bamboo skin crowns; the Huangtang rotten embroidery feast, and the spring urn melts jade juice. Yintai Mimitsugu, drunkenly dreaming.
Wine not only relieves sorrow and pleasure, but also, like tea, is also a carrier for friends to give each other to enhance friendship. When he received his friend's wine, he wrote down "Liu Lang once sent Dongting Spring, Xiaonuan West Lake Ten Days Poor"; when he got the wine, he would also share it with his friends: "Nanyue Lady Green Wine Spring, recently has not been as good as jade cream alcohol." Mu Sheng was not allowed to talk about Xu Qiang, he was a deceased person in Ri Yingzhou. ”
In Mao Huan's poetry, wine can not only relieve worries, cheer, and convey affection, but also enable poets to cross the barriers of time and space and swim with the ancients. In the midst of being half drunk and half awake, Mao Huan seemed to be able to talk to the ancients he admired: "The close relatives are alcoholics and sages, and they have paid for a long time. And when there is no wine or the wine is not beautiful enough, he will sigh: "Alone in the east fence, the wine is dried for many years." It can be seen that wine has almost become a carrier for Mao Huan to pursue the ancients.
Although Mao Huan loved wine so much, he was different from ordinary drinkers after all. In his poems, he feels more of the elegant side of life that he pursues in the process of drinking, and his wine often becomes a vehicle for thinking about thousands of years and talking to the ancients.
In addition, in Mao Huan's poetry, poetry and wine are often inseparable, and these two have almost become the spiritual sustenance of Mao Huan's life, such as ""Leaving the Sorrow" is fortunate to meet, and the turbid wine chats about self-forgiveness", and even sometimes poetry can also replace the wine, such as ""Leaving the Sorrow" has been in harmony for a long time, and the turbid wine does not wait for credit". It can really be said that wine promotes poetry, poetry transforms wine, and poetry and wine together constitute his colorful literary world.
In the poems, Mao Huan wrote a lot of wine names, and created a large number of drinking poems and exhortation poems, which is a true portrayal of the poetry and wine culture of the Song Dynasty. It can be said that Mao Huan's poetry was created under the influence of the poetry and wine culture of the Song Dynasty, reflecting the flourishing poetry and wine culture of the Song Dynasty. At the same time, Mao Huan's creation in turn enriched and developed the connotation of song dynasty poetry and wine culture.